The DOI matches its Crossref record; 164 of the 164 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 6 of the 136 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Defaunation in the Anthropocene
Open accessAbstract
We live amid a global wave of anthropogenically driven biodiversity loss: species and population extirpations and, critically, declines in local species abundance. Particularly, human impacts on animal biodiversity are an under-recognized form of global environmental change. Among terrestrial vertebrates, 322 species have become extinct since 1500, and populations of the remaining species show 25% average decline in abundance. Invertebrate patterns are equally dire: 67% of monitored populations show 45% mean abundance decline. Such animal declines will cascade onto ecosystem functioning and human well-being. Much remains unknown about this “Anthropocene defaunation”; these knowledge gaps hinder our capacity to predict and limit defaunation impacts. Clearly, however, defaunation is both a pervasive component of the planet’s sixth mass extinction and also a major driver of global ecological change.
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Claims the paper makes
64 Sources not found · 25 Own interpretation · 18 No full text of the sources · 14 Not checked yet · 4 No basis given · 3 Supported · 3 Own result · 2 Partly supported · 1 Supported so far · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Across vertebrates, 16% to 33% of all species are estimated to be globally threatened or endangered (17,18)”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [17] 17. IUCN, The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species <www.iucnredlist.org> (2013)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Supportedcites [18] 18. M. Hoffmann et al., Science 330, 1503 (2010). source
The “Status, trends, and threats” section states that, accounting for uncertainty from Data Deficient species, between 16% and 33% of all vertebrate species are classified as Threatened. This directly supports the cited estimate. (LLM, conf=0.95)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The long-established major proximate drivers of wildlife population decline and extinction in terrestrial ecosystems, namely overexploitation, habitat destruction, and impacts from invasive species remain pervasive (18).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Multiple, unaddressed drivers of defaunation
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [18] 18. M. Hoffmann et al., Science 330, 1503 (2010). source
The opening summary (p. 1503) identifies agricultural expansion, logging, overexploitation, and invasive alien species as main drivers of biodiversity loss among mammals, birds, and amphibians. The “Confronting threats” section adds that conservation has not yet offset any major driver of increased extinction risk. Agricultural expansion and logging substantiate the claim’s reference to habitat destruction. (LLM, conf=0.93)
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“None of these major drivers have been effectively mitigated at the global scale (14,18).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Multiple, unaddressed drivers of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [14] 14. S. H. Butchart et al., Science 328, 1164 (2010). source
- Supportedcites [18] 18. M. Hoffmann et al., Science 330, 1503 (2010). source
In “Confronting threats” (page not supplied), the paper says that deteriorations outnumber improvements for every threat assessed and concludes that conservation has not yet offset any major driver of increased extinction risk. This supports the claim at the global scale, within the paper’s scope of vertebrate extinction risk. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“the effects of defaunation will be much less about the loss of absolute diversity than about local shifts in species compositions and functional groups within a community (80).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [80] 80. M. Dornelas et al., Science 344, 296 (2014). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Conclusions (page not available) describe the replacement of large herbivores by smaller mammals and arthropods, and the ‘Effects of large mammals on small mammals’ section reports changes in vegetation and consumer abundance. These support local shifts in the community, but the paper does not establish that such shifts matter more than losses of absolute diversity or make a general comparison of the two effects of defaunation. (LLM, conf=0.83)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“and few major human pathogens seem to fit the criteria that would make such a relationship pervasive (71).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Water quality.
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [71] 71. C. L. Wood, K. D. Lafferty, G. DeLeo, H. S. Young, A. M. Kuris, Ecology 95, 817http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/13-1041.1 (2014). source
In “Predicting the Biodiversity–Disease Relationship” (page not available), the authors project that biodiversity would reduce the prevalence of only 12% of the infectious disease species they assessed. They conclude that negative biodiversity–disease relationships may be relatively uncommon, supporting the citing sentence’s hedged claim. Their assessment covers common pathogenic human protozoan and metazoan parasites, not viruses or bacteria. (LLM, conf=0.90)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“However, the impacts of defaunation on disease are far from straightforward (71)”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Water quality.
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [71] 71. C. L. Wood, K. D. Lafferty, G. DeLeo, H. S. Young, A. M. Kuris, Ecology 95, 817http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/13-1041.1 (2014). source
The Introduction says that biodiversity loss is likely to produce both “winners and losers” among parasites. “Where Do We Go From Here?” adds that the biodiversity–disease relationship may be nonlinear and either positive or negative. These passages support the claim that the disease effects of defaunation are not straightforward; page numbers were not provided. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Of a conservatively estimated 5-9 million animal species on the planet, we are likely losing ~11,000 to 58,000 species annually (15,16).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [15] 15. C. Mora, A. Rollo, D. P. Tittensor, Science 493, 295 (2013).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [16] 16. B. R. Scheffers, L. N. Joppa, S. L. Pimm, W. F. Laurance, Trends Ecol. Evol. 27, 501 (2012).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“with populations of many iconic species such as elephant (Fig S1B) rapidly declining towards extinction (19).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [19] 19. Materials and methods are available in the Supplementary Materials.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Among terrestrial vertebrates 322 species have become extinct since 1500, while populations of the remaining species show 25% average decline in abundance.”
