Cited by 731Conservation, Biodiversity, and Resource ManagementLand Use and Ecosystem ServicesWildlife Ecology and Conservation

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 21 of the 21 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Accelerated Human Population Growth at Protected Area Edges

Wittemyer, George, Elsen, Paul, Bean, William T., Burton, A. Coleman O., Brashares, Justin S.·2008·Science

DOI 10.1126/science.1158900

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Protected areas (PAs) have long been criticized as creations of and for an elite few, where associated costs, but few benefits, are borne by marginalized rural communities. Contrary to predictions of this argument, we found that average human population growth rates on the borders of 306 PAs in 45 countries in Africa and Latin America were nearly double average rural growth, suggesting that PAs attract, rather than repel, human settlement. Higher population growth on PA edges is evident across ecoregions, countries, and continents and is correlated positively with international donor investment in national conservation programs and an index of park-related funding. These findings provide insight on the value of PAs for local people, but also highlight a looming threat to PA effectiveness and biodiversity conservation.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1126/science.1158900

Cites

21 of 21 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Terrestrial ecoregions of the world: a new map of life on Earth
Olson, D. M., Dinerstein, E., Wikramanayake, E. D., Burgess, N. D., Powell, G. V. N., Underwood, E. C., D'amico, J. A., Itoua, I., Strand, H. E., Morrison, J. C., et al. (2001) · BioScience · doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0933:teotwa]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 8,488
The Human Footprint and the Last of the Wild
Sanderson, E. W., Jaiteh, M., Levy, M. A., Redford, K. H., Wannebo, A., & Woolmer, G. (2002) · BioScience · doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2002)052[0891:thfatl]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 2,472
Biodiversity Conservation and the Eradication of Poverty
Adams, W. M., Aveling, R., Brockington, D., Dickson, B., Elliott, J. E., Hutton, J. M., Roe, D., Vira, B., & Wolmer, W. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1097920 · Cited by 1,395
Human population in the biodiversity hotspots
Cincotta, R. P., Wisnewski, J., & Engelman, R. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35010105 · Cited by 1,110
INCREASING ISOLATION OF PROTECTED AREAS IN TROPICAL FORESTS OVER THE PAST TWENTY YEARS
DeFries, R., Hansen, A. J., Newton, A. C., & Hansen, M. C. (2005) · Ecological Applications · doi:10.1890/03-5258 · Cited by 763
LAND USE CHANGE AROUND PROTECTED AREAS: MANAGEMENT TO BALANCE HUMAN NEEDS AND ECOLOGICAL FUNCTION
DeFries, R., Hansen, A. J., Turner, B. L., Reid, R. S., & Liu, J. (2007) · Ecological Applications · doi:10.1890/05-1111 · Cited by 545
A review of the relationships between human population density and biodiversity
Luck, G. (2007) · Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1469-185x.2007.00028.x · Cited by 498
Global variation in terrestrial conservation costs, conservation benefits, and unmet conservation needs
Balmford, A. P., Gaston, K. J., Blyth, S., James, A., & Kapos, V. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0236945100 · Cited by 449
Coercing conservation?
Peluso, N. L. (1993) · Global Environmental Change · doi:10.1016/0959-3780(93)90006-7 · Cited by 446
Poverty Risks and National Parks: Policy Issues in Conservation and Resettlement
Cernea, M. M., & Schmidt–Soltau, K. (2006) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2006.02.008 · Cited by 424

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 20 references

Research works printed but not linked: 3

A. de Sherbinin, M. Freudenberger, Parks8, 38 (1998).
A. de Sherbinin, Oryx42, 26 (2008).
UNEP-WCMC Prototype Nationally Designated Protected Areas Database (WCMC/UNEP Cambridge 2003); available at www.unep-wcmc.org/protected_areas/data/nat.htm (accessed September 2007).

