Shadow enhancers as a source of evolutionary novelty
Open accessAbstract
Some developmentally important genes can be regulated via two enhancers, one located nearby and the other, a "shadow" enhancer, 10 to 20 kilobases away.
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Sub-additivity may underlie some cases of functional enhancer redundancy, such as for Drosophila shadow enhancers that can back up important developmental enhancers and enable them to accumulate deleterious mutations.
“Sub-additivity may also underlie some cases of functional enhancer redundancy, such as for Drosophila “shadow enhancers” that can “back up” important developmental enhancers and enable them to accumulate deleterious mutations [520–522].”
From Transcriptional enhancers and their communication with gene promoters (2021) · cites this paper as [520]
In “Shadow Enhancers as a Source of Evolutionary Novelty” (page unavailable), the paper describes Drosophila shadow enhancers with activity overlapping primary enhancers and suggests they can explain why deleting a well-defined enhancer sometimes has no apparent phenotype. It also proposes that shadow enhancers can evolve new regulatory activities without disrupting core developmental functions. Our copy does not address sub-additivity or say that shadow enhancers enable primary enhancers to accumulate deleterious mutations. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPrior work has found shadow enhancers that mask the effects of perturbing individual enhancers.
“previous studies have identified shadow enhancers acting to mask the effects of perturbing individual enhancers (Hong et al., 2008)”
From A Genome-wide Framework for Mapping Gene Regulation via Cellular Genetic Screens (2019) · cites this paper as Hong et al., 2008
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Unraveling the Tangled Skein: The Evolution of Transcriptional Regulatory Networks in Development
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A chromatin insulator mediates transgene homing and very long-range enhancer-promoter communication
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Transcriptional enhancers and their communication with gene promoters
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Modeling cis-regulation with a compendium of genome-wide histone H3K27ac profilesPreprint
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Comparative genomics of gene regulation—conservation and divergence of cis-regulatory information
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The mystery of extreme non-coding conservation
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Evolution of transcriptional enhancers and animal diversity
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Chromatin organization and global regulation of Hox gene clusters
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Current challenges in understanding the role of enhancers in disease
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- Authors
- Hong, J.-W., Hendrix, D. A., & Levine, M. S.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Corresponding author
- Levine, Michael S.
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2008-09-05
- Volume
- 321
- Issue
- 5894
- Pages
- 1314-1314
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- PMC
- PMC4257485
- OpenAlex
- W2006824094
- Cited by
- 474
- References
- 7
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 9.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (GM-46638, R01GM046638)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Chromatin Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology and Gene Regulation
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Chromosomal and Genetic Variations
- Keywords
- enhancer regulation, evolutionary innovation, developmental genes, gene expression regulation, cis-regulatory elements
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Binding Sites, Drosophila, Drosophila melanogaster, Enhancer Elements, Genetic, Introns, Nuclear Proteins, Phosphoproteins, Phylogeny, Transcription Factors, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, Evolution, Molecular, Computational Biology, Body Patterning, Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis, Drosophila Proteins, Embryonic Development, Chromatin Immunoprecipitation
About these checks
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