The DOI matches its Crossref record; 40 of the 42 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 26 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Curcuminoids Inhibit Multiple Human Cytochromes P450, UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase, and Sulfotransferase Enzymes, whereas Piperine Is a Relatively Selective CYP3A4 Inhibitor
Open accessAbstract
Curcuminoid extract and piperine are being evaluated for beneficial effects in Alzheimer's disease, among other intractable disorders. Consequently, we studied the potential for herb-drug interactions involving cytochrome P450 (P450), UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT), and sulfotransferase (SULT) enzymes. The curcuminoid extract inhibited SULT > CYP2C19 > CYP2B6 > UGT > CYP2C9 > CYP3A activities with IC(50) values ranging from 0.99 +/- 0.04 to 25.3 +/- 1.3 microM, whereas CYP2D6, CYP1A2, and CYP2E1 activities were less affected (IC(50) values > 60 microM). Inhibition of CYP3A activity by curcuminoid extract was consistent with competitive inhibition (K(i) = 11.0 +/- 1.3 microM), whereas inhibition of both CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 activities were consistent with mixed competitive-noncompetitive inhibition (10.6 +/- 1.1 and 7.8 +/- 0.9 microM, respectively). Piperine was a relatively selective noncompetitive inhibitor of CYP3A (IC(50) 5.5 +/- 0.7 microM, K(i) = 5.4 +/- 0.3 microM) with less effect on other enzymes evaluated (IC(50) > 29 microM). Curcuminoid extract and piperine inhibited recombinant CYP3A4 much more potently (by >5-fold) than CYP3A5. Pure synthetic curcuminoids (curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin) were also evaluated for their effects on CYP3A, CYP2C9, UGT, and SULT activities. All three curcuminoids had similar effects on CYP3A, UGT, and SULT activity, but demethoxycurcumin (IC(50) = 8.8 +/- 1.2 microM) was more active against CYP2C9 than either curcumin or bisdemethoxycurcumin (IC(50) > 50 microM). Based on these data and expected tissue concentrations of inhibitors, we predict that a p.o. administered curcuminoid/piperine combination is most likely to inhibit CYP3A, CYP2C9, UGT, and SULT metabolism within the intestinal mucosa.
Overview
CoChat Summary
TL;DR
Curcuminoid extract inhibited multiple human CYP, UGT, and SULT enzymes in vitro, with SULT and CYP2C19 among the most sensitive, while piperine was a relatively selective CYP3A inhibitor. The authors predict that orally administered curcuminoid/piperine combinations are most likely to inhibit CYP3A, CYP2C9, UGT, and SULT metabolism in the intestinal mucosa.
Key findings
- Curcuminoid extract inhibited SULT > CYP2C19 > CYP2B6 > UGT > CYP2C9 > CYP3A activities, with IC50 values from 0.99 ± 0.04 to 25.3 ± 1.3 μM; CYP2D6, CYP1A2, and CYP2E1 were less affected (IC50 >60 μM). Specific values included SULT in human liver cytosol 0.99 ± 0.04 μM, CYP2C19 7.4 ± 1.2 μM, CYP2B6 9.4 ± 1.9 μM, CYP2C9 13.5 ± 1.4 μM, and CYP3A 25.3 ± 1.3 μM.
- Piperine was a relatively selective noncompetitive CYP3A inhibitor (IC50 5.5 ± 0.7 μM; Ki = 5.4 ± 0.3 μM), with less effect on other enzymes evaluated (IC50 >29 μM; CYP2C9 40.7 ± 4.1 μM, CYP1A2 29.8 ± 3.6 μM, others >50 μM).
- Curcuminoid extract and piperine inhibited recombinant CYP3A4 much more potently than CYP3A5: curcuminoid extract IC50 20.3 ± 0.7 μM vs >200 μM; piperine IC50 8.0 ± 1.8 μM vs >50 μM.