- Also stated in: § Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon · plain
“Across vertebrates, 16% to 33% of all species are estimated to be globally threatened or endangered (17,18), and at least 322 vertebrate species have become extinct since 1500 (a date representative of onset of the recent wave of extinction, as formal definition of the start of the Anthropocene still being debated) (17,19,20) (Table S1).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [17] 17. IUCN, The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species <www.iucnredlist.org> (2013)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [19] 19. Materials and methods are available in the Supplementary Materials.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [20] 20. G. Ceballos, A. García, P. R. Ehrlich, J. Cosmol. 8, 1821 (2010).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The year 1500 is a representative starting point for the recent wave of extinction.
- Also stated in: § Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon · plain
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Invertebrate patterns are equally dire: 67% of monitored populations show 45% mean abundance decline.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 24
- Probably not a substantial claim. 8
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In our evaluation of mammals (1437 species) and birds (4263 species), the number of species per 10,000 km 2 in decline (IUCN population status “decreasing”) varied across regions from a few to 75 in mammals and 125 in birds (Fig 2), with highest numbers in tropical regions.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Patterns of defaunation
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Of all insects with IUCN documented population trends, 33% are declining, with strong variation among Orders 19).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [19] 19. Materials and methods are available in the Supplementary Materials.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“counts of threatened species do not necessarily translate into extinction risk, much less ecological impact (13).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [13] 13. A. Ø. Mooers, D. P. Faith, W. P. Maddison, PloS one 3, e3700 (2008).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These extinctions altered ecosystem processes and disturbance regimes at continental scales, triggering cascades of extinction thought to still reverberate today (3,4).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [3] 3. C. E. Doughty, A. Wolf, Y. Malhi, Nat. Geosci. 6, 761 (2013).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [4] 4. J. L. Gill et al., Science 326, 1100 (2009). source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Similar to other mass extinction events, the effects of this”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [2] 2. M. Cardillo et al., P. Roy. Soc. Lond. B. Bio. 275, 1441 (2008).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Clearly, however, defaunation is both a pervasive component of the planet's sixth mass extinction, and also a major driver of global ecological change.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Much remains unknown about this”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Loss of invertebrate biodiversity has received much less attention and data are extremely limited.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We live amidst a global wave of anthropogenically driven biodiversity loss: species and population extirpations and, critically, declines in local species abundance.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“some animal species are able to persist in highly modified habitats”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Moreover, several newer threats have recently emerged, most notably anthropogenic climate disruption, which will likely soon compete with habitat loss as the most important driver of defaunation (44).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Multiple, unaddressed drivers of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [44] 44. O. E. Sala et al., Science 287, 1770 (2000). source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“While most declining species are affected by multiple stressors, we still have a poor understanding of the complex ways in which these drivers interact, and of feedback loops that may exist (7,11).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Multiple, unaddressed drivers of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [7] 7. A. D. Barnosky et al., Nature 486, 52 (2012). source
- Not matchedcites [11] 11. B. W. Brook, N. S. Sodhi, C. J. Bradshaw, Trends Ecol. Evol. 23, 453 (2008).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“While defaunation is a global pattern, geographic distribution patterns are also decidedly non-random (28).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Patterns of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [28] 28. S. Pimm et al., Science 344, 1246752 (2014). source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“However, increasingly sophisticated approaches help to predict which species are likely to be at risk, and to map latent extinction risk (38), holding great promise both for managing defaunation and identifying likely patterns of ecological impact (39).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Patterns of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [38] 38. M. Cardillo, G. M. Mace, J. L. Gittleman, A. Purvis, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103, 4157 (2006).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [39] 39. H. Hillebrand, B. Matthiessen, Ecol. Lett. 12, 1405 (2009).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“For instance, among vertebrates, more amphibians (41%) are currently considered threatened than birds (17%), with mammals and reptiles experiencing intermediate threat levels (27).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Patterns of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [27] 27. J. Schipper et al., Science 322, 225 (2008). source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, these 'extinction models' have made little impact on conservation management, in part because trait correlations are often idiosyncratic and context dependent (31).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Patterns of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [31] 31. M. Cardillo, E. Meijaard, Trends Ecol. Evol. 27, 167 (2012).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ironically, the cryptic nature of defaunation has strong potential to soon become very non-cryptic, rivaling the impact of many other forms of global change in terms of loss of ecosystem services essential for human well-being.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
boostedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we need to focus on predicting the systematic patterns of winners and losers in the Anthropocene and identify the traits that characterize them, as this will provide information on the patterns and the links to function that we can then act upon.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we emphasize that defaunation is about much more than species loss.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, most efforts to quantify this relationship have focused largely on effects of reduced producer diversity, which may typically have much lower functional impacts than does consumer loss (49,50).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Consequences of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [49] 49. J. Reiss, J. R. Bridle, J. M. Montoya, G. Woodward, Trends Ecol. Evol. 24, 505 (2009).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [50] 50. B. J. Cardinale et al., Nature 486, 59 (2012). source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ongoing declines in populations of animals such as nematodes, beetles, or bats, are considerably less evident to humans”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ultimately, both reduced and more evenly distributed global resource consumption will be necessary to sustainably change ongoing trends in defaunation and, hopefully, eventually open the door to refaunation.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Continued human population growth and increasingly uneven per-capita consumption ultimately drive all these threats.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“yet arguably are more functionally important”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“One recent study in Madagascar suggested that loss of wildlife as a food source will increase anemia by 30%, leading to increased mortality, morbidity and learning difficulties (66).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Water quality.
