The DOI matches its Crossref record; 164 of the 164 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 6 of the 136 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Defaunation in the Anthropocene
Open accessAbstract
We live amid a global wave of anthropogenically driven biodiversity loss: species and population extirpations and, critically, declines in local species abundance. Particularly, human impacts on animal biodiversity are an under-recognized form of global environmental change. Among terrestrial vertebrates, 322 species have become extinct since 1500, and populations of the remaining species show 25% average decline in abundance. Invertebrate patterns are equally dire: 67% of monitored populations show 45% mean abundance decline. Such animal declines will cascade onto ecosystem functioning and human well-being. Much remains unknown about this “Anthropocene defaunation”; these knowledge gaps hinder our capacity to predict and limit defaunation impacts. Clearly, however, defaunation is both a pervasive component of the planet’s sixth mass extinction and also a major driver of global ecological change.
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Claims the paper makes
64 Sources not found · 25 Own interpretation · 18 No full text of the sources · 14 Not checked yet · 4 No basis given · 3 Supported · 3 Own result · 2 Partly supported · 1 Supported so far · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Across vertebrates, 16% to 33% of all species are estimated to be globally threatened or endangered (17,18)”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [17] 17. IUCN, The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species <www.iucnredlist.org> (2013)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Supportedcites [18] 18. M. Hoffmann et al., Science 330, 1503 (2010). source
The “Status, trends, and threats” section states that, accounting for uncertainty from Data Deficient species, between 16% and 33% of all vertebrate species are classified as Threatened. This directly supports the cited estimate. (LLM, conf=0.95)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The long-established major proximate drivers of wildlife population decline and extinction in terrestrial ecosystems, namely overexploitation, habitat destruction, and impacts from invasive species remain pervasive (18).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Multiple, unaddressed drivers of defaunation
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [18] 18. M. Hoffmann et al., Science 330, 1503 (2010). source
The opening summary (p. 1503) identifies agricultural expansion, logging, overexploitation, and invasive alien species as main drivers of biodiversity loss among mammals, birds, and amphibians. The “Confronting threats” section adds that conservation has not yet offset any major driver of increased extinction risk. Agricultural expansion and logging substantiate the claim’s reference to habitat destruction. (LLM, conf=0.93)
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“None of these major drivers have been effectively mitigated at the global scale (14,18).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Multiple, unaddressed drivers of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [14] 14. S. H. Butchart et al., Science 328, 1164 (2010). source
- Supportedcites [18] 18. M. Hoffmann et al., Science 330, 1503 (2010). source
In “Confronting threats” (page not supplied), the paper says that deteriorations outnumber improvements for every threat assessed and concludes that conservation has not yet offset any major driver of increased extinction risk. This supports the claim at the global scale, within the paper’s scope of vertebrate extinction risk. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“the effects of defaunation will be much less about the loss of absolute diversity than about local shifts in species compositions and functional groups within a community (80).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [80] 80. M. Dornelas et al., Science 344, 296 (2014). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Conclusions (page not available) describe the replacement of large herbivores by smaller mammals and arthropods, and the ‘Effects of large mammals on small mammals’ section reports changes in vegetation and consumer abundance. These support local shifts in the community, but the paper does not establish that such shifts matter more than losses of absolute diversity or make a general comparison of the two effects of defaunation. (LLM, conf=0.83)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“and few major human pathogens seem to fit the criteria that would make such a relationship pervasive (71).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Water quality.
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [71] 71. C. L. Wood, K. D. Lafferty, G. DeLeo, H. S. Young, A. M. Kuris, Ecology 95, 817http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/13-1041.1 (2014). source
In “Predicting the Biodiversity–Disease Relationship” (page not available), the authors project that biodiversity would reduce the prevalence of only 12% of the infectious disease species they assessed. They conclude that negative biodiversity–disease relationships may be relatively uncommon, supporting the citing sentence’s hedged claim. Their assessment covers common pathogenic human protozoan and metazoan parasites, not viruses or bacteria. (LLM, conf=0.90)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“However, the impacts of defaunation on disease are far from straightforward (71)”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Water quality.
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [71] 71. C. L. Wood, K. D. Lafferty, G. DeLeo, H. S. Young, A. M. Kuris, Ecology 95, 817http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/13-1041.1 (2014). source
The Introduction says that biodiversity loss is likely to produce both “winners and losers” among parasites. “Where Do We Go From Here?” adds that the biodiversity–disease relationship may be nonlinear and either positive or negative. These passages support the claim that the disease effects of defaunation are not straightforward; page numbers were not provided. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Of a conservatively estimated 5-9 million animal species on the planet, we are likely losing ~11,000 to 58,000 species annually (15,16).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [15] 15. C. Mora, A. Rollo, D. P. Tittensor, Science 493, 295 (2013).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [16] 16. B. R. Scheffers, L. N. Joppa, S. L. Pimm, W. F. Laurance, Trends Ecol. Evol. 27, 501 (2012).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“with populations of many iconic species such as elephant (Fig S1B) rapidly declining towards extinction (19).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [19] 19. Materials and methods are available in the Supplementary Materials.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Among terrestrial vertebrates 322 species have become extinct since 1500, while populations of the remaining species show 25% average decline in abundance.”
