The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Assessing flow in physical activity: the Flow State Scale-2 and Dispositional Flow Scale-2
Abstract
The Flow State Scale-2 (FSS-2) and Dispositional Flow Scale-2 (DFS-2) are presented as two self-report instruments designed to assess flow experiences in physical activity. Item modifications were made to the original versions of these scales in order to improve the measurement of some of the flow dimensions. Confirmatory factor analyses of an item identification and a cross-validation sample demonstrated a good fit of the new scales. There was support for both a 9-first-order factor model and a higher order model with a global flow factor. The item identification sample yielded mean item loadings on the first-order factor of .78 for the FSS-2 and .77 for the DFS-2. Reliability estimates ranged from .80 to .90 for the FSS-2, and .81 to .90 for the DFS-2. In the cross-validation sample, mean item loadings on the first-order factor were .80 for the FSS-2, and .73 for the DFS-2. Reliability estimates ranged between .80 to .92 for the FSS-2 and .78 to .86 for the DFS-2. The scales are presented as ways of assessing flow experienced within a particular event (FSS-2) or the frequency of flow experiences in chosen physical activity in general (DFS-2).
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The third employs the Dispositional Flow Scale-2 (Jackson and Eklund, 2002; Jackson et al., 2010) for flow state data, with items such as “Challenge-skill balance: I am challenged, but I believe my skills will allow me to meet the challenge.””
From Mindfulness and self-rated performance among novice athletes in China: a sequential mediating role of flow and cognitive anxiety (2025) · cites this paper as Jackson and Eklund, 2002
Citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 601–700 of 798
Okul Müdürlerinin Akış Deneyimi Yaşama Durumlarının İncelenmesi
Erdoğan, O., Sezgin, F., & BIÇAK, D. K. (2023) · Ahmet Keleşoğlu Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.38151/akef.2023.95 · Cited by 1
Suzuki Piano Method and Flow Experience among Adult Piano Beginners: A Quasi-Experimental Study
Chen, L. X., Ta, W., & Yie, W. K. (2023) · Harmonia Journal of Arts Research and Education · doi:10.15294/harmonia.v23i2.43483 · Cited by 1
“…each corresponding to one of the nine flow fac - tors described by Csikszentmihalyi (1990) in the multi-item multi-factor long scale developed by Jackson and Eklund (2002), as outlined below: Challenge-skill balance (feeling sufficiently competent to meet the demanding situation), Action-aware…”
Jiang, D., Tse, D. C. K., Gong, X., Tsang, V. H. L., Fung, H. H.-L., Mann, A. S., Nakamura, J., & Tsai, J. L. (2024) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2024.2367782 · Cited by 1
“…high arousal activities (e.g. sur fi ng [Macbeth, 1988], riding a motorcycle [Sato, 1988, 1991], soccer, swimming, triath-lons [Jackson et al., 2001; Jackson & Eklund, 2002]) as well as low arousal activities (e.g. listening to sacred Shinto music and dancing [Sako, 2003], writing [Larson,…”
Flow state, resilience, and performance strategies in elite three-day eventing equestrian athletes
Johnson, A., & Carson, S. (2025) · Comparative Exercise Physiology · doi:10.1163/17552559-00001058 · Cited by 1
Molin, F. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15060720 · Cited by 3
Lin, Y., Luo, Q., La, C., et al. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-12524-3 · Cited by 1
“The measurement of flow experience in this study was based on the Flow State Scale (FSS) developed by Jackson and Eklund 37 , which is widely used to assess flow states in sport and physical activity.”