- Among pure synthetic curcuminoids, demethoxycurcumin was more active against CYP2C9 (IC50 8.8 ± 1.2 μM) than curcumin or bisdemethoxycurcumin (IC50 >50 μM); all three had similar effects on CYP3A, UGT, and SULT activity. Curcumin had a lower IC50 for acetaminophen glucuronidation in intact LS180 cells (2.2 ± 0.1 μM).
Methods
- In vitro study using human liver microsomes, human liver cytosol, recombinant CYP3A4 and CYP3A5, and LS180 colon cells. CYP probe activities included triazolam 1′-hydroxylation (CYP3A), flurbiprofen hydroxylation (CYP2C9), S-mephenytoin hydroxylation (CYP2C19), phenacetin de-ethylation (CYP1A2), dextromethorphan demethylation (CYP2D6), chlorzoxazone hydroxylation (CYP2E1), and bupropion hydroxylation (CYP2B6); UGT and SULT activities used acetaminophen glucuronidation and sulfation.
- IC50 and Ki values were determined by nonlinear regression; inhibition models included competitive, mixed competitive-noncompetitive, and noncompetitive. Time-dependent inhibition was assessed with 20-min preincubation and additional preincubation times for CYP3A.
- Curcuminoid extract was analyzed by HPLC and contained 66% curcumin, 23% demethoxycurcumin, and 11% bisdemethoxycurcumin. Pure curcuminoids were synthesized and tested individually and as a mixture. Human liver microsomes from 50 individuals were pooled for UGT assays; individual high-activity livers were used for CYP assays; cytosol was pooled from four livers.
Limitations
- Stated: the study is in vitro, and controlled drug interaction studies in human subjects are warranted. The authors note that non-specific microsomal binding of curcuminoids was not evaluated and could lead to underestimation of inhibition potency; piperine plasma levels have not been reported; and it is not yet clear which UGT and SULT isozymes predominate in intestinal mucosa.
- Stated: predictions of intestinal interaction are based on expected tissue concentrations from oral dosing, not on measured human intestinal concentrations or clinical outcomes.
- Evident from the text: no in vivo human drug-interaction data are presented, and the relatively high acetaminophen concentration used (10 mM) may have minimized competitive inhibition by piperine.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
0 Valid · 0 Not valid · 16 Not checked · 78 Own results and interpretations
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“CYP2C9 13.5 ± 1.4 40.7 ± 4.1 0.44 ± 0.03 Sulfaphenazole”
plainstates a causen = 3- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“or inhibition of CYP3A activities by piperine (Figs. 3B-D).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“curcumin being the least potent inhibitor of HLC acetaminophen sulfation compared with the other curcuminoids, the pure mixture and the extract.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“piperine at concentrations of up to 50 μM showed no inhibition of acetaminophen sulfation in either human liver cytosol or intact LS180 cells.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All three curcuminoids had similar effects on CYP3A, UGT, and SULT activity”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
60 more claims
Create a free account to see all 94 claims and to verify the 25 references still open.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 23
- Probably not a substantial claim. 13
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Alfentanil and cyclosporine are classified as narrow therapeutic index (NTI) drugs [36,37], as they are highly dependent on CYP3A for clearance.”
From Predicting Food–Drug Interactions between Piperine and CYP3A4 Substrate Drugs Using PBPK Modeling (2024) · cites this paper as [36]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Results
“the effect of the individual synthetic curcuminoids on glucuronidation was similar to that of the curcuminoid mixture and curcuminoid extract (IC50 values ranged from 9.8 to 12.2 μM) except for curcumin”
§ Results
“UGT LS180 cells 12.1 ± 0.4 2.2 ± 0.1 13.9 ±2.3 9.8 ± 1.4 12.2 ± 1.8”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Discussion
“Inhibition of microsomal CYP3A activity by curcuminoids was both time-dependent (at substrate concentrations over 25 μM) and competitive.”