Sorted by citations

Items 201–300 of 731

Outside the boundary – Land use changes in the surroundings of urban nature reserves
Borgström, S. T., Cousins, S. A. O., & Lindborg, R. (2011) · Applied Geography · doi:10.1016/j.apgeog.2011.06.012 · Cited by 40
Population pressure and global markets drive a decade of forest cover change in Africa's Albertine Rift
Ryan, S. J., Palace, M., Hartter, J., Diem, J. E., Chapman, C. A., & Jane Southworth, B. (2017) · Applied Geography · doi:10.1016/j.apgeog.2017.02.009 · Cited by 40
Patterns and perceived sustainability of provisioning ecosystem services on the edge of a protected area in times of crisis
Guerbois, C., & Fritz, H. (2017) · Ecosystem Services · doi:10.1016/j.ecoser.2017.11.010 · Cited by 45
“The services provided by PAs may attract more people, a phenomenon termed the ‘‘honey-pot” effect (Wittemyer et al., 2008).”
Background
Combined climatic and anthropogenic stress threaten resilience of important wetland sites in an arid region
Khelifa, R., Mahdjoub, H., & Samways, M. J. (2021) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150806 · Cited by 44
Community perceptions of four protected areas in the Northern portion of the Cerrado hotspot, Brazil
Ferreira, M. N., & FREIRE, N. C. (2009) · Environmental Conservation · doi:10.1017/s0376892909990166 · Cited by 40
“Moreover, PAs in grassland ecosystems, such as the Cerrado savannahs, may be the most at risk since these regions have particularly high human population growth rates, which are associated with higher deforestation rates (Wittemyer et al. 2008).”
Background
Current State of Conservation Knowledge on Threatened Amphibian Species in Peru
von May, R., Catenazzi, A., Angulo, A., Brown, J. L., Carrillo, J., Chávez, G., Córdova, J. H., Curo, A., Delgado, A. J., Enciso, M. A., et al. (2008) · Tropical Conservation Science · doi:10.1177/194008290800100406 · Cited by 40
“This is crucial for the maintenance of many protected areas, given that human population growth is much higher near the edge of these areas than in other rural areas [36].”
Background
Tracking forest loss and fragmentation between 1930 and 2020 in Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) range in Nepal
Ram, A. K., Yadav, N. K., Kandel, P. N., Mondol, S., Pandav, B., Natarajan, L., Subedi, N., Naha, D., Reddy, C. S., & Lamichhane, B. R. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-98327-8 · Cited by 39
An Anthropology of Landscape
Tilley, C., & Cameron-Daum, K. (2017) · UCL Press eBooks · doi:10.14324/111.9781911307433 · Cited by 131
Perceptions of risk in communities near parks in an African biodiversity hotspot
Hartter, J., Dowhaniuk, N., MacKenzie, C. A., Ryan, S. J., Diem, J. E., Palace, M., & Chapman, C. A. (2016) · AMBIO · doi:10.1007/s13280-016-0775-8 · Cited by 40
“Although there is no consensus as to whether people preferentially move within close proximity of PAs (Wittemyer et al. 2008), Hartter et al. (2015) found the population density around KNP to be 1.5 times higher than farther from the park boundary over the span of 43 years, and Zommers and…”
BackgroundInfluential
Declining human population but increasing residential development around protected areas in Puerto Rico
Castro‐Prieto, J., Martinuzzi, S., Radeloff, V. C., Helmers, D. P., Quiñones, M., & Gould, W. A. (2017) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2017.02.037 · Cited by 39
“…a decrease in population in their vicinity, while the other half witnessed a population increase as showed in other studies (Hansen et al., 2002; Wittemyer et al., 2008), and contradicting global findings that showed no evidence of disproportional population growth near protected areas (Joppa…”
Result
Twenty-three years of forest cover change in protected areas under different governance strategies: A case study from Ethiopia’s southern highlands
Young, N. E., Evangelista, P., Mengitsu, T., & Leisz, S. J. (2019) · Land Use Policy · doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104426 · Cited by 40
“, 2004) and can also attract additional human pressure (Wittemyer et al., 2008).”
Background
Factors responsible for forest and water bird distributions in rivers and lakes along an urban gradient in Beijing
Xie, S., Wang, X., Ren, Y., Su, Z., Su, Y., Wang, S., Zhou, W., Lu, F., Qian, Y., Gong, C., et al. (2020) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139308 · Cited by 39
An Ecological-Marxist Response to the Half-Earth Project
Napoletano, B. M., & Clark, B. (2020) · Conservation and Society · doi:10.4103/cs.cs_19_99 · Cited by 38
“Moreover, forced displacement merely shifts, while often exacerbating, the geographic rifts associated with anthropogenic land-change, which in the most poorly planned cases go no farther than the protected areas’ boundaries or buffers (Wittemyer et al. 2008).”
Background
Economics of wildlife tourism – contribution to livelihoods of communities around Kanha tiger reserve, India
Sinha, B. C., Qureshi, Q., Uniyal, V. K., & Sen, S. (2012) · Journal of Ecotourism · doi:10.1080/14724049.2012.721785 · Cited by 38
Primate and ungulate abundance in response to multi-use zoning and human extractive activities in a Central African Reserve
Remis, M. J., & Kpanou, J. B. (2010) · African Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.2010.01229.x · Cited by 38
Conservation value of moist evergreen Afromontane forest sites with different management and history in southwestern Ethiopia
Shumi, G., Rodrigues, P., Schultner, J., Dorresteijn, I., Hanspach, J., Hylander, K., Senbeta, F., & Fischer, J. (2019) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2019.02.008 · Cited by 40
“However, tropical primary forests, including strictly protected areas, are suffering from human induced degradation (Wittemyer et al., 2008; Gibson et al., 2011; Melo et al., 2013).”
Background
The effectiveness of hazing African lions as a conflict mitigation tool: implications for carnivore management
Petracca, L. S., Frair, J. L., Bastille‐Rousseau, G., Hunt, J. E., Macdonald, D. W., Sibanda, L., & Loveridge, A. J. (2019) · Ecosphere · doi:10.1002/ecs2.2967 · Cited by 38