Flow Experiences across Multiple Performance Domains
Mauldin, K. N., Thompson, B. A., Rubio, A. L., et al. (2025) · Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal · doi:10.14738/assrj.1207.18979 · Cited by 1
Perception of Goal Approach During Optimal States
Mauldin, K. N. (2025) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-8573-9.ch003 · Cited by 1
Hönig, K. (2016) · Zeitschrift für Herz- Thorax- und Gefäßchirurgie · doi:10.1007/s00398-016-0115-0 · Cited by 1
“Ein inForschung und Praxisalltag (z. B. im Sport) häufig genutzter validierter Fragebogen mit gu- 66 Zeitschrift für Herz-, Thorax- und Gefäßchirurgie 1 · 2017 ten psychometrischen Eigenschaften zur Erfassungdes Flow-Zustands ist die Flow State Scale-2 [17].”
Validación del cuestionario de Salud Eduactiva
Ramírez, G. (2017) · ReiDoCrea Revista electrónica de investigación Docencia Creativa · doi:10.30827/digibug.45030 · Cited by 1
Implementation of Guidelines on Dual Career of Athletes into the national model in Slovenia
Robnik, P., Ferjan, M., & Jereb, E. (2017) · doi:10.18690/978-961-286-102-5.4 · Cited by 1
The Genesis of Flow: What to Explore Next?
Frino, M. G., & Desiderio, K. P. (2018) · Performance Improvement Journal · doi:10.1002/pfi.21792 · Cited by 1
Cairns, P. A. (2018) · Human-computer interaction series · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-68213-6_3 · Cited by 1
Contato Improvisação como uma Arte de viver [parte 3]
Bruno Garrote, M. (2017) · Urdimento · doi:10.5965/1414573103302017112 · Cited by 1
Screening for Resilience in Adolescents
Morelli, V. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-66130-0.00015-6 · Cited by 2
ARICI, B. G. G. (2019) · the Journal of Academic Social Sciences · doi:10.29228/asos.36788 · Cited by 1
سلیم, ع. ا. إ., & حلاوة, م. ا. ع. ا. أ. (2020) · مجلة كلية التربية جامعة بنها · doi:10.21608/jfeb.2020.121365 · Cited by 1
Umuzdaş, M. S., KOÇAK, Ö., & Umuzdaş, S. (2020) · Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi dergisi/Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi dergisi · doi:10.33711/yyuefd.751841 · Cited by 1
“To survey the flow state, Dispositional Flow Scale-2 (DFS-2) and Flow State Scale-2 (FSS-2) which has 36 questions and nine factors, developed by Jackson and Eklund (2002), and adapted into Turkish as validated and reliable by Aşçı, Çağlar, Eklund, Altınbaş, and Jackson (2007), was used.”
MethodPereira, H. V., Teixeira, P. J., Marques, M. M., Carraça, E. V., Silva, M. N., Encantado, J., Santos, I., & Palmeira, A. L. (2021) · Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1080/21642850.2021.1885410 · Cited by 1
“Regarding psychological outcomes, fl ow will be measured through the Dispositional Flow Scale – 2 in Exercise (Jackson & Eklund, 2002); Vitality will be assessed through the Subjective Vitality Scale (Ryan & Frederick, 1997); and passion through the Passion Scale (Cid et al., 2019).”