§ Results
“As shown in Fig. 3A, preincubation enhanced the effect of the curcuminoid extract on CYP3A activity at inhibitor concentrations over 25 μM.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Results
“the other synthetic curcuminoids, curcuminoid mixture and curcuminoid extract (5.6 to 9.6 μM)”
§ Results
“SULT LS180 cells 5.2 ± 0.6 2.6 ± 0.4 12.5 ± 0.4 5.6 ± 0.8 9.6 ± 1.4”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Results
“curcuminoid extract resulted in more than 4-fold greater inhibition of acetaminophen sulfation in liver fractions compared with intact LS180 cells with IC50 values of 5.2 ± 0.6 μM and 0.99 ± 0.04 μM, respectively”
§ Results
“SULT HLC 0.99 ± 0.04 5.9 ± 0.4 1.70 ± 0.06 0.95 ± 0.02 1.36 ± 0.06 SULT LS180 cells 5.2 ± 0.6 2.6 ± 0.4 12.5 ± 0.4 5.6 ± 0.8 9.6 ± 1.4”
Citations
Cites
Influence of piperine on the pharmacokinetics of curcumin in animals and human volunteers
Shoba, G., Joy, D., Joseph, T., Majeed, M., Rajendran, R., & Srinivas, P. (1998) · Planta Medica · doi:10.1055/s-2006-957450 · Cited by 1,656
Phase I Clinical Trial of Oral Curcumin
Sharma, R. A., Euden, S. A., Platton, S. L., Cooke, D. N., Shafayat, A., Hewitt, H. R., Marczylo, T. H., Morgan, B., Hemingway, D., Plummer, S. M., et al. (2004) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-0744 · Cited by 1,257
THE HUMAN INTESTINAL CYTOCHROME P450 “PIE”
Paine, M. F., Hart, H. L., Ludington, S. S., Haining, R. L., Rettie, A. E., & Zeldin, D. C. (2006) · Drug Metabolism and Disposition · doi:10.1124/dmd.105.008672 · Cited by 870
Hanai, H., Iida, T., Takeuchi, K., Watanabe, F., Maruyama, Y., Andoh, A., Tsujikawa, T., Fujiyama, Y., Mitsuyama, K., Sata, M., et al. (2006) · Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2006.08.008 · Cited by 569
Piperine, a major constituent of black pepper, inhibits human P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4
Bhardwaj, R. K., Glaeser, H., Becquemont, L., Klotz, U., Gupta, S. K., & Fromm, M. F. (2002) · The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.102.034728 · Cited by 444
Combination Treatment With Curcumin and Quercetin of Adenomas in Familial Adenomatous Polyposis
Cruz–Correa, M., Shoskes, D. A., Sanchez, P., Zhao, R., Hylind, L. M., Wexner, S. D., & Giardiello, F. M. (2006) · Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2006.03.020 · Cited by 434
The Conduct of In Vitro and In Vivo Drug-Drug Interaction Studies: A PhRMA Perspective
Bjornsson, T. D., Callaghan, J. T., Einolf, H. J., Fischer, V., Gan, L. L., Grimm, S. W., Kao, J., King, S. P., Miwa, G. T., Ni, L., et al. (2003) · The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1177/0091270003252519 · Cited by 314
Court, M. H., Duan, S. X., Moltke, L. L., Greenblatt, D. J., Patten, C., Miners, J. O., & Mackenzie, P. I. (2001) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3565(24)29222-3 · Cited by 303
Self-citationPatki, K. C., von Moltke, L. L., & Greenblatt, D. J. (2003) · Drug Metabolism and Disposition · doi:10.1124/dmd.31.7.938 · Cited by 263
Fiala, M., Liu, P. T., Monteros, A. E. D. L., Rosenthal, M. J., Bernard, G. W., Ringman, J. M., Sayre, J. W., Zhang, L., Zaghi, J., Dejbakhsh, S., et al. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0701267104 · Cited by 236
Self-citationPhotophysical Studies on Binding of Curcumin to Bovine Serum Albumin¶
Barik, A., Priyadarsini, K. I., & Mohan, H. (2003) · Photochemistry and Photobiology · doi:10.1562/0031-8655(2003)0770597psoboc2.0.co2 · Cited by 230
Piperine enhances the bioavailability of the tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate in mice
Lambert, J. D., Hong, J., Kim, D. H., Mishin, V. M., & Yang, C. S. (2004) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/134.8.1948 · Cited by 213
Hesse, L. M., He, P., Krishnaswamy, S., Hao, Q., Hogan, K. J., Moltke, L. L., Greenblatt, D. J., & Court, M. H. (2004) · Pharmacogenetics · doi:10.1097/00008571-200404000-00002 · Cited by 197
Self-citationWang, L., Falany, C. N., & James, M. O. (2004) · Drug Metabolism and Disposition · doi:10.1124/dmd.104.000273 · Cited by 187
Atal, C. K., Dubey, R. K., & Singh, J. (1985) · The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3565(25)20081-7 · Cited by 180
Bano, G., Raina, R. K., Zutshi, U., Bedi, K. L., Johri, R. K., & Sharma, S. C. (1991) · European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf00314996 · Cited by 157
Inhibition of cytochrome P450 isozymes by curcumins in vitro and in vivo
Thapliyal, R., & Maru, G. B. (2001) · Food and Chemical Toxicology · doi:10.1016/s0278-6915(00)00165-4 · Cited by 137
Synthesis of some symmetrical curcumin derivatives and their antiinflammatory activity
Nurfina, A. N., Reksohadiprodjo, M. S., Timmerman, H., Jenie, U. A., Sugiyanto, D., & der Goot, H. V. (1997) · European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0223-5234(97)89084-8 · Cited by 127
Zhang, W., Tan, T. M. C., & Lim, L.-Y. (2007) · Drug Metabolism and Disposition · doi:10.1124/dmd.106.011072 · Cited by 121
Regulation of UDP glucuronosyltransferases in the gastrointestinal tract
Gregory, P. A. (2004) · Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.taap.2004.01.008 · Cited by 115
Khajuria, A., Zutshi, U., & Bedi, K. L. (1998) · PubMed · Cited by 103
Alprazolam Metabolism in vitro: Studies of Human, Monkey, Mouse, and Rat Liver Microsomes
Moltke, L. L., Greenblatt, D. J., Harmatz, J. S., & Shader, R. I. (2008) · Pharmacology · doi:10.1159/000139107 · Cited by 100
Badmaev, V., Majeed, M., & Prakash, L. (2000) · The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/s0955-2863(99)00074-1 · Cited by 90
von Moltke, L. L., Durol, A. L. B., Duan, S. X., & Greenblatt, D. J. (2000) · European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s002280000125 · Cited by 85
Basu, N. K., Ciotti, M., Hwang, M. S., Kole, L., Mitra, P. S., Cho, J. W., & Owens, I. S. (2004) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m306439200 · Cited by 83
Effect of piperine on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of phenytoin in patients with epilepsy
Pattanaik, S., Hota, D., Prabhakar, S., Kharbanda, P., & Pandhi, P. (2006) · Phytotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/ptr.1937 · Cited by 78
Basu, N. K., Kole, L., Kubota, S., & Owens, I. S. (2004) · Drug Metabolism and Disposition · doi:10.1124/dmd.32.7.768 · Cited by 70
Her, C., Szumlanski, C. L., Aksoy, I. A., & Weinshilboum, R. M. (1996) · Drug Metabolism and Disposition · doi:10.1016/s0090-9556(25)08470-3 · Cited by 70
Eaton, E. A., Walle, U. K., Lewis, A. J., Hudson, T., Wilson, A. A., & Walle, T. (1996) · Drug Metabolism and Disposition · doi:10.1016/s0090-9556(25)07302-7 · Cited by 67
Basu, N. K., Kole, L., & Owens, I. S. (2003) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/s0006-291x(03)00241-9 · Cited by 42
Comparative analysis of substrate and inhibitor interactions with CYP3A4 and CYP3A5
Soars, M. G., Grime, K., & Riley, R. J. (2006) · Xenobiotica · doi:10.1080/00498250500446208 · Cited by 41
Vietri, M., Pietrabissa, A., Mosca, F., Spisni, R., & Pacifici, G. M. (2003) · Xenobiotica · doi:10.1080/0049825031000065197 · Cited by 40
O’Donnell, C. J., Grime, K., Courtney, P. F., Slee, D., & Riley, R. J. (2006) · Drug Metabolism and Disposition · doi:10.1124/dmd.106.012344 · Cited by 37
Turmeric and curcumin modulate the conjugation of 1-naphthol in Caco-2 cells
Naganuma, M., Saruwatari, A., Okamura, S., & Tamura, H. (2006) · Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin · doi:10.1248/bpb.29.1476 · Cited by 36
Effect of zolpidem on human Cytochrome P450 activity, and on transport mediated by P‐glycoprotein