- Also stated in: § Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon · plain
“Across vertebrates, 16% to 33% of all species are estimated to be globally threatened or endangered (17,18), and at least 322 vertebrate species have become extinct since 1500 (a date representative of onset of the recent wave of extinction, as formal definition of the start of the Anthropocene still being debated) (17,19,20) (Table S1).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [17] 17. IUCN, The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species <www.iucnredlist.org> (2013)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [19] 19. Materials and methods are available in the Supplementary Materials.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [20] 20. G. Ceballos, A. García, P. R. Ehrlich, J. Cosmol. 8, 1821 (2010).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The year 1500 is a representative starting point for the recent wave of extinction.
- Also stated in: § Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon · plain
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Invertebrate patterns are equally dire: 67% of monitored populations show 45% mean abundance decline.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 24
- Probably not a substantial claim. 8
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In our evaluation of mammals (1437 species) and birds (4263 species), the number of species per 10,000 km 2 in decline (IUCN population status “decreasing”) varied across regions from a few to 75 in mammals and 125 in birds (Fig 2), with highest numbers in tropical regions.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Patterns of defaunation
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Of all insects with IUCN documented population trends, 33% are declining, with strong variation among Orders 19).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [19] 19. Materials and methods are available in the Supplementary Materials.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“counts of threatened species do not necessarily translate into extinction risk, much less ecological impact (13).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [13] 13. A. Ø. Mooers, D. P. Faith, W. P. Maddison, PloS one 3, e3700 (2008).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These extinctions altered ecosystem processes and disturbance regimes at continental scales, triggering cascades of extinction thought to still reverberate today (3,4).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [3] 3. C. E. Doughty, A. Wolf, Y. Malhi, Nat. Geosci. 6, 761 (2013).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [4] 4. J. L. Gill et al., Science 326, 1100 (2009). source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Similar to other mass extinction events, the effects of this”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [2] 2. M. Cardillo et al., P. Roy. Soc. Lond. B. Bio. 275, 1441 (2008).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Clearly, however, defaunation is both a pervasive component of the planet's sixth mass extinction, and also a major driver of global ecological change.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Much remains unknown about this”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Loss of invertebrate biodiversity has received much less attention and data are extremely limited.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We live amidst a global wave of anthropogenically driven biodiversity loss: species and population extirpations and, critically, declines in local species abundance.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“some animal species are able to persist in highly modified habitats”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Moreover, several newer threats have recently emerged, most notably anthropogenic climate disruption, which will likely soon compete with habitat loss as the most important driver of defaunation (44).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Multiple, unaddressed drivers of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [44] 44. O. E. Sala et al., Science 287, 1770 (2000). source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“While most declining species are affected by multiple stressors, we still have a poor understanding of the complex ways in which these drivers interact, and of feedback loops that may exist (7,11).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Multiple, unaddressed drivers of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [7] 7. A. D. Barnosky et al., Nature 486, 52 (2012). source
- Not matchedcites [11] 11. B. W. Brook, N. S. Sodhi, C. J. Bradshaw, Trends Ecol. Evol. 23, 453 (2008).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“While defaunation is a global pattern, geographic distribution patterns are also decidedly non-random (28).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Patterns of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [28] 28. S. Pimm et al., Science 344, 1246752 (2014). source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“However, increasingly sophisticated approaches help to predict which species are likely to be at risk, and to map latent extinction risk (38), holding great promise both for managing defaunation and identifying likely patterns of ecological impact (39).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Patterns of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [38] 38. M. Cardillo, G. M. Mace, J. L. Gittleman, A. Purvis, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103, 4157 (2006).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [39] 39. H. Hillebrand, B. Matthiessen, Ecol. Lett. 12, 1405 (2009).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“For instance, among vertebrates, more amphibians (41%) are currently considered threatened than birds (17%), with mammals and reptiles experiencing intermediate threat levels (27).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Patterns of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [27] 27. J. Schipper et al., Science 322, 225 (2008). source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, these 'extinction models' have made little impact on conservation management, in part because trait correlations are often idiosyncratic and context dependent (31).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Patterns of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [31] 31. M. Cardillo, E. Meijaard, Trends Ecol. Evol. 27, 167 (2012).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ironically, the cryptic nature of defaunation has strong potential to soon become very non-cryptic, rivaling the impact of many other forms of global change in terms of loss of ecosystem services essential for human well-being.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
boostedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we need to focus on predicting the systematic patterns of winners and losers in the Anthropocene and identify the traits that characterize them, as this will provide information on the patterns and the links to function that we can then act upon.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we emphasize that defaunation is about much more than species loss.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, most efforts to quantify this relationship have focused largely on effects of reduced producer diversity, which may typically have much lower functional impacts than does consumer loss (49,50).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Consequences of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [49] 49. J. Reiss, J. R. Bridle, J. M. Montoya, G. Woodward, Trends Ecol. Evol. 24, 505 (2009).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [50] 50. B. J. Cardinale et al., Nature 486, 59 (2012). source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ongoing declines in populations of animals such as nematodes, beetles, or bats, are considerably less evident to humans”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ultimately, both reduced and more evenly distributed global resource consumption will be necessary to sustainably change ongoing trends in defaunation and, hopefully, eventually open the door to refaunation.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Continued human population growth and increasingly uneven per-capita consumption ultimately drive all these threats.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“yet arguably are more functionally important”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“One recent study in Madagascar suggested that loss of wildlife as a food source will increase anemia by 30%, leading to increased mortality, morbidity and learning difficulties (66).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Water quality.