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [66] 66. C. D. Golden et al., P. Natl. Acad. Sci. 108, 19653 (2011).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: In many parts of the world, wild animal food sources are a critical part of the diet, particularly for the poor.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Insect pollination, needed for 75% of all the world's food crops, is estimated to be worth ~10% of the economic value of the world's entire food supply (52).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Impacts on ecosystem functions and services
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [52] 52. N. Gallai, J.-M. Salles, J. Settele, B. E. Vaissière, Ecological Economics 68, 810 (2009).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Similarly, declines in bird pollinators in New Zealand led to strong pollen limitation, ultimately reducing seed production and population regeneration (55) (Fig 5H).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Impacts on ecosystem functions and services
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [55] 55. S. H. Anderson et al., Science 331, 1068 (2011). source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This review indicates that a widespread and pervasive defaunation crisis, with farreaching consequences, is upon us.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Large animals, including ungulates, hippos, and crocodiles, prevent formation of anoxic zones through agitation and affect water movement through trampling (64).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Water quality.
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [64] 64. J. P. Wright, C. G. Jones, A. S. Flecker, Oecologia 132, 96 (2002).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“For instance, global declines in amphibian populations increase algae and fine detritus biomass, reduce nitrogen uptake, and greatly reduce whole stream respiration (Fig 5E; (63)).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Water quality.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [63] 63. M. Whiles et al., Ecosystems 16, 146 (2013). source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“Large wildlife removal also causes major effects on ecosystem functions and services (Panel D), including changes to fire intensity (Fi); cattle production in both dry (C-D) and wet seasons (C-W); disease prevalence (D); infectivity of arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi (AMF); photosynthetic rates (Ph); and transpiration rates (TR).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [81] 81. F. Keesing, T. P. Young, Bioscience 64, 487 (2014).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
The paper relies on this without support.
The year 1500 is a representative starting point for the recent wave of extinction.
“(a date representative of onset of the recent wave of extinction, as formal definition of the start of the Anthropocene still being debated)”
The paper relies on this without support.
In many parts of the world, wild animal food sources are a critical part of the diet, particularly for the poor.
“In many parts of the world, wild animal food sources are a critical part of the diet, particularly for the poor.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The indirect evolutionary effects of defaunation on species not directly impacted by human defaunation are still poorly studied.
“Still poorly studied are the indirect evolutionary effects of defaunation on other species, not directly impacted by human defaunation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Arthropod pests are responsible for 8-15% of the losses in most major food crops.
“For example, arthropod pests are responsible for 8-15% of the losses in most major food crops.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Continued human population growth and increasingly uneven per-capita consumption ultimately drive all these threats.
“continued human population growth and increasingly uneven per-capita consumption, which ultimately drive all these threats”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“the literature reflects broad agreement among environmental scientists that biases lead to underestimating the number of species that have gone extinct in the past few centuries”
From Accelerated modern human–induced species losses: Entering the sixth mass extinction (2015) · cites this paper as [8]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Hundreds of species and myriad populations are being driven to extinction every year (1–8).”
From Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“A growing body of evidence indicates that current species extinction rates are higher than the pre-human background rate (8–15)”
From Accelerated modern human–induced species losses: Entering the sixth mass extinction (2015) · cites this paper as [8]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This suggests that, even if there was not ample sign that the crisis extends far beyond that group of animals, today’s planetary defaunation of vertebrates will itself promote cascading catastrophic effects on ecosystems, worsening the annihilation of nature (2, 3, 46).”
From Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In sum, by losing populations (and species) of vertebrates, we are losing intricate ecological networks involving animals, plants, and microorganisms (e.g., refs. 2, 8, 18, 45, 46).”
From Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“However, given that such medium and large species are the most seriously threatened by the predominant proximate drivers of defaunation (2, 3), the likely bias against small-sized species should not affect our overall interpretation of results.”
From Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
In the citing paper
“Fourth, species at the brink have been pushed to a critical conservation status because of human activities, where habitat loss and fragmentation, illegal trade, overexploitation, introduced domestic and wild species, toxification, and pollution have played a major role (10, 13–15, 30, 46, 52, 53).”
From Vertebrates on the brink as indicators of biological annihilation and the sixth mass extinction (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“They occur mostly in heavily populated regions such as tropical Asia, where major ongoing biodiversity losses are well known (10, 13–15, 30, 46, 52, 53).”
From Vertebrates on the brink as indicators of biological annihilation and the sixth mass extinction (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“More recently, climate disruption is becoming a major cause of species endangerment (10, 11, 14–17).”
From Vertebrates on the brink as indicators of biological annihilation and the sixth mass extinction (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“Thus, moving onto the brink is an important part of the process of defaunation (14).”
From Vertebrates on the brink as indicators of biological annihilation and the sixth mass extinction (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“However, the number of studies on insect trends with sufficient replication and spatial coverage are limited [10, 23–25] and restricted to certain well-studied taxa.”