Moltke, L. L., Weemhoff, J. L., Perloff, M. D., Hesse, L. M., Harmatz, J. S., Roth‐Schechter, B. F., & Greenblatt, D. J. (2002) · Biopharmaceutics & Drug Disposition · doi:10.1002/bdd.329 · Cited by 32
Apparent mechanism-based inhibition of human CYP3A in-vitro by lopinavir
Weemhoff, J. L., von Moltke, L. L., Richert, C., Hesse, L. M., Harmatz, J. S., & Greenblatt, D. J. (2003) · Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology · doi:10.1211/002235702739 · Cited by 25
Wang, M., Ebmeier, C. C., Olin, J. R., & Anderson, R. J. (2005) · Steroids · doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2005.11.003 · Cited by 16
Synthetic Curcumin Derivatives Inhibit Jun-Fos-DNA Complex Formation
Kim, H.-K. (2004) · Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society · doi:10.5012/bkcs.2004.25.12.1769 · Cited by 7
(2001) · PubMed
(1991) · PubMed
Cited by
Heger, M., van Golen, R. F., Broekgaarden, M., & Michel, M. C. (2013) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pr.110.004044 · Cited by 598
Soleimani, V., Sahebkar, A., & Hosseinzadeh, H. (2018) · Phytotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/ptr.6054 · Cited by 579
Comparative Absorption of a Standardized Curcuminoid Mixture and Its Lecithin Formulation
Cuomo, J., Appendino, G., Dern, A. S., Schneider, E., McKinnon, T. P., Brown, M. J., Togni, S., & Dixon, B. M. (2011) · Journal of Natural Products · doi:10.1021/np1007262 · Cited by 339
Curcumin and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Prevention and Treatment
Pivari, F., Mingione, A., Brasacchio, C., & Soldati, L. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11081837 · Cited by 375
The Role of Curcumin in Cancer Treatment
Zoi, V., Galani, V., Lianos, G. D., Voulgaris, S., Kyritsis, A. P., & Alexiou, G. Α. (2021) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines9091086 · Cited by 358
Metadata
- Authors
- Volak, L. P., Ghirmai, S., Cashman, J. R., & Court, M. H.
- Affiliations
- Tufts University (US)
- Venue
- Drug Metabolism and Disposition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-08
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1594-1605
- ISSN
- 0090-9556 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2574793
- OpenAlex
- W2118356995
- Cited by
- 214
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 4.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
- Locations
- Drug Metabolism and Disposition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Pfizer UK
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R01GM061834, R21GM074369)
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (F31AT003973)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmacology › Pharmacogenetics and Drug Metabolism
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Medicine › Curcumin's Biomedical Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Drug Transport and Resistance Mechanisms
- Keywords
- curcuminoids, piperine, herb-drug interactions, cytochrome P450 inhibition, CYP3A4, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, sulfotransferase, curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, bisdemethoxycurcumin, enzyme inhibition kinetics
- MeSH terms
- Acetaminophen, Alkaloids, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Curcumin, Enzyme Inhibitors, Humans, Liver, Piperidines, Recombinant Proteins, Spectrometry, Fluorescence, Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet, Glucuronosyltransferase, Sulfotransferases, Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization, Benzodioxoles, Polyunsaturated Alkamides, Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-14, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-14 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