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [66] 66. C. D. Golden et al., P. Natl. Acad. Sci. 108, 19653 (2011).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: In many parts of the world, wild animal food sources are a critical part of the diet, particularly for the poor.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Insect pollination, needed for 75% of all the world's food crops, is estimated to be worth ~10% of the economic value of the world's entire food supply (52).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Impacts on ecosystem functions and services
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [52] 52. N. Gallai, J.-M. Salles, J. Settele, B. E. Vaissière, Ecological Economics 68, 810 (2009).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Similarly, declines in bird pollinators in New Zealand led to strong pollen limitation, ultimately reducing seed production and population regeneration (55) (Fig 5H).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Impacts on ecosystem functions and services
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [55] 55. S. H. Anderson et al., Science 331, 1068 (2011). source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This review indicates that a widespread and pervasive defaunation crisis, with farreaching consequences, is upon us.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Large animals, including ungulates, hippos, and crocodiles, prevent formation of anoxic zones through agitation and affect water movement through trampling (64).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Water quality.
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [64] 64. J. P. Wright, C. G. Jones, A. S. Flecker, Oecologia 132, 96 (2002).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“For instance, global declines in amphibian populations increase algae and fine detritus biomass, reduce nitrogen uptake, and greatly reduce whole stream respiration (Fig 5E; (63)).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Water quality.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [63] 63. M. Whiles et al., Ecosystems 16, 146 (2013). source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Large wildlife removal also causes major effects on ecosystem functions and services (Panel D), including changes to fire intensity (Fi); cattle production in both dry (C-D) and wet seasons (C-W); disease prevalence (D); infectivity of arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi (AMF); photosynthetic rates (Ph); and transpiration rates (TR).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [81] 81. F. Keesing, T. P. Young, Bioscience 64, 487 (2014).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper relies on this without support.
The year 1500 is a representative starting point for the recent wave of extinction.
“(a date representative of onset of the recent wave of extinction, as formal definition of the start of the Anthropocene still being debated)”
The paper relies on this without support.
In many parts of the world, wild animal food sources are a critical part of the diet, particularly for the poor.
“In many parts of the world, wild animal food sources are a critical part of the diet, particularly for the poor.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The indirect evolutionary effects of defaunation on species not directly impacted by human defaunation are still poorly studied.
“Still poorly studied are the indirect evolutionary effects of defaunation on other species, not directly impacted by human defaunation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Arthropod pests are responsible for 8-15% of the losses in most major food crops.
“For example, arthropod pests are responsible for 8-15% of the losses in most major food crops.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Continued human population growth and increasingly uneven per-capita consumption ultimately drive all these threats.
“continued human population growth and increasingly uneven per-capita consumption, which ultimately drive all these threats”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“the literature reflects broad agreement among environmental scientists that biases lead to underestimating the number of species that have gone extinct in the past few centuries”
From Accelerated modern human–induced species losses: Entering the sixth mass extinction (2015) · cites this paper as [8]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Hundreds of species and myriad populations are being driven to extinction every year (1–8).”
From Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“A growing body of evidence indicates that current species extinction rates are higher than the pre-human background rate (8–15)”
From Accelerated modern human–induced species losses: Entering the sixth mass extinction (2015) · cites this paper as [8]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This suggests that, even if there was not ample sign that the crisis extends far beyond that group of animals, today’s planetary defaunation of vertebrates will itself promote cascading catastrophic effects on ecosystems, worsening the annihilation of nature (2, 3, 46).”
From Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In sum, by losing populations (and species) of vertebrates, we are losing intricate ecological networks involving animals, plants, and microorganisms (e.g., refs. 2, 8, 18, 45, 46).”
From Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“However, given that such medium and large species are the most seriously threatened by the predominant proximate drivers of defaunation (2, 3), the likely bias against small-sized species should not affect our overall interpretation of results.”
From Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
In the citing paper
“Fourth, species at the brink have been pushed to a critical conservation status because of human activities, where habitat loss and fragmentation, illegal trade, overexploitation, introduced domestic and wild species, toxification, and pollution have played a major role (10, 13–15, 30, 46, 52, 53).”
From Vertebrates on the brink as indicators of biological annihilation and the sixth mass extinction (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“They occur mostly in heavily populated regions such as tropical Asia, where major ongoing biodiversity losses are well known (10, 13–15, 30, 46, 52, 53).”
From Vertebrates on the brink as indicators of biological annihilation and the sixth mass extinction (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“More recently, climate disruption is becoming a major cause of species endangerment (10, 11, 14–17).”
From Vertebrates on the brink as indicators of biological annihilation and the sixth mass extinction (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“Thus, moving onto the brink is an important part of the process of defaunation (14).”