From More than 75 percent decline over 27 years in total flying insect biomass in protected areas (2017) · cites this paper as [24]
In the citing paper
“Many top predators are both overexploited and strong controllers of nutrient cycling, water quality and other ecosystem services9,77,80–82.”
From Linking the influence and dependence of people on biodiversity across scales (2017) · cites this paper as [82]
In the citing paper
“Increasingly, the simple theoretical prediction that fragmentation reduces species richness is being modified to account for species identity through models that focus on how species vary in their traits (4, 21, 36, 48, 57, 58).”
From Habitat fragmentation and its lasting impact on Earth’s ecosystems (2015) · cites this paper as [58]
In the citing paper
“Most forms of global change known to reduce population sizes and biodiversity will be exacerbated by fragmentation (58, 60), including climate change (61), invasive species (62, 63), hunting (64), pollution [including light, noise, and chemicals (65)], and altered disturbance regimes (66).”
From Habitat fragmentation and its lasting impact on Earth’s ecosystems (2015) · cites this paper as [58]
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Fuzzy relationships among plant dispersal mechanisms, syndromes, and animal vectors
van Leeuwen, C. H. A., Heleno, R., Green, A. J., et al. (2026) · Ecology · doi:10.1002/ecy.70450 · Cited by 2
“Still, the broad-scale observed variation between dry and fleshy plants may have important implications in the light of vulnerability of the interactions to global change and defaunation (Dirzo et al., 2014; Ozinga et al., 2009).”
Garg, K. M., & Ramakrishnan, U. (2017) · Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.1007/s11692-017-9414-y · Cited by 2
Inventory of medium and large mammals in the Biological Reserve of Araucárias, Paraná, Brazil
D’Bastiani, E. (2018) · Acta Biológica Paranaense · doi:10.5380/abpr.v47i0.60750 · Cited by 2
Nature-Inclusive Cities: Concepts and Considerations
Monti, S. (2019) · Contemporary urban design thinking · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-26717-9_11 · Cited by 4
Vanishing wildlife in populated areas: the demise of the Andalusian Buttonquail
Gutiérrez‐Expósito, C., Revilla, E., & Clavero, M. (2020) · Journal für Ornithologie · doi:10.1007/s10336-020-01771-y · Cited by 2
Nuñez‐Penichet, C., Cobos, M. E., Checa, M. F., et al. (2021) · Urban Ecosystems · doi:10.1007/s11252-021-01110-w · Cited by 2
Fisher, M. R., & Peterson, M. A. (2021) · Agricultural and Forest Entomology · doi:10.1111/afe.12433 · Cited by 2
“Recent papers examining long-term trends in abundance (Dirzo et al., 2014) have documented dramatic declines in a wide variety of insects, resulting in widespread concern due to the implications for the many important ecosystem services played by insects (Goulson, 2019).”
BackgroundFisk, J. J. (2021) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06916 · Cited by 5
Shorebirds and Seabirds’ Ecology and Conservation
Martínez‐Curci, N. S., García, G. Ó., Marbán, L., Simonetti, P., & Zalba, S. M. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-66486-2_13 · Cited by 3
Potential Reasons for Insect Decline
Bali, G. P. K., & Kaleka, A. S. (2021) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.100065 · Cited by 2
Responses to abiotic conditions
Schowalter, T. D. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-85673-7.00015-0 · Cited by 3
Allendorf, F. W., Funk, W. C., Aitken, S. N., Byrne, M. M., & Luikart, G. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198856566.003.0009 · Cited by 3
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Allendorf, F. W., Funk, W. C., Aitken, S. N., Byrne, M. M., & Luikart, G. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198856566.003.0021 · Cited by 2
Smil, V. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190060664.003.0001 · Cited by 3
Potential seed dispersal mechanism of Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth. in an urban habitat
Raina, M., Kumar, R., & Kaul, V. (2022) · Botany Letters · doi:10.1080/23818107.2022.2114544 · Cited by 2
“This is in agreement with the views expressed in many works (Christianini et al. 2014; Dirzo et al. 2014).”
ResultAnimals, Plants and Afterimages: The Art and Science of Representing Extinction
Bienvenue, V., & Chare, N. (2022) · Berghahn Books · doi:10.3167/9781800734258 · Cited by 2
Illuminating biodiversity changes in the ‘Black Box’
Phillips, H. R. P., Cameron, E. K., & Eisenhauer, N. (2022) · Research Ideas and Outcomes · doi:10.3897/rio.8.e87143 · Cited by 2
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SABO, B. B., MOHAMMED, S., & Karkama, M. Z. (2022) · JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL SCIENCES · doi:10.56160/jaeess202281003 · Cited by 2
Applied Studies of Raptor Sensory Ecology are Rare
McClure, C. J. W., Potier, S., & Barber, J. R. (2022) · Journal of Raptor Research · doi:10.3356/jrr-22-41 · Cited by 2
Soil disturbance impacts on ant‐diaspore multilayer networks in a tropical savanna
Coelho, P. G. L., Antonini, Y., & da Costa, F. V. (2022) · Ecological Entomology · doi:10.1111/een.13221 · Cited by 2
“295 altering the provision of ecosystem functions and services (Dirzo et al., 2014; Majer, 2009; Rey et al., 2017).”