MethodThe Experience of Social Flow in Vocal Jazz Improvisation
Neuser, B. L. (2015) · Cited by 1
The Effects of a Mirror on Cognitive Strategy And Performance of a Muscular Endurance Task
Simmons, B. M. (2021) · Cited by 1
Mentale Leistungsphänomene im Sport
Klämpfl, M. K. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-53407-6_50 · Cited by 1
Identification of the flow experience in gamified educational environment
Aleksić, V., & Ristić, O. (2021) · Zbornik radova Pedagoskog fakulteta Uzice · doi:10.5937/zrpfu2123167a · Cited by 1
Retouching System to Ease Difficulty of Craft Design for Paper-Cutting
Higashi, T. (2022) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-05434-1_13 · Cited by 1
Competence Needs Satisfaction in elite junior tennis: Gender differences
Guinoubi, S., Mouelhi-Guizani, S., Chtara, M., & Crespo, M. (2022) · International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching · doi:10.1177/17479541221128936 · Cited by 1
Kawabata, M., Jackson, S. A., & Mallett, C. J. (2005) · Cited by 1
Self-citationAn Examination of Motives, Experiences, and Behaviors of MMORPG Players
Woods, T. L. (2014) · Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida) · Cited by 1
DEVELOPING SAENS: DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF A STUDENT ACADEMIC ENGAGEMENT SCALE (SAENS)
Rupayana, D. D. (2010) · K-State Research Exchange (Kansas State University) · Cited by 1
McGuire, R. K. (2013) · Scholarship & Creative Works - Digital UNC a service of University Libraries (University of Northern Colorado) · Cited by 1
Graff, M. (2016) · CUNY Academic Works (City University of New York) · Cited by 1
An exploratory factor analysis of the positive coaching inventory
Woods, B. M. (2016) · MOspace Institutional Repository (University of Missouri) · doi:10.32469/10355/57278 · Cited by 1
“The natural intersection between optimal performance in sport psychology (Jackson & Eklund, 2002; 2 Jackson & Marsh, 1996; Jackson, Thomas, Marsh, & Smethurst, 2001) and flourishing in positive psychology (Seligman, 2011) has facilitated the conceptual development and growth of positive coaching…”
BackgroundBurnout and engagement in music performance students
Zabuska, A. (2026) · e-space (Manchester Metropolitan University) · doi:10.83056/mmu.32478993 · Cited by 2
PERSPECTIVES IN ADAPTIVE COPING: THE RETRAINING EXPERIENCES OF IMMIGRANT PROFESSIONALS IN CANADA
Busic, T. (2017) · TSpace (University of Toronto) · Cited by 1
Quantitative Influence and Performance Analysis of VR Laparoscopic Surgical Training SystemPreprint
Yu, P., Pan, J., Wang, Z., Shen, Y., Li, J., Hao, A., & Wang, H. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-462363/v1 · Cited by 1
Bornemann, D. (2020) · doi:10.46289/gh93kf12 · Cited by 1
Moneta, G. B. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-55065-7_1587 · Cited by 1
Sri, S., & Nakamura, J. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-91497-0.00130-2 · Cited by 1
Jackson, S. A. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-17299-1_1065 · Cited by 1
Self-citationValidation of the Dispositional Adult Hyperfocus Questionnaire (AHQ-D)Preprint
Hupfeld, K. E., Osborne, J. B., Tran, Q., et al. (2024) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/6h5f3 · Cited by 1
Psychometric Evaluation of the Polish Version of the Mindfulness Inventory for Sport (MIS-PL)
Wałach-Biśta, Z., Kocur, D., & Sas-Nowosielski, K. (2024) · Journal of Human Kinetics · doi:10.5114/jhk/190572
“The DFS-2 (Jackson and Eklund, 2002) consists of 36 items and serves as a questionnaire for evaluating an individual’s inclination toward experiencing flow.”
BackgroundFlow and Self-Presentation in Runners Participating in 5 and 10 Kilometer Road Races
Edwards, A. E., & Eklund, R. C. (2011) · DergiPark (Istanbul University)
Self-citationPsychosocial mechanisms underpinning motivation in youth sports participants
Curran, T. (2013) · White Rose eTheses Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)
Mental Concentration as Influenced by Adventure Activity
Smith, C. A., Sherman, N. W., & Hall, E. E. (2011) · Journal of Outdoor Recreation Education and Leadership · doi:10.7768/1948-5123.1070
Chen, C.-Y. (2013) · Educational Research Review · doi:10.5897/err012.153
Frikjøring og motivasjon : en studie av motivasjonsklima, psykologiske behov og flow
Østvoll, M. A. (2009) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives
Tomaselli, F. C. (2014) · Americanae (AECID Library)
Rakes, E. L. (2012) · VTechWorks (Virginia Tech)
Yeni Akiş Durum Ölçeği'nin psikometrik özellikleri
Magyaródi, T., Nagy, H., Soltész, P., Mózes, T., & Oláh, A. (2013)
Kontakt-Improvisation als Lebenskunst
Erziehungswissenschaften, F., & Marburg, P.-U. (2011)
Álvarez, E. F. (2015) · UPM Digital Archive (Technical University of Madrid) · doi:10.20868/upm.thesis.39647
The Underlying Dynamics of Student Engagement on Thesis Completion
Sivek, N. (2016) · TopSCHOLAR (Western Kentucky University)
Une étude ethnographique sur le jeu vidéo, les rêves et la qualité du sommeil.
