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Cited by 97Sport Psychology and PerformancePsychological Treatments and AssessmentsSports Dynamics and Biomechanics

Effects of a Cognitive-Behavioral Intervention on the Preshot Routine and Performance in Golf

Cohn, Patrick J., Rotella, Robert J., Lloyd, John W.·1990·The Sport Psychologist
DOI 10.1123/tsp.4.1.33
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Abstract

The effects of a cognitive-behavioral intervention on adherence to preshot routines of elite collegiate golfers was evaluated using a multiple baseline (across subjects) design. Three male golfers served as subjects for the assessment of percent of mental and behavioral preshot routines completed for nine holes during baseline and treatment conditions. Players’ shots and putts were videotaped and the tapes were scored to determine the percent of behavioral routines completed. Mental routines were assessed after each round via interview format. In addition, the number of strokes, putts, fairways hit from tee, and greens hit in regulation play for nine holes were also counted. The intervention taught each golfer how to consistently align to the target, make a good decision on each shot, and be totally committed to each shot. It was effective in improving players’ adherence to both mental and behavioral preshot routines. Immediate improvements in performance did not occur. Post-treatment interviews showed that the golfers felt the intervention had a positive effect upon performance.

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  • Observational studies of athletes suggest that better performers tend to exhibit more ritualistic or superstitious behavior, not less.

    “Interestingly, observational studies of athletes suggest the reverse correlation: that better performers (who presumably have lower discrepancy from their goal) tend to exhibit more ritualistic or superstitious behavior, not less (Cohn, Rotella, & Lloyd, 1990;Cotterill, Sanders, & Collins, 2010;Foster et al., 2006; although note that these studies have low sample sizes).”

    From The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework (2018) · cites this paper as Cohn, Rotella, & Lloyd, 1990

  • Preparation rituals can improve goal-driven performance.

    “First, preparation rituals can improve goal-driven performance (Cohn et al., 1990;Foster et al., 2006;Weinberg, Gould, & Jackson, 1979);”

    From The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework (2018) · cites this paper as Cohn et al., 1990

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Related

Authors
Cohn, P. J., Rotella, R. J., & Lloyd, J. W.
Affiliations
University of Virginia (US)
ORCID
Lloyd, John W.
Venue
The Sport Psychologist
Publisher
Human Kinetics
Published
1990-03
Volume
4
Issue
1
Pages
33-47
ISSN
  • 0888-4781 (ISSN-L)
  • 1543-2793
DOI
10.1123/tsp.4.1.33
OpenAlex
W2133009939
Cited by
97
References
0
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 5 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 1 · 2012: 1
FWCI
0.56
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
The Sport Psychologist (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Sport Psychology and Performance
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Sports Dynamics and Biomechanics
Keywords
cognitive-behavioral intervention, golf performance, behavioral routines, sport psychology intervention

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