“Given burgeoning human populations (Bongaarts 2009) and expanding agricultural frontiers (Green 2005), human–carnivore conflict is likely to intensify in the future, particularly at the edges of protected areas that serve as strongholds for large carnivore populations (Wittemyer et al. 2008).”
Background
Spatiotemporal Genetic Diversity of Lions Reveals the Influence of Habitat Fragmentation across Africa
Curry, C., Davis, B. W., Bertola, L. D., White, P. A., Murphy, W. J., & Derr, J. N. (2020) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msaa174 · Cited by 45
“…(Chardonnet 2002; Barnett et al. 2006a; Riggio et al. 2015), particularly in terms of size and distribution, in response to habitat availability and anthropogenic pressures related to a growing human population (Wittemyer et al. 2008; Riggio et al. 2012; Blackburn et al. 2016; United Nations 2017).”
Dynamic Reserve Selection: Optimal Land Retention with Land-Price Feedbacks
Tóth, S., Haight, R. G., & Rogers, L. W. (2011) · Operations Research · doi:10.1287/opre.1110.0961 · Cited by 38
“2010) and from Africa and Latin America (Wittemyer et al. 2008) suggest, however, that real estate development pressure is greater in the proximity of reserves.”
Background
Ecosystems for water and food security
Boelee, E., Atapattu, S. S., Barron, J., Bindraban, P. S., Bunting, S. W., Coates, D., Descheemaeker, K., Eriyagama, N., Finlayson, C. M., & Gordon, L. J. (2011) · Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling · Cited by 38
Conservation and Development: Justice, Inequality, and Attitudes around Bwindi Impenetrable National Park
Tumusiime, D. M., & Sjaastad, E. (2013) · The Journal of Development Studies · doi:10.1080/00220388.2013.841886 · Cited by 37
“Local economic growth may encourage increased investment in unsustainable practices such as poaching (Ferraro & Kramer, 1997) and may also more generally attract in-migration to areas surrounding the protected area to a point where conservation is threatened (Wittemyer et al., 2008).”
Background
Examining the association between livestock ownership typologies and child nutrition in the Luangwa Valley, Zambia
Dumas, S. E., Kassa, L., Young, S. L., & Travis, A. J. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0191339 · Cited by 39
The search of potential inhibitors of the AcrAB–TolC system of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli: an in silico approach
Abdelhalim, H., Dajani, A. H. N. A., Abdelhalim, A. R., & Abdelmalek, S. (2019) · Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s00253-019-09954-1 · Cited by 34
Ecotourism as a Resource Sharing Strategy: Case Study of Community-Based Ecotourism at the Tangkahan Buffer Zone of Leuser National Park, Langkat District, North Sumatra, Indonesia
Wiratno, W., Withaningsih, S., Gunawan, B., & Iskandar, J. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14063399 · Cited by 60
The influence of park access during drought on attitudes toward wildlife and lion killing behaviour in Maasailand, Kenya
Hazzah, L., Dolrenry, S., KAPLAN, D., & Frank, L. G. (2013) · Environmental Conservation · doi:10.1017/s0376892913000040 · Cited by 38
“As human populations around protected lands increase (Wittemyer et al. 2008; but see Joppa et al. 2009), so do rates of human-wildlife conflict (Harcourt et al. 2001).”
Background
Oil in the Sahara: mapping anthropogenic threats to Saharan biodiversity from space
Duncan, C., Kretz, D., Wegmann, M., Rabeil, T., & Pettorelli, N. (2014) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2013.0191 · Cited by 39
The geometry of global protected lands
Schauman, S. A., Peñuelas, J., Jobbagy, E. G., & Baldi, G. (2023) · Nature Sustainability · doi:10.1038/s41893-023-01243-0 · Cited by 44
“…more exposed to the unprotected matrix becomes, thus, more vulnerable to current and future anthropogenic stressors, namely, land-cover changes and habitat fragmentation, resource extraction, changes in fire regimens, facilitation of biological invasions and chemical and physical pollution 9–19 .”
Acknowledging Trade-offs and Understanding Complexity: Exurbanization Issues in Macon County, North Carolina
Vercoe, R. A., Welch‐Devine, M., Hardy, D., DeMoss, J., Bonney, S., Allen, K. E., Brosius, P., Charles, D., Crawford, B. A., Heisel, S., et al. (2014) · Ecology and Society · doi:10.5751/es-05970-190123 · Cited by 36
Drivers of foot‐and‐mouth disease in cattle at wild/domestic interface: Insights from farmers, buffalo and lions
Miguel, E., Grosbois, V., Fritz, H., Caron, A., Garine-Wichatitsky, M. D., Nicod, F., Loveridge, A. J., Stapelkamp, B., Macdonald, D. W., & Valeix, M. (2017) · Diversity and Distributions · doi:10.1111/ddi.12585 · Cited by 38
“World-wide, increasing human populations and the associated resource consumption and habitat fragmentation force humans and their domestic animals to live in increasing proximity to protected areas and wildlife (Wittemyer, Elsen, Bean, Burton, & Brashares, 2008) .”
Background
Spatial and temporal relationship between native mammals and free-roaming dogs in a protected area surrounded by a metropolis
Yen, S., Ju, Y., Shaner, P. L., & Chen, H. L. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-44474-y · Cited by 34
National emphasis on high-level protection reduces risk of biodiversity decline in tropical forest reserves
Bradshaw, C. J. A., Craigie, I. D., & Laurance, W. F. (2015) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2015.05.019 · Cited by 36
“Further, high human populations surrounding protected areas directly compromise their biodiversity (Wittemyer et al., 2008).”
Background
Assessing the broad-scale impact of agriculturally transformed and protected area landscapes on avian taxonomic and functional richness
Child, M. F., Cumming, G. S., & Amano, T. (2009) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2009.06.007 · Cited by 35
The economic valuation of biodiversity as an abstract good
Meinard, Y., & Grill, P. (2011) · Ecological Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2011.05.003 · Cited by 35
