RETRACTED: Don’t stop believing: Rituals improve performance by decreasing anxiety
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The effect of ritual on anxiety was significantly stronger when participants were induced to feel high anxiety than when they were induced to feel low anxiety.
“Most interesting, the effect of ritual on anxiety was significantly stronger when participants were induced to feel high anxiety than when they were induced to feel low anxiety (Study 2, Brooks et al., 2016).”
From The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework (2018) · cites this paper as Brooks et al., 2016
Cites
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“…to suggest that two strategies can effectively reduce anxious arousal: expressive writing (Pennebaker, 1997; Ramirez & Beilock, 2011) and emotional reappraisal (Crum, Salovey, & Achor, 2013; Gross, 2002; Hofmann, Heering, Sawyer, & Asnaani, 2009; Jamieson, Mendes, Blackstock, & Schmader, 2010).”
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“Despite the frequency with which people experience performance anxiety, only a few other successful strategies have been documented, such as expressive writing (Pennebaker, 1997; Ramirez & Beilock, 2011), reappraisal (Gross, 2002), cognitive behavioral therapy (Webb et al., 2012), and embodied actions (Li, Wei, & Soma…”
BackgroundLacking control increases illusory pattern perception
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“Reducing anxious arousal immediately before and during anxiety-inducing tasks is difficult, and avoidance strategies, such as suppression, can paradoxically increase the experience of anxiety (Hofmann et al., 2009).”
BackgroundTurning the knots in your stomach into bows: reappraising arousal improves performance on the GRE
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“This attentional demand could minimize anxiety by blocking intrusive thoughts (Van Dillen & Koole, 2007).”
BackgroundGet excited: reappraising pre-performance anxiety as excitement.
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The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework
Hobson, N. M., Schroeder, J., Risen, J. L., Xygalatas, D., & Inzlicht, M. (2018) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868317734944 · Cited by 354 · see citing works
Self-citationEnacting rituals to improve self-control.
Tian, A. D., Schroeder, J., Häubl, G., Risen, J. L., Norton, M. I., & Gino, F. (2018) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspa0000113 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self-citationRetractedRituals, Repetitiveness and Cognitive Load: A Competitive Test of Ritual Benefits for Stress
Karl, J. A., & Fischer, R. (2018) · Human Nature · doi:10.1007/s12110-018-9325-3 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
- Authors
- Brooks, A. W., Schroeder, J., Risen, J. L., Gino, F., Galinsky, A. D., Norton, M. I., & Schweitzer, M. E.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- University of Chicago (US)
- Columbia University (US)
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Corresponding author
- Brooks, Alison Wood
- ORCID
- Venue
- Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-11
- Volume
- 137
- Pages
- 71-85
- ISSN
- 0749-5978 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2509151875
- Cited by
- 182
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 35
- FWCI
- 51.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Status
- Retracted
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Sport Psychology and Performance
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- ritual, performance anxiety, pre-performance anxiety, performance improvement, symbolic behavior, public speaking, self-regulation, distraction
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