Chollet, A., Rodhain, F., & Bourdon, I. (2014)
Pereira, N. M. A. (2015) · Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT)
The phenomenology of flow in young piano learners and video gamers
Wagner, C. (2016)
Shared Flow Measurement in IT Teams: An Inductive Approach for Emergent Attributes
de Moura, P. J., & Bellini, C. G. P. (2016) · Americas Conference on Information Systems
Kim, S. H., & Ahn, H. J. (2016) · 한국가정관리학회지 · doi:10.7466/jkhma.2016.34.4.37
Understanding Flow Occurrence: Contributions from the 2x2 Achievement Goal Framework
Antczak, D. (2016) · doi:10.30707/etd2016.antczak.d
“The DFS-2 was developed to determine how frequently an individual generally experiences flow in a given activity (Jackson & Eklund, 2002).”
BackgroundCooper, K. (2009) · Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research
Nickel, A., Payton, J., Barnes, T. M., et al. (2014) · Foundations of Digital Games
Raimundi, M. J. (2016) · El Servicio de Difusión de la Creación Intelectual (National University of La Plata) · doi:10.35537/10915/56703
“Entre las escalas más importantes y con mayor difusión en la literatura internacional se destaca la Flow State Scale (Jackson & Marsh, 1996) y su versión revisada, la Flow State Scale-2 (Jackson & Eklund, 2002; Jackson, Martin, & Eklund, 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialRietschier, H. (2010) · doi:10.31390/gradschool_theses.1495
“The flow state scale-2 (FFS-2) was administered to participants immediately following their experimental exercise trials[6].”
MethodGetting in the Zone: Flow Experiences of High School Students in Language Arts.
Pearsall, S. J. (2018) · ProQuest LLC eBooks
Exploring Flow Amongst Experienced Middle School and High School Band Directors
Roche, R. J. (2018) · ProQuest Demo Repository · doi:10.7916/d8dn5nj7
Mentale Leistungsphänomene im Sport
Klämpfl, M. K. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-53385-7_50-1
Beak, H.-K., & Yang, M.-H. (2018) · 한국체육학회지 · doi:10.23949/kjpe.2018.11.57.6.6
Investigación del estado de flow en educación física para primaria
Manzano, A. B. (2018) · ReiDoCrea Revista electrónica de investigación Docencia Creativa · doi:10.30827/digibug.54142
Heutte, J., Galaup, M., Lelardeux, C. P., et al. (2015) · HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1502.01818
“Le faible nombre de répondants réduit la portée de certains résultats de cette étude, cela peut expliquer le fait de ne pas retrouver les 9 dimensions postulées par Jackson et Eklund (Jackson et Eklund, 2002) dans l’échelle FSS2.”
BackgroundInfluentialMarín, P. F., Romero, L. M.-J., Nieto, M. Á. P., & Ordí, H. G. (2011) · Edupsykhé Revista de Psicología y Educación · doi:10.57087/edupsykhe.v10i1.3844
Gamification aplicada à formação na indústria hoteleira
Vieira, C., Calisto, M. D. L., & Gustavo, N. (2019) · doi:10.18089/damej.2019.34.5
ALPAK FLOW SCALE DEVELOPMENT AND COMPARISON OF EAST WEST UNIVERSITIES
Ak, M. O., & Alpullu, A. (2020) · doi:10.12739/nwsa.2019.14.4.2b0122
MOTIVACIÓN, AUTOCONFIANZA Y EXPERIENCIA AUTOTÉLICA EN DEPORTISTAS DE SALVAMENTO Y SOCORRISMO
Noguera, F. C., Montero-Carretero, C., & Murcia, J. A. M. (2019) · Revista de Investigación en Actividades Acuáticas · doi:10.21134/riaa.v3i6.1832
Az áramlat-élmény vizsgálata társas helyzetben
Magyaródi, T. (2016) · Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem · doi:10.15476/elte.2016.045
Refining Flow: The Re-conceptualization And Measurement Of Flow As Deep Effortless Concentration
Marty-Dugas, J. (2020) · UWSpace (University of Waterloo)
Interrelationships Among Dimensions of Flow and Reactance
Marszalek, J. M., Hager, P. L., Anderson, J. N., & Waddell, J. T. (2021) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-021-00371-8 · Cited by 1
Mosquera, J. C. G., Vargas, G. A., & Soto, J. (2020) · Educación Física y Deporte · doi:10.17533/udea.efyd.v39n2a09
Sentido de coherencia y flow en personas que realizan teatro musical en Lima
Santoyo, K. C. G. (2018) · doi:10.19083/tesis/625151
الفروق الفردية فى توجهات الهدف بين مرتفعى ومنخفضى التدفق
حــــرب, س. ح. (2020) · مجلة كلية التربية جامعة بنها · doi:10.21608/jfeb.2020.150806
Mindfulness- and Acceptance-Based Interventions for Performance and Mental Health Outcomes in Sport
White, R. G., Bethell, A., Charnock, L., Leckey, S., & Penpraze, V. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-64942-5_2
The Underview Effect: Awe Under the Sea, Diving for Well-being
Eisen, C. L. (2021) · ScholarlyCommons (University of Pennsylvania)
Heutte, J. (2019) · Dunod eBooks · doi:10.3917/dunod.heutt.2019.01.0317
Mentale Leistungsphänomene im Sport
Klämpfl, M. K. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-53385-7_50-2
Mental Training of Elite Athletes
Boughattas, W. (2022) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2022.133026
Maccarini, A. R., Gucciardo, A. G., & Pieri, F. (2019) · Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature · doi:10.3410/f.732757891.793559183
Undergraduate Research Journal 14th Edition
a, N. A. N. (2020) · UC Riverside Undergraduate Research Journal Submit · doi:10.5070/rj5141049306
Moneta, G. B. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_1587-1
Moneta, G. B. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_1587-2
فینومینولوجیة سمة التدفق النفسی لدى الریاضیین (الخصائص السیکومتریة للمقیاس)
يوسف, م. ح. (2016) · مجلة تطبیقات علوم الریاضة · doi:10.21608/jaar.2016.83636
(2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813150-3.00006-1
Bassi, M., Steca, P., & Fave, A. D. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-33228-4_310
Undergraduate Research Journal 14th Edition
Riverside University of California (2020) · UC Riverside Undergraduate Research Journal Submit · doi:10.5070/rj5141049305
Metadata
- Authors
- Jackson, S. A., & Eklund, R. C.
- Affiliations
- Queensland University of Technology (AU)
- The University of Western Australia (AU)
- Venue
- Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology
- Publisher
- Human Kinetics
- Published
- 2002-06
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 133-150
- ISSN
- 0895-2779 (ISSN-L)
- 1543-2904
- OpenAlex
- W2157505989
- Cited by
- 800
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 59 · 2025: 63 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 56 · 2022: 57 · 2021: 54 · 2020: 57 · 2019: 53 · 2018: 53 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 50 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 29
- FWCI
- 8.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Flow Experience in Various Fields
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Sport Psychology and Performance
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management › Recreation, Leisure, Wilderness Management
- Keywords
- flow experience, physical activity, self-report measures, scale development, factor structure, reliability statistics, dispositional flow
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