Long-term ecological changes influence herbivore diversity and abundance inside a protected area in the Mara-Serengeti ecosystem
Green, D. S., Zipkin, E. F., Incorvaia, D. C., & Holekamp, K. E. (2019) · Global Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00697 · Cited by 35
Consequences of climate-induced vegetation changes exceed those of human disturbance for wild impala in the Serengeti ecosystem
Hunninck, L., May, R. F., Jackson, C. R., Palme, R., Røskaft, E., & Sheriff, M. J. (2019) · Conservation Physiology · doi:10.1093/conphys/coz117 · Cited by 35
“The phenomenon of higher population density around protected areas is not unique to SNP; in fact, this pattern is evident in most countries in Africa and South America (Wittemyer et al., 2008).”
Background
How can we monitor, report and verify carbon emissions from forests?
Wertz-Kanounnikoff, S., Verchot, L. V., Kanninen, M., & Murdiyarso, D. (2008) · CGSPace A Repository of Agricultural Research Outputs (Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research) · Cited by 35
Human and wildlife usage of a protected area buffer zone in an area of high immigration
Bamford, A. J., Ferrol-Schulte, D., & Wathan, J. (2014) · Oryx · doi:10.1017/s0030605313000215 · Cited by 35
“By providing economic benefits to communities these schemes can provide the incentives that Wittemyer et al. (2008) hypothesized would cause immigration to an area.”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Spider diversity in canopies of Xishuangbanna rainforest (China) indicates an alarming juggernaut effect of rubber plantations
Zheng, G., Li, S., & Yang, X. (2014) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2014.11.031 · Cited by 35
The synergy between protected area effectiveness and economic growth
Li, B. V., Wu, S., Pimm, S. L., & Cui, J. (2024) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2024.05.044 · Cited by 34
The park-view effect: Residential development is higher at the boundaries of protected areas
Brambilla, M., & Ronchi, S. (2016) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.223 · Cited by 34
The Forests of the Congo Basin: State of the Forests 2021
Richard, E. A., Hiol, F. H., & Lescuyer, G. (2022) · Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) eBooks · doi:10.17528/cifor/008700 · Cited by 37
Human Migration, Protected Areas, and Conservation Outreach in Tanzania
Salerno, J., Mulder, M. B., & Kefauver, S. C. (2014) · Conservation Biology · doi:10.1111/cobi.12237 · Cited by 34
Can small wildlife conservancies maintain genetically stable populations of large mammals? Evidence for increased genetic drift in geographically restricted populations of Cape buffalo in East Africa
Heller, R., Okello, J. B. A., & SIEGISMUND, H. R. (2010) · Molecular Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2010.04589.x · Cited by 34
“This is in agreement with the recommendations by Wittemeyer et al. (2008), who propose that this could be achieved by creating multi-use buffer zones around protected areas to reconcile the conflict between increasing human population size and the need for biodiversity protection.”
BackgroundResult
Hunting, food subsidies, and mesopredator release: the dynamics of crop‐raiding baboons in a managed landscape
Taylor, R. A. W., Ryan, S. J., Brashares, J. S., & Johnson, L. R. (2016) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/15-0885.1 · Cited by 33
“t al., 2005), disease (Murray et al., 1999), and habitat conversion or reduction (Balme et al., 2010). Simultaneously, the density of human populations around parks is increasing (Joppa et al., 2009; Wittemyer et al., 2008), compounding pressure on apex predators and increasing mortality due to poaching and human-wild…”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Potential effects of human pressure and habitat fragmentation on population viability of the Antillean manatee Trichechus manatus manatus: a predictive model
Castelblanco‐Martínez, D. N., Nourisson, C., Quintana‐Rizzo, E., Padilla-Saldívar, J. A., & Schmitter-Soto, J. J. (2012) · Endangered Species Research · doi:10.3354/esr00439 · Cited by 33
“Although human populations in countries where Antillean manatees live are in - creasing (Wittemyer et al. 2008), there are not many areas yet where an intensive overlapping between manatees and boats occurs, as happens in Florida.”
Background
Effects of anti-poaching patrols on the distribution of large mammals in Taï National Park, Côte d'Ivoire
Kablan, Y. A., Diarrassouba, A., Mundry, R., Campbell, G., Normand, E., Kühl, H. S., Koné, I., & Boesch, C. (2017) · Oryx · doi:10.1017/s0030605317001272 · Cited by 33
Anthropogenic Disturbances Drive Domestic Dog Use of Atlantic Forest Protected Areas
Paschoal, A. M. D. O., Massara, R. L., Bailey, L. L., Doherty, P. F., Santos, P. M., Paglia, A. P., Hirsch, A., & Chiarello, A. G. (2018) · Tropical Conservation Science · doi:10.1177/1940082918789833 · Cited by 38
“…and concerning information, given that people live within the boundaries of 70% of protected areas in the tropics (Bruner et al., 2001) and that human populations continue to grow near the edges of biodiversity hotspots, like Atlantic Forest protected areas (Laurance, 2015; Wittemyer et al., 2008).”
Background
Agricultural lands offer seasonal habitats to tigers in a human‐dominated and fragmented landscape in India
Warrier, R., Noon, B. R., & Bailey, L. L. (2020) · Ecosphere · doi:10.1002/ecs2.3080 · Cited by 35
“First, matrix areas surrounding protected parks worldwide, and particularly in India, are experiencing accelerated human population growth rates and landuse conversion (DeFries et al. 2007, Wittemyer et al. 2008).”
Background
Assessing Protected Area's Carbon Stocks and Ecological Structure at Regional-Scale Using Gedi Lidar
Liang, M., González‐Roglich, M., Roehrdanz, P. R., Tabor, K. M., Zvoleff, A., Leitold, V., Silva, J. A., Fatoyinbo, T., Hansen, M. C., & Duncanson, L. I. (2021) · Global Environmental Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2022.102621 · Cited by 38
Biodiversity and Conservation of Tropical Montane Ecosystems in the Gulf of Guinea, West Africa