BackgroundBat Societies across Habitat Types: Insights from a Commonly Occurring Fruit Bat Cynopterus sphinx
Garg, K. M., Chattopadhyay, B., Doss, D. P. S., Kumar, A., & Kandula, S. (2022) · Fascinating life sciences · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-13173-8_5 · Cited by 2
Chandra, H., Arya, M. K., & Verma, A. (2023) · Journal of Threatened Taxa · doi:10.11609/jott.7519.15.1.22448-22470 · Cited by 2
“Several anthropogenic drivers of defaunation have resulted in a global decline of about 35% in butterfly abundance over the last 40 years (Dirzo et al. 2014), and due to unscientific management, many species are on the verge of extinction (Wallenius et al. 2010; Wagner 2020).”
BackgroundFire responses by bird guilds and species in heathy dry forests in central Victoria, Australia
Kuchinke, D., Stefano, J. D., Loyn, R., Gell, P., & Palmer, G. (2023) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2023.120877 · Cited by 2
Manochkumar, J., Chandrasekaran, R., Buot, I. E., Doss, C. G. P., Seenivasan, R., Usha, S., & Ramamoorthy, S. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-8649-9_3 · Cited by 2
Mizell, G. M., Kim, T., Sullivan, B. W., Lemboi, J. S., Mosiany, J., Palmer, T. M., & Pringle, E. G. (2023) · Plant Ecology · doi:10.1007/s11258-023-01350-0 · Cited by 2
“Both the loss of herbivorous wildlife (i.e., defaunation, Dirzo et al. 2014) and the invasion of ecosystems by exotic animals are potent biotic drivers of global change that may have important impacts on tree C allocation strategies.”
BackgroundAcevedo‐Quintero, J. F., Zamora‐Abrego, J. G., & Mancera-Rodrı́guez, N. J. (2023) · Food Webs · doi:10.1016/j.fooweb.2023.e00322 · Cited by 2
“Therefore, animal species of larger body size are the elements that are first lost, or decrease in abundance after human intervention in ecosystems, which has been called defaunation (Dirzo and Miranda, 1991; Dirzo et al., 2014).”
Crego, R. D., Hernández‐Yáñez, H., Rabeil, T., et al. (2023) · Global Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2023.e02682 · Cited by 2
Diaz, R. M., & Ernest, S. K. M. (2023) · Global Ecology and Biogeography · doi:10.1111/geb.13777 · Cited by 3
Forage senescence and disease influence elk pregnancy across the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem
Bidder, O. R., Connor, T., Morales, J. M., Rickbeil, G. J. M., Merkle, J. A., Fuda, R. K., Rogerson, J. D., Scurlock, B. M., Edwards, W. H., Cole, E. K., et al. (2023) · Ecosphere · doi:10.1002/ecs2.4694 · Cited by 2
Jain, P., & Singh, S. (2023) · IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science · doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1279/1/012031 · Cited by 2
Heinen, J. H., & Borregaard, M. K. (2024) · Ecological studies · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-47814-7_3 · Cited by 2
Pasqualotto, N., Bailey, L. L., & Chiarello, A. G. (2024) · Biotropica · doi:10.1111/btp.13301 · Cited by 3
Hale, S. E. (2024) · Swamphen a Journal of Cultural Ecology (ASLEC-ANZ) · doi:10.60162/swamphen.10.18030 · Cited by 2
McIntosh, A. L. S., Langley, L. P., Hilton, G. M., et al. (2024) · Journal of Applied Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2664.14672 · Cited by 2
“Expanding human populations encroaching upon natural landscapes are a major driver of global biodiversity declines (Dirzo et al., 2014; Newbold et al., 2015 ).”
BackgroundNo single rescue recipe: genome complexities modulate insect response to climate change
Mayekar, H. V., & Rajpurohit, S. (2024) · Current Opinion in Insect Science · doi:10.1016/j.cois.2024.101220 · Cited by 2
Biodiversity Conservation Strategies and their Impact on Ecosystem Health in Mozambique
Ngwenya, F. (2024) · International Journal of Natural Sciences · doi:10.47604/ijns.2660 · Cited by 4
“Research by Dirzo (2014) highlighted the decline in species diversity in Mexican forests due to habitat loss and fragmentation, with implications for ecosystem functioning and the provision of ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration and watershed protection.”
BackgroundFedorowicz, P. W., Kao, Y., Ackiss, A. S., et al. (2024) · Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences · doi:10.1139/cjfas-2023-0357 · Cited by 2
Thepault, A., Rodrigues, A. S. L., Drago, L., & Grémillet, D. (2024) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2024.1183 · Cited by 2
Drummond, F. A., Fanning, P. D., & Collins, J. A. (2024) · Agricultural and Forest Entomology · doi:10.1111/afe.12654 · Cited by 2
“Arthropod decline is a phenomenon that has only recently become of global attention (Dirzo et al., 2014; Dunn, 2005; Hallmann et al., 2017; Lister & Garcia, 2018; Sánchez-Bayo & Wyckhuys, 2019; Shortall et al., 2009).”
Emergent Properties and Robustness of Species–Habitat Networks for Global Terrestrial Vertebrates
Hao, X., Jung, M., Zhang, Y., & Yan, C. (2024) · Global Ecology and Biogeography · doi:10.1111/geb.13912 · Cited by 2
Bogoni, J. A., Goebel, L. G. A., Filho, M. D. S., & Peres, C. A. (2024) · Austral Ecology · doi:10.1111/aec.13597 · Cited by 3
Suresh, V. M., Hébert, T., Verster, K. I., et al. (2024) · Environmental DNA · doi:10.1002/edn3.70035 · Cited by 2
Nhassé, I., Oliveira, R., Mone, D. N., et al. (2024) · Biotropica · doi:10.1111/btp.13403 · Cited by 2
“Notwithstanding, vertebrates are also more prone to undergo extinction following human-induced disturbance (Dirzo et al., 2014).”
InfluentialWei, M., Niu, G., Jiao, B., et al. (2024) · Taxon · doi:10.1002/tax.13285 · Cited by 2
Ecological portraits: Mapping functional spectra and space characteristics of birds in China
Duan, F., Gao, M., Zhu, S., Shen, X., & Li, S. (2024) · Global Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2024.e03361 · Cited by 2
Kim, S. L., Balk, M. A., Sibert, E. C., & Whitenack, L. B. (2024) · Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences · doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-040523-010455 · Cited by 2
Unveiling Landscape‐Level Drivers of Freshwater Biodiversity Dynamics
Eastwood, N., Watson, A., Zhou, J., & Orsini, L. (2025) · Environmental DNA · doi:10.1002/edn3.70058 · Cited by 2
Bird Diversity of the Dry Chaco: Impacts of Land Use Change on Communities and Soundscapes
Cardozo, R., & Machado, R. B. (2025) · Austral Ecology · doi:10.1111/aec.70032 · Cited by 2
Cady, S. M., Fuhlendorf, S. D., Davis, C. A., et al. (2025) · Ecology · doi:10.1002/ecy.70005 · Cited by 2
Copeland, S., Sambado, S., Orr, D. A., Bui, A. Q. T., Swei, A., & Young, H. S. (2025) · Ecosphere · doi:10.1002/ecs2.70190 · Cited by 2
Self-citationZhang, Z., Huang, J., Tang, Z., Zhao, J., & Mo, X. (2025) · Insects · doi:10.3390/insects16030295 · Cited by 2
“However, human activities and climate change have put global biodiversity at significant risk [2,3], and the planet is losing species at an unprecedented rate, with current extinction rates at least hundreds of times higher than historical extinction rates, and the loss of biodiversity definitely…”
Rodas-Trejo, J., Gómez-Tolosa, M. D. L., Naranjo, E. J., & López, S. (2025) · Environmental Monitoring and Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10661-025-13865-2 · Cited by 2
“The impact of this selective removal of animals based on their size can create a domino effect on the eco-systems (Young et al., 2014).”
Kassor, R. G., Avalos, G. L., & Areco, F. M. (2025) · Acta Zoológica Lilloana · doi:10.30550/j.azl/2057 · Cited by 2
Connecting Colombia’s protected areas: Using a functional approach for tapir species
Mosquera-Guerra, F., Barreto, S., Palencia-Rivera, J. D., Valencia, A. V., Mantilla-Meluk, H., Bruges-Morales, G. A., Jiménez-Ortega, A. M., Trujillo, F., & Armenteras, D. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0323175 · Cited by 4
“…connectivity caused by the degradation of natural environments and faunal processes leads to a reduction in the supply of ecosystem services, such as the regulation of the hydrological cycle, the fixation of atmospheric carbon, and the dilution of zoonotic loads provided by species [20,29,98,99].”
Campagnoli, M. L., Rumeu, B., Peralta, G., & Christianini, A. V. (2025) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111265 · Cited by 5
The dialectic Neanderthal: Re-configuring the human question in times of planetary crisis
Hussain, S. T. (2022) · Internationales Jahrbuch für Philosophische Anthropologie · doi:10.1515/jbpa-2022-0004 · Cited by 2
Effects of long-term intraspecific trait change on bird community functional structure
Zheng, S., Lindenmayer, D. B., Sreekar, R., et al. (2025) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2025.06.019 · Cited by 2
Ingrosso, M., Ricci, P., Carlucci, R., et al. (2025) · Marine Ecology Progress Series · doi:10.3354/meps14909 · Cited by 2
Defaunation erodes the diversity of rodent personality traits in fragmented forests
Zeng, D., Matthews, T. J., Wang, R., Zhao, Y., Yan, C., Ding, P., & Si, X. (2025) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2656.70105 · Cited by 2
Genetic effects of landscape change on three sympatric turtle species in southern Ontario, Canada
Wall, N. M., Davy, C. M., Fortin, M., & James, P. M. A. (2025) · Conservation Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10592-025-01715-0 · Cited by 2
“Environmental change driven by anthropogenic activities has triggered a wave of population declines and extinctions comparable in both rate and magnitude to the five previous mass extinctions of Earth’s history (Barnosky et al. 2012; Dirzo et al. 2014).”
Poaching and trafficking of Barbary macaques after the CITES-uplisting
van Uhm, D. (2025) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111373 · Cited by 4
Kailing, M. J., Hoyt, J. R., White, J. P., et al. (2025) · Functional Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2435.70120 · Cited by 2
Underrated Links Mitigate the Fragmentation‐Induced Mutualism Breakdown in a Large‐Fruited Species
Zhu, C., Sun, M., Campos‐Arceiz, A., et al. (2025) · Conservation Letters · doi:10.1111/conl.13126 · Cited by 2
Temporal genomic change in the Scandinavian Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus)
von Seth, J., Larsson, P., Hasselgren, M., Dussex, N., Farelo, L., Wallén, J., Kutschera, V. E., Eide, N. E., Landa, A. M., Angerbjörn, A., et al. (2025) · Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society · doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf078 · Cited by 2
Cullen, D., Kingsford, R. T., Bino, G., et al. (2025) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111411 · Cited by 2
Imbalanced recovery and depleted baselines of a protected mammal community in post-conflict Angola
Curveira‐Santos, G., Rocha, F., Tafani, M., Lutondo, E. K., Chicomo, M., & Monterroso, P. (2025) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111444 · Cited by 3
Gallerani, E. M., Camp, R. J., Banko, P. C., et al. (2025) · Global Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2025.e03831 · Cited by 2
Rewilding relationships: Principles for forging relationships in social-ecological systems
Ferraro, K. M., & Whitehead, T. (2025) · AMBIO · doi:10.1007/s13280-025-02238-1 · Cited by 2
“As ecosystems worldwide face accelerating loss of biodiversity, biomass, and ecosystem functions (Dirzo et al. 2014; Oliver et al. 2015; Almond et al. 2021; Sellars and Franks 2024), conservationists are increasingly embracing rewilding as a bold and hopeful response (Johns 2019; Perino et al.…”
Farming with alternative pollinators for increased biodiversity and smallholder incomes in Zimbabwe
Allebone-Webb, S., Gossrau, F., Orland, C., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Agronomy · doi:10.3389/fagro.2025.1646610 · Cited by 2
Romero‐Vidal, P., Barbosa, J. M., Blanco, G., Hiraldo, F., Carrete, M., & Tella, J. L. (2025) · Diversity and Distributions · doi:10.1111/ddi.70084 · Cited by 2
“…defau-nation (i.e., the process of species and population extinctions, range contractions and declines in local animal populations) is a largely cryptic phenomenon that can occur even in large and apparently well-conserved areas (Harrison 2011; Harrison et al. 2013; Dirzo et al. 2014).”
Recovery Strategy for the Common Nighthawk (Chordeiles minor) in Canada
Nighthawk, C. (2015) · Cited by 2
Sumunar, D. R. S., Salsabila, M. A., Fitriana, S., et al. (2019) · IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science · doi:10.1088/1755-1315/286/1/012044 · Cited by 2
Schardong, R. M. F., Bonilla, O. H., Filho, J. V. R., et al. (2020) · Brazilian Journal of Development · doi:10.34117/bjdv6n8-006 · Cited by 2
“…(JOHNSON et al., 2007 Os fenômenos e processos biológicos são alterados quando ocorre fragmentação do ecossistema, havendo perda da diversidade e consequente perda de grupos funcionais promovendo a chamada “Síndrome da floresta vazia” (RAMBALDI & OLIVEIRA, 2003; STOKSTAD, 2014; DIRZO et al., 2014).”
Birds of Barandabhar Corridor Forest, Chitwan, Nepal
Lamichhane, S., Lamichhane, B. R., Pokharel, K., et al. (2021) · Journal of Threatened Taxa · doi:10.11609/jott.6614.13.11.19509-19526 · Cited by 2
Schowalter, T. D. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-85673-7.00018-6 · Cited by 2
González, L. H., Neffen, G., Benedetto, V., et al. (2022) · Topics in biodiversity and conservation · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-92234-4_14 · Cited by 2
(2023) · International Internal Medicine Journal · doi:10.33140/iimj.01.02.07 · Cited by 2
Past Ecosystem Dynamics in Fashioning Views on Conserving Extant New World Vegetation1
Graham, A. (2015) · Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden · doi:10.3417/2011084 · Cited by 2
Earth's Sixth Mass Extinction Event ☆
Pievani, T. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-409548-9.09216-2 · Cited by 2
Previewing a Collaborative Exploration of Creative Intelligence in the 21st Century
Ambrose, D., & Sternberg, R. J. (2016) · SensePublishers eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-6300-506-7_1 · Cited by 2
Food webs in Agroecosystems Implications for Biological Control of Insect Pests
Roubinet, E. (2016) · Cited by 2
Dessalegn, O. G. (2016) · International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation · doi:10.5897/ijbc2016.0944 · Cited by 2
“We live in global wave of anthropogenic driven biodiversity loss: species and population extirpations and also, critically, declines in local abundance of species (Dirzo et al., 2014).”
Backgroundvan Uhm, D. (2016) · Studies of organized crime · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-42129-2_2 · Cited by 2
“It has been estimated that between 17,000 and 100,000 species vanish from our planet each year (Leakey and Lewin 1995; Dirzo et al. 2014; Wilson 1993).”
BackgroundInfluentialPerry, G. H., & Codding, B. F. (2017) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.30865 · Cited by 2
“Some of the hunting and fishing tools used by humans are so efficient that they have played roles in the local and even global extinction of some species of prey (Dirzo et al., 2014; Boivin et al., 2016).”
BackgroundAncient DNA as a Tool for Navigating the Anthropocene
Hambrecht, G. (2017) · Culture Agriculture Food and Environment · doi:10.1111/cuag.12098 · Cited by 2
Acanakwo, E. F., Okullo, P., Sheil, D., & Moe, S. (2018) · Journal of Vegetation Science · doi:10.1111/jvs.12682 · Cited by 3
Suša, R. (2019) · European Journal for Research on the Education and Learning of Adults · doi:10.3384/rela.2000-7426.rela9141 · Cited by 2
Bogoni, J. A., Navarro, A. B., Graipel, M. E., et al. (2019) · Ecological Modelling · doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2019.108728 · Cited by 2
Buğdaycı, İ., Varlık, A., & Mutlu, F. (2019) · Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.28948/ngumuh.551917 · Cited by 2
Collapse of a desert bird community over the past century driven by climate change
Iknayan, K. J., & Beissinger, S. R. (2020) · Parks Stewardship Forum · doi:10.5070/p536146409 · Cited by 2
Hufnágel, L., Pálinkás, M., Mics, F., & Homoródi, R. (2020) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.90186 · Cited by 2
Missoup, A. D., Didier, N., Keming, E. C., & Denys, C. (2020) · Oryx · doi:10.1017/s0030605319000772 · Cited by 2
Conservation Concerns About the Southernmost Lizards of the World
Kacoliris, F. P., Minoli, I., Kass, C. A., et al. (2020) · Natural and social sciences of Patagonia · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-42752-8_14 · Cited by 2
Grand Challenges in Animal Conservation
Swaisgood, R. R. (2020) · Frontiers in Conservation Science · doi:10.3389/fcosc.2020.602856 · Cited by 2
“Even for species not facing imminent extinction, numbers are plummeting (Dirzo et al., 2014): 3 billion birds lost in North America over the past five decades (Rosenberg et al.”
BackgroundChildren perceptions of the jaguar, Panthera onca (Carnivora: Felidae) in Jalisco, Mexico
Esparza-Carlos, J. P., Gerritsen, P. R. W., López-Parraguirre, S.-A., García-Rojas, M.-D., & Peña‐Mondragón, J. L. (2019) · Americanae (AECID Library) · doi:10.15517/rbt.v67i3.33894 · Cited by 4
Richardson, M. L., Milton, A. D., & Harrison, E. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12229495 · Cited by 2
Correcting for enzyme immunoassay changes in long term monitoring studies
Wilson, A. E., Sergiel, A., Selva, N., Swenson, J. E., Zedrosser, A., Stenhouse, G. B., & Janz, D. M. (2021) · MethodsX · doi:10.1016/j.mex.2021.101212 · Cited by 2
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LA VEGETACIÓN EN UN MUNDO CAMBIANTE: ESTADO BASAL, ESTABILIDAD Y RESILIENCIA DE UN SISTEMA COMPLEJO
Pérez-García, E. A., Muñoz, R., & Meave, J. A. (2021) · Editora Artemis eBooks · doi:10.37572/edart_2904213471 · Cited by 4
The EU emissions trading scheme: protection via commodification?
Rea, C. M. (2019) · Culture Practice & Europeanization · doi:10.5771/2566-7742-2019-1-48 · Cited by 2
“…warn that we seem to have enter ed the sixth mass extinction in all of Earth’s history, with contemporary rates of species loss comparable to rates not seen since the annihilation of the dinosaurs 65 million years ago (Dirzo et al., 2014; Ceballos et al., 2015; Ceballos, Ehrlich & Dirzo, 2017).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Dirzo, R., Young, H. S., Galetti, M., Ceballos, G., Isaac, N. J. B., & Collen, B.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- University of California, Santa Barbara (US)
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp) (BR)
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (MX)
- Natural Environment Research Council (GB)
- University College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Dirzo, Rodolfo
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2014-07-25
- Volume
- 345
- Issue
- 6195
- Pages
- 401-406
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W2100135944
- Cited by
- 4,474
- References
- 164
- Citations by year
- 2026: 382 · 2025: 425 · 2024: 397 · 2023: 475 · 2022: 501 · 2021: 494 · 2020: 416 · 2019: 411 · 2018: 294 · 2017: 280 · 2016: 189 · 2015: 167 · 2014: 39
- FWCI
- 16.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- discovery.ucl.ac.uk
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Acervo Digital da Universidade Estadual Paulista (Universidade Estadual Paulista) (submittedVersion)
- UNESP Institutional Repository (São Paulo State University) (submittedVersion)
- Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
- Funders
- Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
- Natural Environment Research Council (CEH010010)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics Studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Plant and animal studies
- Keywords
- defaunation, biodiversity loss, species abundance decline, extinction, invertebrates, terrestrial vertebrates, sixth mass extinction, ecosystem functioning, Anthropocene
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Birds, Humans, Human Activities, Insecta, Invertebrates, Mammals, Pest Control, Population, Biodiversity, Extinction, Biological, Pollination, Endangered Species
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-02, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-02 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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