Cited by 731Conservation, Biodiversity, and Resource ManagementLand Use and Ecosystem ServicesWildlife Ecology and Conservation

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Accelerated Human Population Growth at Protected Area Edges

Wittemyer, George, Elsen, Paul, Bean, William T., Burton, A. Coleman O., Brashares, Justin S.·2008·Science

DOI 10.1126/science.1158900

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Abstract

Protected areas (PAs) have long been criticized as creations of and for an elite few, where associated costs, but few benefits, are borne by marginalized rural communities. Contrary to predictions of this argument, we found that average human population growth rates on the borders of 306 PAs in 45 countries in Africa and Latin America were nearly double average rural growth, suggesting that PAs attract, rather than repel, human settlement. Higher population growth on PA edges is evident across ecoregions, countries, and continents and is correlated positively with international donor investment in national conservation programs and an index of park-related funding. These findings provide insight on the value of PAs for local people, but also highlight a looming threat to PA effectiveness and biodiversity conservation.

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“Few protected areas (PAs) are large enough to provide ample space for wide-ranging large carni-vores (Winterbach et al. 2014), and many species range beyond PA boundaries where they interact with a growing human population (Woodroffe and Ginsberg 1998; Wittemyer et al. 2008).”
Background
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“To minimize encounters with humans, wildlife species may infrequently use habitats that are adjacent to human‐dominated landscapes (Wittemyer et al. 2008, Veldhuis et al. 2019, Kavwele et al. 2022).”
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“Many people living close to parks depend largely on natural resources for their livelihood and basic needs (Wittemyer, et al., 2008) [3].”
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“For example, protected areas may attract, rather than repel, human settlement, which may be due to international donor investment in national conservation programs ( Wittemeyer et al. 2008 ).”
Background
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“Entretanto, áreas protegidas cercadas pela presença de populações humanas estão sujeitas a diversos impactos (Wittemyer et al. 2008).”
Background
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“Attracted by the opportunities provided by protected areas, many people have settled in the vicinity of these zones [21].”
Background
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Interactions between domestic, invasive and threatened carnivores and their implications in conservation and pathogen transmission
Sepúlveda, M. A. (2013) · University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota) · Cited by 2
Coupled human and natural systems approach to tiger conservation in Chitwan, Nepal and beyond
Carter, N. (2013) · Michigan State University Libraries · doi:10.25335/m5b72b · Cited by 2
Ecosystems and ecosystem-based management
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Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) diet in the wild-prey-depleted, but livestock-abundant, Limpopo National Park, Mozambique
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“However, even in protected areas, many cheetah populations are declining (Durant et al. 2022) due to human and livestock encroachment (which often results in conflict) and associated prey depletion (Wittemyer et al. 2008; Lindsey et al. 2017).”
Global rural settlement expansion rivals its urban counterpart in biodiversity impact
Liu, Z., Fang, C., Huang, S., Li, G., Bao, C., Sun, S., Guan, L., & Liu, M. (2025) · Communications Earth & Environment · doi:10.1038/s43247-025-03082-7 · Cited by 2
“21, we extracted the extents of urban settlement expansion on non-settlement land (USE), rural settlement expansion on non-settlement land (RSE), and rural-to-urban settlement conversion (RUSC) from 2000 to 2020.”
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Amadi, N., Nyimale, A. G., Luiselli, L., Petrozzi, F., Fa, J. E., Chimela, W., Aruchi, W.-E., Ndidi, A. P., & Chukwu, H. O. (2025) · Urban Ecosystems · doi:10.1007/s11252-025-01877-2 · Cited by 1
“…ecological relevance, especially in tropical regions where rapid settlement expansion and infrastructural development—even within biodiversity hotspots and in proximity to conservation areas—are reshaping habitat availability and resource distribution (Wittemyer et al. 2008; Seto et al. 2012).”
Negotiating Coexistence
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Authors: Wittemyer, G., Elsen, P., Bean, W. T., Burton, A. C. O., & Brashares, J. S.
Affiliations: University of California, Berkeley (US)
Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
Corresponding author: Wittemyer, George
Brashares, Justin S.
ORCID: Wittemyer, George
Elsen, Paul
Bean, William T.
Brashares, Justin S.
Venue: Science
Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Published: 2008-07-04
Volume: 321
Issue: 5885
Pages: 123-126
ISSN: 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
1095-9203
DOI: 10.1126/science.1158900
OpenAlex: W2093559267
Cited by: 731
References: 20
Citations by year: 2026: 32 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 49 · 2019: 44 · 2018: 41 · 2017: 44 · 2016: 37 · 2015: 38 · 2014: 41 · 2013: 52 · 2012: 39
FWCI: 37.06
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Science (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Conservation, Biodiversity, and Resource Management
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Land Use and Ecosystem Services
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
Keywords: protected areas, population growth, rural settlement, conservation effectiveness, biodiversity conservation, donor funding, conservation funding, Africa, Latin America
MeSH terms: Conservation of Natural Resources, Financial Support, Humans, Infant, Infant Mortality, International Agencies, Latin America, Population Growth, Poverty, Rural Population, Ecosystem, Africa South of the Sahara, Biodiversity

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Accelerated Human Population Growth at Protected Area Edges

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