Cronin, D. T., Libalah, M. B., Bergl, R. A., & Hearn, G. W. (2014) · Arctic Antarctic and Alpine Research · doi:10.1657/1938-4246-46.4.891 · Cited by 35
The Response of Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) to Habitat Modification in a Neotropical Savannah
Oliveira, H. F. M., de Camargo, N. F., Gager, Y., & Aguiar, L. (2017) · Tropical Conservation Science · doi:10.1177/1940082917697263 · Cited by 32
Modeling community occupancy from line transect data: a case study with large mammals in post‐war Angola
Petracca, L. S., Funston, P. J., Henschel, P., Cohen, J. B., Maclennan, S., & Frair, J. L. (2019) · Animal Conservation · doi:10.1111/acv.12555 · Cited by 35
“…9.7 billion in 2050, with growth particularly high in sub-Saharan Africa (United Nations, 2019) and at the edges of PAs (Woodroffe & Ginsberg, 1998; Wittemyer et al., 2008; Geldmann, Joppa & Burgess, 2014), creating serious risks for the loss of wild areas and the species assemblages within…”
BackgroundInfluential
Effectiveness of Costa Rica’s Conservation Portfolio to Lower Deforestation, Protect Primates, and Increase Community Participation
Tafoya, K. A., Brondízio, E. S., Johnson, C. E., Beck, P. J., Wallace, M., Quirós, R., & Wasserman, M. D. (2020) · Frontiers in Environmental Science · doi:10.3389/fenvs.2020.580724 · Cited by 38
“Protected areas are traditionally considered cornerstones of conservation (Naughton-Treves et al., 2005), but scholars recognize that their success greatly depends on the actions of local communities living along their borders (Wittemyer et al., 2008).”
Background
Coupled ecological and management connectivity across administrative boundaries in undeveloped landscapes
Aslan, C. E., Brunson, M. W., Sikes, B. A., Epanchin‐Niell, R. S., Veloz, S., Theobald, D. M., & Dickson, B. G. (2021) · Ecosphere · doi:10.1002/ecs2.3329 · Cited by 34
“…and form social networks that directly in ﬂ uence land management decisions (Epanchin-Niell et al. 2010, Kittredge et al. 2013, Mattsson et al. 2018), which may help them respond to new challenges, particularly when effective responses depend on neighboring decisions (Wondolleck and Yaffee 2000).”
International Trends in Protected Areas Policy and Management
Heinen, J. T. (2012) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/50061 · Cited by 32
On tracks: A spoor-based occupancy survey of lion Panthera leo distribution in Kafue National Park, Zambia
Midlane, N., O'Riain, M. J., Balme, G. A., Robinson, H. S., & Hunter, L. (2014) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2014.02.006 · Cited by 36
From Debate to Insight: Three Models of Immigration to Protected Areas
Scholte, P. T., & GROOT, W. T. D. (2009) · Conservation Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01314.x · Cited by 32
“The debate has focused on the degree that attraction of PAs might explain a high (Wittemyer et al. 2008) or (much) lower (Joppa et al. 2009) number of immigration cases.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Assessing Local and Surrounding Threats to the Protected Area Network in a Biodiversity Hotspot: The Hengduan Mountains of Southwest China
Ye, X., Liu, G., Li, Z., Wang, H., & Zeng, Y. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0138533 · Cited by 32
Time-varying predatory behavior is primary predictor of fine-scale movement of wildland-urban cougars
Buderman, F. E., Hooten, M. B., Alldredge, M. W., Hanks, E. M., & Ivan, J. S. (2018) · Movement Ecology · doi:10.1186/s40462-018-0140-6 · Cited by 31
“In addition, due to their desirable qualities, regions adjacent to protected areas have higher human population growth compared to growth in rural, non-protected areas [29], increasing the potential for human-wildlife conflict [30].”
Background
Human-Elephant Conflict Around Moukalaba-Doudou National Park in Gabon: Socioeconomic Changes and Effects of Conservation Projects on Local Tolerance
Terada, S., Yobo, C. M., Moussavou, G.-M., & Matsuura, N. (2021) · Tropical Conservation Science · doi:10.1177/19400829211026775 · Cited by 31
Amenity Migration in the New Global Economy: Current Issues and Research Priorities
Lekies, K. S., Matarrita‐Cascante, D., Schewe, R. L., & Winkler, R. L. (2015) · Society & Natural Resources · doi:10.1080/08941920.2015.1054571 · Cited by 31
“Scholars have described migration toward localities in close proximity to national parks and protected areas throughout Latin America and Africa (Wittemyer et al. 2008; Davis 2011; Fay 2011; Hoffman 2011), mirroring that of American gateway communities (Howe, McMahon, and Propst 1997).”
Background
Assessment of human–elephant conflicts in multifunctional landscapes of Taita Taveta County, Kenya
Munyao, M., Siljander, M., Johansson, T., Makokha, G. O., & Pellikka, P. (2020) · Global Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01382 · Cited by 30
A multi-scale assessment of local and contextual threats to existing and potential U.S. protected areas
Wade, A. A., Theobald, D. M., & Laituri, M. (2011) · Landscape and Urban Planning · doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2011.02.027 · Cited by 30
Reconnecting Cities to the Biosphere: Stewardship of Green Infrastructure and Urban Ecosystem Services
Andersson, E., Barthel, S., Borgström, S. T., Colding, J., Elmqvist, T., Folke, C., & Gren, Å. (2015) · Apple Academic Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b18713-3 · Cited by 33
Parks, People and Pixels: Evaluating Landscape Effects of an East African National Park on its Surroundings
Jane Southworth, B., Hartter, J., Binford, M. W., Goldman, A. C., Chapman, C. A., Chapman, L. J., Omeja, P. A., & Binford, E. (2010) · Tropical Conservation Science · doi:10.1177/194008291000300202 · Cited by 29
“Tropical Conservation Science | ISSN 1940-0829 | Tropicalconservationscience.org Tropical Conservation Science | ISSN 1940-0829 | Tropicalconservationscience.org”
Background
Noise shapes the distribution pattern of an acoustic predator
Fröhlich, A., & Ciach, M. (2017) · Current Zoology · doi:10.1093/cz/zox061 · Cited by 29
“In the last 100 years the human population has risen very rapidly and is putting unprecedented pressure on wildlife (Czech et al. 2000; Wittemyer et al. 2008).”