From Vertebrates on the brink as indicators of biological annihilation and the sixth mass extinction (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“However, the number of studies on insect trends with sufficient replication and spatial coverage are limited [10, 23–25] and restricted to certain well-studied taxa.”
From More than 75 percent decline over 27 years in total flying insect biomass in protected areas (2017) · cites this paper as [24]
In the citing paper
“Many top predators are both overexploited and strong controllers of nutrient cycling, water quality and other ecosystem services9,77,80–82.”
From Linking the influence and dependence of people on biodiversity across scales (2017) · cites this paper as [82]
In the citing paper
“Increasingly, the simple theoretical prediction that fragmentation reduces species richness is being modified to account for species identity through models that focus on how species vary in their traits (4, 21, 36, 48, 57, 58).”
From Habitat fragmentation and its lasting impact on Earth’s ecosystems (2015) · cites this paper as [58]
In the citing paper
“Most forms of global change known to reduce population sizes and biodiversity will be exacerbated by fragmentation (58, 60), including climate change (61), invasive species (62, 63), hunting (64), pollution [including light, noise, and chemicals (65)], and altered disturbance regimes (66).”
From Habitat fragmentation and its lasting impact on Earth’s ecosystems (2015) · cites this paper as [58]
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BackgroundInfluentialNsor, C. A., Oppong, S. K., Danquah, E., Ochem, M., & Antobre, O. O. (2020) · Open Life Sciences · doi:10.1515/biol-2020-0037 · Cited by 4
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Clayborn, Koptur, & O'Brien, O. (2020) · Children Youth and Environments · doi:10.7721/chilyoutenvi.30.2.0030 · Cited by 4
“We are in a distinctive chapter in history: scientists have suggested we are undergoing a geological transition from the Holocene to the Anthropocene epoch (Crutzen, 2002; Lewis & Maslin, 2015), a time when humans have a profound impact on Earth’s systems and living species ( Dirzo et al., 2014).”
Holgado, P. M., Estébanez, N. L., Menárguez, A. B. B., et al. (2020) · Land · doi:10.3390/land9110462 · Cited by 4
Amiot, C., Ji, W., Ellis, E. C., & Anderson, M. G. (2021) · Oikos · doi:10.1111/oik.07615 · Cited by 4
Invertebrate decline reduces bacterial diversity associated with leaves and flowers
Junker, R. R., Eisenhauer, N., Schmidt, A., et al. (2021) · FEMS Microbiology Ecology · doi:10.1093/femsec/fiab088 · Cited by 4
Torres‐Carvajal, O., Castaño, P. A., & Moreno, F. (2021) · Journal of Herpetology · doi:10.1670/20-110 · Cited by 4
Wang, L., Zhang, M., Xu, M., & Wang, D. (2021) · Chinese Science Bulletin (Chinese Version) · doi:10.1360/tb-2021-0121 · Cited by 4
Zahiri, R., Nazari, V., Rajaei, H., et al. (2021) · Evolutionary Systematics · doi:10.3897/evolsyst.5.63435 · Cited by 4
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BackgroundMendonça, E. N., Lopes, A. M. C., Albernaz, A. L., et al. (2021) · Biodiversidade Brasileira · doi:10.37002/biobrasil.v11i3.1769 · Cited by 4
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Eeraerts, M., Verschelde, P., Gouwy, J., Berge, S. V. D., & Berge, K. V. D. (2022) · Global Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02108 · Cited by 5
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Sukmasuang, R., Bhumpakphan, N., McShea, W. J., Wajjwalku, W., Siriaroonrat, B., Kamolnorranart, S., Yindee, M., Nipanan, T., Maleehuan, B., Khanthathongsakuldee, K., et al. (2022) · Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity · doi:10.13057/biodiv/d231008 · Cited by 5
“…that large to medium-bodied mammals in Southeast Asia have extirpated from more than 80% of their geographic ranges (Duckworth et al. 2012) and have undergone significant population losses (Dirzo et al. 2014; Benítez-López et al. 2017; Ceballos et al. 2017; Gallego-Zamorano et al. 2020).”
BackgroundRestoring tiger population in Asia: Challenges, opportunities, and future prospects
Zhu, Y., Wang, D., Li, Z., Feng, J., & Wang, T. (2022) · Biodiversity Science · doi:10.17520/biods.2022421 · Cited by 4
Safeguarding and Using Fruit and Vegetable Biodiversity
van Zonneveld, M., Volk, G. M., Dulloo, E., Kindt, R., Mayes, S., Quintero, M., Choudhury, D., Achigan-Dako, E. G., & Guarino, L. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-15703-5_30 · Cited by 5
Devitt, T. J., Enge, K. M., Farmer, A. L., Beerli, P., Richter, S. C., Hall, J. G., & Lance, S. L. (2023) · Diversity · doi:10.3390/d15010093 · Cited by 4
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Cooke, S. J., Heger, T., Murphy, S. D., et al. (2023) · Designing environments · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-34378-0_6 · Cited by 4
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Education in the Anthropocene: assessing planetary health science standards in the USA
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Nimisha, E. S., & Sreekumar, V. B. (2023) · Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity · doi:10.1016/j.japb.2023.11.005 · Cited by 4
Fossile, T., McGrath, K. M., Presslee, S., Fogarty, G., Pavei, D. D., Alves, M. C., Ferreira, J., Montes, T. A. K. D. S., Bandeira, D. D. R., Borba, F. M., et al. (2023) · Tropical Conservation Science · doi:10.1177/19400829231218419 · Cited by 4
“Such a pattern is also observed among some contemporary Caiçara communities, and has been extensively documented in tropical forests in South America and beyond (Ceballos et al., 2017; Darimont et al., 2023; de Souza & Alves, 2014; Dirzo et al., 2014; Milner-Gulland & Bennett, 2003; Peres, 2000).”
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Paredes, D., Mendes, S. M., & Sousa, J. P. (2024) · Agriculture · doi:10.3390/agriculture14020298 · Cited by 5
“This transformation has led to the depletion of natural habitats, resulting in a loss of biodiversity and a decline in associated ecosystem services [2].”
Lu, N., Yang, H., Zhou, X., Tan, Y., Cai, W., Jiang, Q., Lu, Y., Chen, Y., He, H., & Wang, S. (2024) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2024.1305768 · Cited by 4
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“Environmental changes can adversely affect biota [18–25], and species must either adapt to changes in place, disperse to areas with favorable environment, or go extinct [4,26,27].”
van der Kolk, H., Smit, C. J., Allen, A. M., et al. (2024) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/ele.14452 · Cited by 4
Ruyck, C. C. D., & Koper, N. (2024) · The Wilson Journal of Ornithology · doi:10.1676/23-00058 · Cited by 4
“In addition, agricultural intensi fi cation is a major contributor to natural vegetation and biodiversity loss and habitat alteration globally (Dirzo et al. 2014, Pardini et al. 2017); however, the degree to which ecosystem structure and function are degraded by different agricultural practices…”
BackgroundStronza, A. L. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-409548-9.09838-9 · Cited by 4
Chapman, C. A., & Reyna‐Hurtado, R. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-03463-4_1 · Cited by 4
Vodičková, V., Vrba, P., Grill, S., et al. (2019) · Journal for Nature Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.jnc.2019.125755 · Cited by 4
Xiao, Z., Zhang, L., Xu, L., et al. (2020) · Biodiversity Science · doi:10.17520/biods.2020124 · Cited by 4
Thrive: The Purpose of Schools in a Changing World
Hannon, V., & Peterson, A. (2021) · Cited by 4
Marshall, C. R., Lindsey, E., Villavicencio, N. A., & Barnosky, A. D. (2015) · The Paleontological Society Papers · doi:10.1017/s1089332600002941 · Cited by 4
Owen, N. (2014) · Significance · doi:10.1111/j.1740-9713.2014.00780.x · Cited by 4
CARACTERÍSTICAS ASSOCIADAS AO RISCO DE EXTINÇÃO NOS MAMÍFEROS TERRESTRES DA MATA ATLÂNTICA
Graipel, M. E., Cherem, J. J., Bogoni, J. A., et al. (2016) · Oecologia Australis · doi:10.4257/oeco.2016.2001.07 · Cited by 4
Ansari, M., Moroni, A., Ruban, D. A., et al. (2016) · Geoloski anali Balkanskog poluostrva · doi:10.2298/gabp1677055a · Cited by 4
“In addition to its almost philosophical essence (CRUTZEN & SOTERMER 2000; CRUTZEN 2002; LÖVBRAND et al. 2009, 2015; BROWN 2014; DIRZO et al. 2014), it is of practical importance in modern geology because of the statigraphical value of the Anthropocene (RUBAN 2008; ZALASIEWICZ et al. 2008, 2014,…”
BackgroundAbundance of Common Shrew (Sorex Araneus) in Selected Forest Habitats of Moravia (Czech Republic)
Dokulilová, M., & Suchomel, J. (2017) · Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis · doi:10.11118/actaun201765020401 · Cited by 4
“This is attributed to overall changes in the structure and management of landscape (Zejda, 1996), recently leading to massive loss of insects (Dirzo et al., 2014).”
BackgroundWater Availability Coincides with Population Declines for an Endangered Butterfly
Cayton, H., & Haddad, N. M. (2018) · Diversity · doi:10.3390/d10030094 · Cited by 4
“Francis’ satyr are unknown, but potentially have their origin in the synergistic effects of human activities and climate [1,49].”
BackgroundWelch, R. J., Grant, T., & Parker, D. M. (2019) · African Journal of Wildlife Research · doi:10.3957/056.049.0089 · Cited by 4
López‐Pérez, A. M., Foley, J. E., Roy, A. N., Pesapane, R. R., Castle, S. T., Poulsen, A., & Clifford, D. L. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0224246 · Cited by 4
“Over the last decades, earth has experienced a human-driven wave of high extinction rates and global loss of biodiversity caused by climate change and habitat loss and fragmentation [1, 2].”
BackgroundBee and Beekeeping Research in a Rapidly Changing World: Advancements and Challenges
Canale, A., & Benelli, G. (2021) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules26113066 · Cited by 4
“Long-term scientific data examining 452 species of invertebrates from 1970s indicate a dramatic population reduction of about 45% [11].”
