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Assessing flow in physical activity: the Flow State Scale-2 and Dispositional Flow Scale-2

Jackson, Susan A., Eklund, Robert C.·2002·Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology

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Abstract

The Flow State Scale-2 (FSS-2) and Dispositional Flow Scale-2 (DFS-2) are presented as two self-report instruments designed to assess flow experiences in physical activity. Item modifications were made to the original versions of these scales in order to improve the measurement of some of the flow dimensions. Confirmatory factor analyses of an item identification and a cross-validation sample demonstrated a good fit of the new scales. There was support for both a 9-first-order factor model and a higher order model with a global flow factor. The item identification sample yielded mean item loadings on the first-order factor of .78 for the FSS-2 and .77 for the DFS-2. Reliability estimates ranged from .80 to .90 for the FSS-2, and .81 to .90 for the DFS-2. In the cross-validation sample, mean item loadings on the first-order factor were .80 for the FSS-2, and .73 for the DFS-2. Reliability estimates ranged between .80 to .92 for the FSS-2 and .78 to .86 for the DFS-2. The scales are presented as ways of assessing flow experienced within a particular event (FSS-2) or the frequency of flow experiences in chosen physical activity in general (DFS-2).

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“According to the flow manual, flow scales are available for universal life, such as age difference [18] and daily living [12].”
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Jackson, S. A. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-69909-7_1065-2
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O FENÔMENO DO FLOW COMPARTILHADO
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Method
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“…experience (usually in the sense of time passing faster), immediate and clear, unambiguous feedback, and autotelic experience (Csikszentmihalyi, 1990; Csikszentmihalyi, & Csikszentmihalyi, 1992; Jackson , & Csikszentmihalyi, 1999; Jackson, & Eklund, 2002; Nakamura, & Csikszentmihalyi, 2005).”
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“Among them, the most commonly used method is standardized scales, such as the Flow Short Scale (Bian et al., 2018; Calvo-Porral et al., 2017; Fernandes & Feiner, 2016), the Flow State Scale, and the Dispositional Flow Scale (Jackson & Eklund, 2002).”
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“Weekly post-task survey—flow, arousal, positivity and anxiety Engagement was measured using the Dispositional Flow Scale-2 (DFS-2; Jackson and Eklund, 2002), which assesses perceived skill and control over the activity.”
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“Dispositional Flow Scale-2 (DFS-2; Jackson & Eklund, 2002).”
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“Later, following item refinement, an optimized version known as FSS-2 was developed (Jackson & Eklund, 2002).”
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“Considering a componential approach, which integrates the nine dimensions of flow experience, sports researchers developed the Dispositional Flow Scale-2 (DFS-2; Jackson & Eklund, 2002) and the Flow State Scale-2 (FSS-2; Jackson & Eklund, 2002; Jackson & Marsh, 1996).”
BackgroundMethod
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“…considered for its conceptual discussion of the f r o n t i e r s i n . o r g Jackson and Marsh, 1996), the Dispositional Flow Scale-2 (DFS-2; Jackson and Eklund, 2002, 2004), the Short Dispositional Flow Scale-2 (DFS-2-Short; Jackson et al., 2008), the Flow State Scale for Musical…”
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Influential
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Self-citation
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Influential
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“…Flow State Scale–2 (Jackson & Eklund, 2002), Flow Short Scale (Rheinberg et al., 2003), Short Flow State Scale (Jackson et al., 2008), Core Flow Scale (Jackson et al., 2008), Flow State Scale for Occupational Tasks (Yoshida et al., 2013), and Dispositional Flow Scale 2 (Jackson & Eklund, 2002).”
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“Flow experience was measured using the Chinese revised version of the Flow State Scale-2 (FSS-2) [27].”
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“The WOLF was preferred over sport-specific flow measures (e.g., the Flow State Scale-2; Jackson and Eklund, 2002) to preserve the operational independence between the flow mediator and the challenge-skills balance predictor, given that the latter was assessed using items drawn from the FSS-2 challenge-skill balance su…”
Flow
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Self-citation
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“Flow experience was measured using a short version of the Flow State Scale (FSS), adapted from the original instrument developed by Jackson and Csikszentmihalyi [16].”
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“Flow experience is characterised by intense task absorption, reduced self-consciousness, intrinsic enjoyment, and perceived control [23, 24].”
Against the Flow
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Finding flow at the piano: psychological regulation and configurational profiles among art students at Chinese sport universities
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“The study also did not provide external convergent-validity evidence against FSS-2 or another music-specific flow measure (Jackson and Eklund, 2002).”
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Wang, Q., Chen, Z., Guo, S., Fong, J., Niu, M., & Wang, R. (2026) · International Conference on Intelligent Engineering and Next-Gen Healthcare Systems (IEHNS) · doi:10.1109/iehns68708.2026.11607298
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Lee, E., & Nakamura, J. (2026) · Applied Research in Quality of Life · doi:10.1007/s11482-026-10665-9
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Wang, S., Chen, J., Yan, W., Yu, J., Cheng, W., Sang, G., & Nah, K. (2026) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2026.107754 · Cited by 1
Musical Flow in Context: Factorial Validation of the European Portuguese Version of the Flow State Scale-1
Borges, N., França, A. B., Marinho, H., Araújo, M., & Pereira, A. (2026) · Music & Science · doi:10.1177/20592043261485515
Flow in screen-based gamified virtual reality sports: development and validation of a behaviorally anchored proxy rating scale for adolescents with autism spectrum disorder
Oh, A., & Kwon, D. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1947117
Flow as an Optimal Learning State for Clinical Reasoning in Nurse Practitioner Training: A Concept AnalysisPreprint
Yu, M.-X., Ho, Y.-C., Chu, Y.-T., Yu, P., Lin, H.-P., & Sung, C. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10170661/v1
References
Fortuna, P. (2026) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781394399680.refs
Development and psychometric evaluation of the chemistry classroom flow state scale for Chinese high school students
Li, F., Tian, X., Wen, H., Li, W., Song, Q., & Zhou, Q. W. (2026) · Chemistry Education Research and Practice · doi:10.1039/d6rp00514d
From group climate to flow in ultimate frisbee: An indirect pathway through autonomous motivation
Li, P.-A., Lian, X.-L., Zhu, W.-H., Lin, Y.-H., Tai, W.-H., & Fang, B.-B. (2026) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2026.107928

Authors: Jackson, S. A., & Eklund, R. C.
Affiliations: Queensland University of Technology (AU)
The University of Western Australia (AU)
ORCID: Jackson, Susan A.
Eklund, Robert C.
Venue: Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Published: 2002-06
Volume: 24
Issue: 2
Pages: 133-150
ISSN: 0895-2779 (ISSN-L)
1543-2904
DOI: 10.1123/jsep.24.2.133
OpenAlex: W2157505989
Cited by: 800
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 59 · 2025: 63 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 56 · 2022: 57 · 2021: 54 · 2020: 57 · 2019: 53 · 2018: 53 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 50 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 29
FWCI: 8.57
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Flow Experience in Various Fields
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Sport Psychology and Performance
Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management › Recreation, Leisure, Wilderness Management
Keywords: flow experience, physical activity, self-report measures, scale development, factor structure, reliability statistics, dispositional flow

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Assessing flow in physical activity: the Flow State Scale-2 and Dispositional Flow Scale-2

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