Background
Genetic analysis shows low levels of hybridization between A frican wildcats (Felis silvestris lybica) and domestic cats (F. s. catus) in S outh A frica
Roux, J. J. L., Foxcroft, L. C., Herbst, M., & MacFadyen, S. (2014) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.1275 · Cited by 31
“However, many of South Africa’s protected areas are found in close proximity to rapidly expanding urban areas and human settlements (Wittemyer et al. 2008).”
Background
Incorporating mortality into habitat selection to identify secure and risky habitats for savannah elephants
Roever, C. L., van Aarde, R. J., & Chase, M. J. (2013) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2013.04.006 · Cited by 29
“However, this is not always the case in Africa where high human densities near park boundaries (Wittemyer et al., 2008) may increase incidences of poaching (Metzger et al., 2010; Milner-Gulland and Bennett, 2003) and human–wildlife conflicts (Newmark et al., 1994).”
Background
The decline of large carnivores in Africa and opportunities for change
Bodasing, T. (2022) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2022.109724 · Cited by 28
Where have all the lions gone? Establishing realistic baselines to assess decline and recovery of African lions
Loveridge, A. J., Sousa, L. L., Cushman, S. A., Kaszta, Z. M., & Macdonald, D. W. (2022) · Diversity and Distributions · doi:10.1111/ddi.13637 · Cited by 30
“…in regions where landscape connectivity remains, these connections are likely to be highly vulnerable in the face of growing human populations and agricultural activity, particularly in the vicinity of protected areas where human population growth has been shown to be high (Wittemyer et al., 2008).”
Background
Bushmeat hunting around a remnant coastal rainforest in Côte d'Ivoire
Bi, S. G., Koné, I., Béné, J.-C. K., Bitty, E. A., Yao, K., Kouassi, B. A., & Gaubert, P. (2016) · Oryx · doi:10.1017/s0030605315001453 · Cited by 28
Human migration to the forest frontier: Implications for land use change and conservation management
Jones, J. P. G., Mandimbiniaina, R., Kelly, R., Ranjatson, P., Rakotojoelina, B., Schreckenberg, K., & Poudyal, M. (2018) · Geo Geography and Environment · doi:10.1002/geo2.50 · Cited by 31
“First, increases in human population due to in-migration may result in increased pressures on biodiversity (Scholte & De Groot, 2010), which need to be understood and incorporated into policy responses (Zommers & MacDonald, 2012).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Using occupancy models to assess the direct and indirect impacts of agricultural expansion on species’ populations
Semper‐Pascual, A., Decarre, J., Baumann, M., Camino, M., Blanco, Y. D., Gómez‐Valencia, B., & Kuemmerle, T. (2020) · Biodiversity and Conservation · doi:10.1007/s10531-020-02042-1 · Cited by 31
Nominally protected buffer zones around tropical protected areas are as highly degraded as the wider unprotected countryside
de Almeida‐Rocha, J. M., & Peres, C. A. (2021) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2021.109068 · Cited by 28
Complex effects of habitat amount and fragmentation on functional connectivity and inbreeding in a giant panda population
Connor, T., Qiao, M., Scribner, K. T., Zhang, J., Hull, V., Bai, W., Shortridge, A. M., Li, R., Zhang, H., & Liu, J. (2021) · Conservation Biology · doi:10.1111/cobi.13828 · Cited by 27
“In more productive regions, humans often concentrate at the edges of protected areas (Wittemyer et al. 2008), which may reduce functional connectivity of wildlife population in- and outside those areas.”
Background
Wildlife migrations highlight importance of both private lands and protected areas in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem
Gigliotti, L. C., Xu, W., Zuckerman, G., Atwood, M. P., Cole, E. K., Courtemanch, A. B., Dewey, S. R., Gude, J. A., Hnilicka, P., Hurley, M. A., et al. (2022) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2022.109752 · Cited by 27
Exploring the relationship between NDVI and African elephant population density in protected areas
Duffy, J. P., & Pettorelli, N. (2012) · African Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.2012.01340.x · Cited by 30
Protection vs. commercial management: Spatial and temporal analysis of land cover changes in the tropical forests of Central India
Mondal, P., & Jane Southworth, B. (2010) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2009.12.007 · Cited by 28
Assessing the impacts of recreation on the spatial and temporal activity of mammals in an isolated alpine protected area
Fennell, M., Ford, A. T., Martin, T. G., & Burton, A. C. (2023) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.10733 · Cited by 30
“Parks and reserves can also provide economic benefits from tourism, which in turn support conservation within these areas (Naidoo et al., 2019; Wittemyer et al., 2008).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Effects of bio-physical, economic and ecological policy on forest transition for sustainability of resource and socioeconomics development
Gong, Z., Gu, L., Yao, S., & Deng, Y. (2019) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118571 · Cited by 27
Geostatistical models using remotely‐sensed data predict savanna tsetse decline across the interface between protected and unprotected areas in Serengeti, Tanzania
Lord, J., Torr, S. J., Auty, H. K., Brock, P. M., Byamungu, M., Hargrove, J. W., Morrison, L. J., Mramba, F., Vale, G. A., & Stanton, M. C. (2018) · Journal of Applied Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2664.13091 · Cited by 27
“In addition, given rapid land- use change occurring at the edges of protected areas (Wittemyer et al., 2008), using models based on remotely- sensed data which is updated monthly is advantageous.”
Background
Introduction pathways and socio‐economic variables drive the distribution of alien amphibians and reptiles in a megadiverse country
Fonseca, É., Both, C., & Cechin, S. Z. (2019) · Diversity and Distributions · doi:10.1111/ddi.12920 · Cited by 26