BackgroundApplications of Animal Behavior to Conservation
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On the importance of the megabiota to the functioning of the biospherePreprint
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“The observation that 232 simply placing former pasture areas under protection is insufficient strongly suggests 233 that proactive measures of conservation and restoration are essential (6,10).”
BackgroundSelf-citationMullié, W. C. (2021) · doi:10.18174/535131 · Cited by 4
連載を始めるにあたって( オンライン情報検索:先人の足跡をたどる(1))
時実, 象. (2008) · 情報の科学と技術 · doi:10.18919/jkg.58.4_200 · Cited by 4
Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning in Observational Analyses
Dee, L. E., Kimmel, K. A., & Hayden, M. T. (2022) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119902911.ch6 · Cited by 4
High standing diversity masks extreme genetic erosion in a declining snakePreprint
Pozzi, A. V., Owens, J. B., Üveges, B., Major, T., Morris, E., Graham, S., Togridou, A., Papadopulos, A., Wüster, W., & Barlow, A. (2023) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.09.19.557540 · Cited by 4
Enhancing Conservation Strategies with GIS: Advances, Collaborations, and Future DirectionsPreprint
Suzzi-Simmons, A., & Devarajan, K. (2023) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202310.1372.v1 · Cited by 4
Who said that? Deciphering Complex Coral Reef Soundscapes with Spatial Audio and 360° VideoPreprint
Dantzker, M. S., Duggan, M. T., Berlik, E., Delikaris‐Manias, S., Bountourakis, V., Pulkki, V., & Rice, A. N. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.12.16.628659 · Cited by 4
Funosas, D., Massol, E., Bas, Y., Schmidt, S., Bennett, D., Arend, D., Gebhard, A., Barbaro, L., König, S., Font, R. C., et al. (2026) · Scientific Data · doi:10.1038/s41597-026-07150-1 · Cited by 4
Heterogenous effects of bat declines from white‐nose syndrome on arthropods
Wray, A. K., Peery, M. Z., Kochanski, J. M., Pelton, E. M., Lindner, D. L., & Gratton, C. (2024) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/ele.14437 · Cited by 4
Large Protected Areas Safeguard Mammalian Functional Diversity in Human-Modified Landscapes
Fornitano, L., Gouvea, J. A., Costa, R. T., Magioli, M., & Bianchi, R. D. C. (2024) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su16135419 · Cited by 6
“These losses can be associated with and explained by the widespread phenomenon of defaunation, which comprises the loss of species and their functions mediated by habitat loss, fragmentation, and overhunting, affecting, directly and indirectly, the provision of ecosystem services [9].”
BackgroundMéndez-Zambrano, M. A., & Medina, G. E. F. (2024) · Neotropical Entomology · doi:10.1007/s13744-024-01178-x · Cited by 3
“Threats to biodiversity include habitat loss, degradation, fragmentation (Dirzo et al. 2014; Habel et al. 2019).”
Handschuh, M., Linderoth, P., Arnold, J., et al. (2024) · Conservation Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/csp2.13188 · Cited by 3
“…human dominance continues to grow globally, we consider our analyses also relevant for contexts outside Europe where it is necessary to predict or reduce anthropic impacts on species and their habitats (Ceballos et al., 2017; Ceballos & Ehrlich, 2018; Dirzo et al., 2014, 2022; Hirt et al., 2021).”
Mapping and Identification of Ecosystem Services Hotspots in the Brazilian Pampa Biome
da Silva, C. F. M., Campos, M. C. C., Costa, D. F. D. S., et al. (2024) · Environmental Management · doi:10.1007/s00267-024-02069-y · Cited by 3
“Anthropogenic activities have altered large territorial extensions across the planet (Dirzo et al., 2014; Corlett 2015).”
vonHoldt, B. M., Blumstein, D. T., Berger, J., & Carroll, C. (2025) · BioScience · doi:10.1093/biosci/biae134 · Cited by 5
“…to such low abundance that, although it is still present in the community, it no longer interacts significantly with other species,” Estes et al. 1989 , Dirzo et al.2014 ) emphasizes the multiple dimensions of extinction (e.g., global extinction, local extirpation, and loss of ecological function).”
A critical review of Late Pleistocene human-megafaunal interactions in Mexico
Solís-Torres, Ó. R., Arroyo‐Cabrales, J., Roberts, P., & Amano, N. (2025) · Quaternary Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2025.109200 · Cited by 3
“…has been particularly intense given the relevance of research looking at the decline of megafaunal biodiversity in understanding the loss of megafauna in the 21st century, which some have described as the sixth mass extinction event (Dirzo et al., 2014; Kidwell, 2015; Ceballos and Ehrlich, 2023).”
Identifying biodiversity hotspots over time: Stability, sampling bias, and conservation implications
Sánchez‐Fernández, D., Jiménez-Jiménez, A., Fox, R., et al. (2025) · Global Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2025.e03586 · Cited by 3
de Oliveira, B. N., Alexandre, R. J. R., Pena, S. A., Correia, L. L., Luz, A. M., & Vieira, T. B. (2025) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111255 · Cited by 3
Cropland restricts occurrence and alters spatial ecology near the mule deer geographical range limit
Heffelfinger, L. J., Hewitt, D. G., Vasquez, J. P., et al. (2025) · Movement Ecology · doi:10.1186/s40462-025-00566-1 · Cited by 3
“Therefore, land-use practices often dictate how animals use the landscape, as wildlife respond to disturbance by altering their distribution and behavior to meet resource requirements [11–13].”
Chi, Y., Sun, J., Fu, Z., Zhang, X., Hu, R., & Zhang, Y. (2025) · Ecological Indicators · doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2025.113721 · Cited by 4
Hedberg, C. P., & Smith, F. A. (2025) · Ecography · doi:10.1002/ecog.07674 · Cited by 3
Proudman, N. J., & Allen, M. L. (2025) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111369 · Cited by 4
Zhang, R., Shi, J., Zhang, J., & Wang, D. (2025) · Integrative Zoology · doi:10.1111/1749-4877.13020 · Cited by 4
Feng, B., Qin, M., Chen, J., Yang, S., Yang, X., Hu, L., Yi, Y., Zhou, J., Meng, X., & Bai, W. (2025) · Ecological Indicators · doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2025.114216 · Cited by 6
Monitoring agricultural arthropod diversity by eDNA metabarcoding from plant cleaning fluid
Song, X., Dang, C., Li, R., Wang, F., Yao, H., STANLEY, D. W., & Yè, G. (2025) · Journal of Integrative Agriculture · doi:10.1016/j.jia.2025.07.014 · Cited by 3
A practical framework for a theory-driven ecological niche modeling workflow
Qiao, H., & Escobar, L. E. (2025) · The Innovation Life · doi:10.59717/j.xinn-life.2025.100165 · Cited by 3
Belowground effects of ground‐dwelling large herbivores in forest ecosystems
Ribeiro, L. G., Melo‐Dias, M., Saraiva, B. M. P., Villar, N., & Galetti, M. (2025) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2656.70193 · Cited by 4
Self-citationSocial media data reveal novel habitats for invasive species
Chowdhury, S., Debnath, R., Hawladar, N., Howard, S. R., Hodgins, K. A., Wong, B. B. M., & Jarić, I. (2025) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111668 · Cited by 3
Decade‐Long Bird Trends in China: Stable Species Richness but Increasing Biotic Homogenization
He, J., Yi, J., Holyoak, M., Goodale, E., Yu, J., Liu, W., Zhang, Q., & Xu, H. (2025) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.70654 · Cited by 4
Cascading Effects of Overhunting on the Functional Tree Composition of Amazonian Forests
Scabin, A. B., Ferreiro‐Arias, I., Costa, F. R. C., Benítez‐López, A., Freitas, C. G., & Peres, C. A. (2025) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.72657 · Cited by 3
“This is particularly the case in the Neotropics (Peres 2000; Peres and Palacios 2007), where key target game vertebrates such as tapir, large primates, pecca-ries, brocket-deer, large rodents, and large birds often show clear signs of defaunation (Dirzo et al. 2014; Redford 1992).”
Bai, R., Ji, Y., Hu, W., Hu, Z., He, S., Onditi, K. O., Wang, H., Xiong, Y., Zhang, J., Jiang, X., et al. (2025) · Global Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2025.e03854 · Cited by 5
Liu, Y., Craig, S. B. B., Bechsgaard, J., Dicks, L. V., Bruun, H. H., Høye, T. T., Bilde, T., & Thomsen, P. F. (2025) · Molecular Ecology · doi:10.1111/mec.70169 · Cited by 4
“…revolution when human activities heavily influenced the environment and climate, but such data are for obvious reasons never available as time series (Cooke et al. 2025; Dirzo et al. 2014; IPBES 2019; Svenning et al. 2024), and can only be generated from high-quality genomic analyses.”
The sdm R Package for Species Distribution Modeling
Naimi, B., Ebrahimi, E., & Araújo, M. B. (2025) · Use R! · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-99665-8_2 · Cited by 3
Zhang, J.-Y., Jia, Z., Deng, H.-N., Cheng, Y.-H., Yang, P.-Y., Shi, X., Liao, M., & Xu, B. (2026) · BMC Plant Biology · doi:10.1186/s12870-025-08059-4 · Cited by 3
“Likewise, anthropogenic pressures continue to displace species from their natural habitats, causing serious population declines [6].”
Global fruit production: environmental footprints, regional variability, and sustainability hotspots
Wang, L., Cao, S., & Yang, Y. (2026) · Resources Environment and Sustainability · doi:10.1016/j.resenv.2026.100295 · Cited by 3
The genomic impact of population connectivity and decline in Africa’s elephants
Pečnerová, P., Ishida, Y., Garcia‐Erill, G., Bertola, L. D., Santander, C. G., Liu, X., Brüniche–Olsen, A., Khan, A., Hennelly, L. M., Balboa, R. F., et al. (2026) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-026-71262-w · Cited by 3
“The largest of them all, elephants, are among the most iconic species threatened by extinction in the Anthropocene 4 .”
Widespread range contraction of carnivores in protected areas of China
He, J., Zhang, L., Yu, J., Wang, F., Xiao, Z., & Liu, J. (2026) · Nature Sustainability · doi:10.1038/s41893-026-01855-2 · Cited by 4
“To fill this gap, we compiled a dataset of 8,300 camera traps spanning over 1.8 million trap days in 85 PAs during 2008–2021 (current), and compared historical survey data collected mostly between the cycling 14 and ultimately reduce ecosystem resilience 15 .”
InfluentialDisruption of Plant-Herbivore Interactions in Light of the Current Defaunation Crisis
Dirzo, R., Guevara, R., & Mendoza, E. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-46012-9_12 · Cited by 5
Self-citationClegg, B. W., O'Connor, T. G., & Manson, A. D. (2021) · African Journal of Range and Forage Science · doi:10.2989/10220119.2020.1827455 · Cited by 3
“2015), yet, disconcertingly, declines of these species have been recorded across the continent (Ceballos and Ehrlich 2002; Craigie et al. 2010; Dirzo et al. 2014).”
BackgroundNieman, W. A., Schultz, B. C., Wilkinson, A., & Leslie, A. J. (2021) · African Zoology · doi:10.1080/15627020.2021.1885990 · Cited by 4
“2018), and many areas that were once characterized by ample wildlife have now been transformed to a state of defaunation (Ceballos et al. 2015; Dirzo et al. 2014).”
BackgroundKumar, A. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815025-2.00009-5 · Cited by 5
The co-evolution of life and biogeochemical cycles in our planet
Martinelli, L. A., & Augusto, F. G. (2022) · Biota Neotropica · doi:10.1590/1676-0611-bn-2022-1402 · Cited by 3
Agro-Biodiversity Across the Food Chain
Khan, S. A. K. U., Rahman, M. M., & Islam, M. M. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-07434-9_1 · Cited by 3
Shwe, N. M., Grainger, M., Ngoprasert, D., et al. (2022) · Oryx · doi:10.1017/s0030605321001654 · Cited by 3
Human footprint effects on the distribution of the spotted lowland paca (Cuniculus paca)
Sánchez-Reyes, M., Chiappa‐Carrara, X., Vázquez‐Domínguez, E., Yáñez‐Arenas, C., Falconi, M., Osorio‐Olvera, L., & Díaz, R. G. C. (2023) · Therya · doi:10.12933/therya-23-2237 · Cited by 3
dos Santos, A. S., Sansevero, J. B. B., Conde, M. M. S., et al. (2023) · Acta Oecologica · doi:10.1016/j.actao.2023.103895 · Cited by 3
The Ethics of Gaia: Geoethics From an Evolutionary Perspective
Belardinelli, S., & Pievani, T. (2023) · SpringerBriefs in geoethics · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-22223-8_5 · Cited by 4
Domestic dogs as a threat to sloths in Costa Rica: A clinical case report and review of the problem
Brown, N., Villada, A., & Trull, S. (2023) · Open Veterinary Science · doi:10.1515/ovs-2022-0115 · Cited by 3
Impact of Anthropogenic Compounds on Biodiversity: A Comprehensive Analysis
Alphonse, M., Thiagarajan, K., Nallakaruppan, N., Raja, T. R. W., Paul, S., Jaichandran, S., Mukundan, A., Buot, I. E., Pillay, M., Nautiyal, S., et al. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-8649-9_19 · Cited by 3
Long-term population trends of introduced mammals on an tropical island
Haji, J., Ferreguetti, Á. C., Bovendorp, R. S., Bueno, R., Gonçalves, F., & Galetti, M. (2023) · Global Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2023.e02623 · Cited by 3
Self-citationResendiz, R. A. L., Álvarez‐Yépiz, J. C., Miles, D. B., et al. (2024) · Global Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2024.e02841 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Dirzo, R., Young, H. S., Galetti, M., Ceballos, G., Isaac, N. J. B., & Collen, B.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- University of California, Santa Barbara (US)
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp) (BR)
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (MX)
- Natural Environment Research Council (GB)
- University College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Dirzo, Rodolfo
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2014-07-25
- Volume
- 345
- Issue
- 6195
- Pages
- 401-406
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W2100135944
- Cited by
- 4,474
- References
- 164
- Citations by year
- 2026: 382 · 2025: 425 · 2024: 397 · 2023: 475 · 2022: 501 · 2021: 494 · 2020: 416 · 2019: 411 · 2018: 294 · 2017: 280 · 2016: 189 · 2015: 167 · 2014: 39
- FWCI
- 16.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- discovery.ucl.ac.uk
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Acervo Digital da Universidade Estadual Paulista (Universidade Estadual Paulista) (submittedVersion)
- UNESP Institutional Repository (São Paulo State University) (submittedVersion)
- Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
- Funders
- Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
- Natural Environment Research Council (CEH010010)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics Studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Plant and animal studies
- Keywords
- defaunation, biodiversity loss, species abundance decline, extinction, invertebrates, terrestrial vertebrates, sixth mass extinction, ecosystem functioning, Anthropocene
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Birds, Humans, Human Activities, Insecta, Invertebrates, Mammals, Pest Control, Population, Biodiversity, Extinction, Biological, Pollination, Endangered Species
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-02, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-02 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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