Testing the effects of anthropogenic pressures on a diverse African herbivore community
Vinks, M. A., Creel, S., Schuette, P. A., Rosenblatt, E., Matandiko, W., Sanguinetti, C., Banda, K., Goodheart, B., Becker, M. S., Chifunte, C., et al. (2020) · Ecosphere · doi:10.1002/ecs2.3067 · Cited by 27
“Anthropogenic activities are thought to be the strongest driver of recent large herbivore declines (Bolger et al. 2008, Wittemyer et al. 2008, Watson et al. 2014).”
Background
Protected Areas as Frontiers for Human Migration
Zommers, Z. A., & Macdonald, D. W. (2012) · Conservation Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01846.x · Cited by 26
“In the “attraction model,” people settle near protected areas specifically because conservation efforts provide economic and social benefits and infrastructure (Wittemyer et al. 2008).”
Background
Local history and landscape dynamics: A comparative study in rural Brazil and rural France
Kohler, F., Marchand, G. A. E. L., & Negrão, M. P. (2014) · Land Use Policy · doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2014.11.010 · Cited by 25
Quantifying the effects of diverse private protected area management systems on ecosystem properties in a savannah biome, South Africa
Child, M. F., Peel, M. J. S., Smit, I. P. J., & Sutherland, W. J. (2013) · Oryx · doi:10.1017/s0030605312000038 · Cited by 25
“Although the total area under protection has increased significantly, protected areas suffer from isolation, external human population growth, poor funding, and inflexible management systems (Hansen & Defries, 2007; Wittemyer et al., 2008; Venter et al., 2008).”
Background
Assessment of Night-Time Lighting for Global Terrestrial Protected and Wilderness Areas
Fan, L., Zhao, J., Wang, Y., Ren, Z., Zhang, H., & Guo, X. (2019) · Remote Sensing · doi:10.3390/rs11222699 · Cited by 25
“PAs have a positive impact on the local environment, such as maintaining water resources, regulating climate, and preventing forest damage [13], among other benefits [14,15].”
Background
Supporting conservation with biodiversity research in sub-Saharan Africa’s human-modified landscapes
Trimble, M. J., & van Aarde, R. J. (2014) · Biodiversity and Conservation · doi:10.1007/s10531-014-0716-4 · Cited by 25
“Understanding more about urban settlement and biodiversity may even benefit conservation in once remote PAs where rural sprawl and infrastructure for wildlife tourism can be dramatic (Wittemyer et al. 2008).”
Background
Strategies for Combating and Eradicating Important Infectious Diseases of Animals with Particular Reference to India: Present and Future Perspectives
Verm, A. K., Dhama, K., Chakrabort, S., Kumar, A., Tiwari, R., Rahal, A., Mahima, M., & Singh, S. V. (2014) · Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances · doi:10.3923/ajava.2014.77.106 · Cited by 25
Landscape heterogeneity shapes taxonomic diversity of non-breeding birds across fragmented savanna landscapes
Ke, A., Sibiya, M. D., Reynolds, C., McCleery, R. A., Monadjem, A., & Fletcher, R. J. (2018) · Biodiversity and Conservation · doi:10.1007/s10531-018-1561-7 · Cited by 25
Economic Impacts of Payments for Environmental Services on Livelihoods of Agro-extractivist Communities in the Brazilian Amazon
Alves-Pinto, H., Hawes, J. E., Newton, P., Feltran‐Barbieri, R., & Peres, C. A. (2018) · Ecological Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2018.05.016 · Cited by 25
“However, the BF program discourages migration into the reserve by restricting payments to households settled in the region for at least two years (Wittemyer et al., 2008).”
Background
Forest cover loss and recovery in an East African remnant forest area: Understanding its context and drivers for conservation and sustainable ecosystem service provision
Tekalign, M., Flasse, C., Frankl, A., Rompaey, A. V., Poesen, J., Nyssen, J., & Muys, B. (2018) · Applied Geography · doi:10.1016/j.apgeog.2018.07.014 · Cited by 25
Displacement and Erosion of Informal Risk-Sharing: Evidence from Nepal
Lam, L. M., & Paul, S. (2013) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.11.012 · Cited by 24
Multiple drivers and pathways to China's forest transition
Li, L., Chhatre, A., & Liu, J. (2019) · Forest Policy and Economics · doi:10.1016/j.forpol.2019.101962 · Cited by 24
Tourists, gorillas and guns: integrating conservation and development in the Central African Republic
Hodgkinson, C. A. (2009) · UCL Discovery (University College London) · Cited by 24
Monitoring of Vegetation Disturbance around Protected Areas in Central Tanzania Using Landsat Time-Series Data
Komba, A. W., Watanabe, T., Kaneko, M., & Chand, M. B. (2021) · Remote Sensing · doi:10.3390/rs13091800 · Cited by 24
“The patterns we observed are supported by the population increase near the PA (Figure S1) because of the economic benefits provided by the ecosystem [4].”
BackgroundResult
Spatial segregation between wild ungulates and livestock outside protected areas in the lowlands of Nepal
Bhandari, S., Crego, R. D., & Stabach, J. A. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0263122 · Cited by 20
Impact of Human Disturbances on the Spatial Heterogeneity of Landscape Fragmentation in Qilian Mountain National Park, China
Ren, B., Park, K., Shrestha, A. K., Yang, J., McHale, M. R., Bai, W., & Wang, G. (2022) · Land · doi:10.3390/land11112087 · Cited by 23
The African cherry: A review of the botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, and biological activities of Prunus africana (Hook.f.) Kalkman
Rubegeta, E., Makolo, F. L., Kamatou, G., Enslin, G. M., Chaudhary, S. K., Sandasi, M., Cunningham, A. B., & Viljoen, A. M. (2022) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2022.116004 · Cited by 23
Ranging behaviours across ecological and anthropogenic disturbance gradients: a pan-African perspective of giraffe ( Giraffa spp . ) space use
Brown, M. B., Fennessy, J., Crego, R. D., Fleming, C. H., Alves, J., Brandlová, K., Fennessy, S., Ferguson, S. D., Hauptfleisch, M., Hejcmanová, P., et al. (2023) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2023.0912 · Cited by 23

Authors: Wittemyer, G., Elsen, P., Bean, W. T., Burton, A. C. O., & Brashares, J. S.
Affiliations: University of California, Berkeley (US)
Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
Corresponding author: Wittemyer, George
Brashares, Justin S.
ORCID: Wittemyer, George
Elsen, Paul
Bean, William T.
Brashares, Justin S.
Venue: Science
Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Published: 2008-07-04
Volume: 321
Issue: 5885
Pages: 123-126
ISSN: 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
1095-9203
DOI: 10.1126/science.1158900
OpenAlex: W2093559267
Cited by: 731
References: 20
Citations by year: 2026: 32 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 49 · 2019: 44 · 2018: 41 · 2017: 44 · 2016: 37 · 2015: 38 · 2014: 41 · 2013: 52 · 2012: 39
FWCI: 37.06
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Science (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Conservation, Biodiversity, and Resource Management
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Land Use and Ecosystem Services
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
Keywords: protected areas, population growth, rural settlement, conservation effectiveness, biodiversity conservation, donor funding, conservation funding, Africa, Latin America
MeSH terms: Conservation of Natural Resources, Financial Support, Humans, Infant, Infant Mortality, International Agencies, Latin America, Population Growth, Poverty, Rural Population, Ecosystem, Africa South of the Sahara, Biodiversity

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Accelerated Human Population Growth at Protected Area Edges

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks