The DOI matches its Crossref record; 164 of the 164 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 6 of the 136 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Defaunation in the Anthropocene
Open accessAbstract
We live amid a global wave of anthropogenically driven biodiversity loss: species and population extirpations and, critically, declines in local species abundance. Particularly, human impacts on animal biodiversity are an under-recognized form of global environmental change. Among terrestrial vertebrates, 322 species have become extinct since 1500, and populations of the remaining species show 25% average decline in abundance. Invertebrate patterns are equally dire: 67% of monitored populations show 45% mean abundance decline. Such animal declines will cascade onto ecosystem functioning and human well-being. Much remains unknown about this “Anthropocene defaunation”; these knowledge gaps hinder our capacity to predict and limit defaunation impacts. Clearly, however, defaunation is both a pervasive component of the planet’s sixth mass extinction and also a major driver of global ecological change.
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Claims the paper makes
64 Sources not found · 25 Own interpretation · 18 No full text of the sources · 14 Not checked yet · 4 No basis given · 3 Supported · 3 Own result · 2 Partly supported · 1 Supported so far · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Across vertebrates, 16% to 33% of all species are estimated to be globally threatened or endangered (17,18)”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [17] 17. IUCN, The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species <www.iucnredlist.org> (2013)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Supportedcites [18] 18. M. Hoffmann et al., Science 330, 1503 (2010). source
The “Status, trends, and threats” section states that, accounting for uncertainty from Data Deficient species, between 16% and 33% of all vertebrate species are classified as Threatened. This directly supports the cited estimate. (LLM, conf=0.95)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The long-established major proximate drivers of wildlife population decline and extinction in terrestrial ecosystems, namely overexploitation, habitat destruction, and impacts from invasive species remain pervasive (18).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Multiple, unaddressed drivers of defaunation
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [18] 18. M. Hoffmann et al., Science 330, 1503 (2010). source
The opening summary (p. 1503) identifies agricultural expansion, logging, overexploitation, and invasive alien species as main drivers of biodiversity loss among mammals, birds, and amphibians. The “Confronting threats” section adds that conservation has not yet offset any major driver of increased extinction risk. Agricultural expansion and logging substantiate the claim’s reference to habitat destruction. (LLM, conf=0.93)
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“None of these major drivers have been effectively mitigated at the global scale (14,18).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Multiple, unaddressed drivers of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [14] 14. S. H. Butchart et al., Science 328, 1164 (2010). source
- Supportedcites [18] 18. M. Hoffmann et al., Science 330, 1503 (2010). source
In “Confronting threats” (page not supplied), the paper says that deteriorations outnumber improvements for every threat assessed and concludes that conservation has not yet offset any major driver of increased extinction risk. This supports the claim at the global scale, within the paper’s scope of vertebrate extinction risk. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“the effects of defaunation will be much less about the loss of absolute diversity than about local shifts in species compositions and functional groups within a community (80).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [80] 80. M. Dornelas et al., Science 344, 296 (2014). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Conclusions (page not available) describe the replacement of large herbivores by smaller mammals and arthropods, and the ‘Effects of large mammals on small mammals’ section reports changes in vegetation and consumer abundance. These support local shifts in the community, but the paper does not establish that such shifts matter more than losses of absolute diversity or make a general comparison of the two effects of defaunation. (LLM, conf=0.83)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“and few major human pathogens seem to fit the criteria that would make such a relationship pervasive (71).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Water quality.
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [71] 71. C. L. Wood, K. D. Lafferty, G. DeLeo, H. S. Young, A. M. Kuris, Ecology 95, 817http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/13-1041.1 (2014). source
In “Predicting the Biodiversity–Disease Relationship” (page not available), the authors project that biodiversity would reduce the prevalence of only 12% of the infectious disease species they assessed. They conclude that negative biodiversity–disease relationships may be relatively uncommon, supporting the citing sentence’s hedged claim. Their assessment covers common pathogenic human protozoan and metazoan parasites, not viruses or bacteria. (LLM, conf=0.90)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“However, the impacts of defaunation on disease are far from straightforward (71)”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Water quality.
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [71] 71. C. L. Wood, K. D. Lafferty, G. DeLeo, H. S. Young, A. M. Kuris, Ecology 95, 817http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/13-1041.1 (2014). source
The Introduction says that biodiversity loss is likely to produce both “winners and losers” among parasites. “Where Do We Go From Here?” adds that the biodiversity–disease relationship may be nonlinear and either positive or negative. These passages support the claim that the disease effects of defaunation are not straightforward; page numbers were not provided. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Of a conservatively estimated 5-9 million animal species on the planet, we are likely losing ~11,000 to 58,000 species annually (15,16).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [15] 15. C. Mora, A. Rollo, D. P. Tittensor, Science 493, 295 (2013).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [16] 16. B. R. Scheffers, L. N. Joppa, S. L. Pimm, W. F. Laurance, Trends Ecol. Evol. 27, 501 (2012).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“with populations of many iconic species such as elephant (Fig S1B) rapidly declining towards extinction (19).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [19] 19. Materials and methods are available in the Supplementary Materials.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Among terrestrial vertebrates 322 species have become extinct since 1500, while populations of the remaining species show 25% average decline in abundance.”
- Also stated in: § Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon · plain
“Across vertebrates, 16% to 33% of all species are estimated to be globally threatened or endangered (17,18), and at least 322 vertebrate species have become extinct since 1500 (a date representative of onset of the recent wave of extinction, as formal definition of the start of the Anthropocene still being debated) (17,19,20) (Table S1).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [17] 17. IUCN, The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species <www.iucnredlist.org> (2013)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [19] 19. Materials and methods are available in the Supplementary Materials.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [20] 20. G. Ceballos, A. García, P. R. Ehrlich, J. Cosmol. 8, 1821 (2010).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The year 1500 is a representative starting point for the recent wave of extinction.
- Also stated in: § Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon · plain
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Invertebrate patterns are equally dire: 67% of monitored populations show 45% mean abundance decline.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 24
- Probably not a substantial claim. 8
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In our evaluation of mammals (1437 species) and birds (4263 species), the number of species per 10,000 km 2 in decline (IUCN population status “decreasing”) varied across regions from a few to 75 in mammals and 125 in birds (Fig 2), with highest numbers in tropical regions.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Patterns of defaunation
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Of all insects with IUCN documented population trends, 33% are declining, with strong variation among Orders 19).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [19] 19. Materials and methods are available in the Supplementary Materials.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“counts of threatened species do not necessarily translate into extinction risk, much less ecological impact (13).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [13] 13. A. Ø. Mooers, D. P. Faith, W. P. Maddison, PloS one 3, e3700 (2008).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These extinctions altered ecosystem processes and disturbance regimes at continental scales, triggering cascades of extinction thought to still reverberate today (3,4).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [3] 3. C. E. Doughty, A. Wolf, Y. Malhi, Nat. Geosci. 6, 761 (2013).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [4] 4. J. L. Gill et al., Science 326, 1100 (2009). source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Similar to other mass extinction events, the effects of this”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [2] 2. M. Cardillo et al., P. Roy. Soc. Lond. B. Bio. 275, 1441 (2008).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Clearly, however, defaunation is both a pervasive component of the planet's sixth mass extinction, and also a major driver of global ecological change.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Much remains unknown about this”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Loss of invertebrate biodiversity has received much less attention and data are extremely limited.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We live amidst a global wave of anthropogenically driven biodiversity loss: species and population extirpations and, critically, declines in local species abundance.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“some animal species are able to persist in highly modified habitats”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Moreover, several newer threats have recently emerged, most notably anthropogenic climate disruption, which will likely soon compete with habitat loss as the most important driver of defaunation (44).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Multiple, unaddressed drivers of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [44] 44. O. E. Sala et al., Science 287, 1770 (2000). source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“While most declining species are affected by multiple stressors, we still have a poor understanding of the complex ways in which these drivers interact, and of feedback loops that may exist (7,11).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Multiple, unaddressed drivers of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [7] 7. A. D. Barnosky et al., Nature 486, 52 (2012). source
- Not matchedcites [11] 11. B. W. Brook, N. S. Sodhi, C. J. Bradshaw, Trends Ecol. Evol. 23, 453 (2008).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“While defaunation is a global pattern, geographic distribution patterns are also decidedly non-random (28).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Patterns of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [28] 28. S. Pimm et al., Science 344, 1246752 (2014). source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“However, increasingly sophisticated approaches help to predict which species are likely to be at risk, and to map latent extinction risk (38), holding great promise both for managing defaunation and identifying likely patterns of ecological impact (39).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Patterns of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [38] 38. M. Cardillo, G. M. Mace, J. L. Gittleman, A. Purvis, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103, 4157 (2006).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [39] 39. H. Hillebrand, B. Matthiessen, Ecol. Lett. 12, 1405 (2009).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“For instance, among vertebrates, more amphibians (41%) are currently considered threatened than birds (17%), with mammals and reptiles experiencing intermediate threat levels (27).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Patterns of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [27] 27. J. Schipper et al., Science 322, 225 (2008). source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, these 'extinction models' have made little impact on conservation management, in part because trait correlations are often idiosyncratic and context dependent (31).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Patterns of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [31] 31. M. Cardillo, E. Meijaard, Trends Ecol. Evol. 27, 167 (2012).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ironically, the cryptic nature of defaunation has strong potential to soon become very non-cryptic, rivaling the impact of many other forms of global change in terms of loss of ecosystem services essential for human well-being.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
boostedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we need to focus on predicting the systematic patterns of winners and losers in the Anthropocene and identify the traits that characterize them, as this will provide information on the patterns and the links to function that we can then act upon.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we emphasize that defaunation is about much more than species loss.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, most efforts to quantify this relationship have focused largely on effects of reduced producer diversity, which may typically have much lower functional impacts than does consumer loss (49,50).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Consequences of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [49] 49. J. Reiss, J. R. Bridle, J. M. Montoya, G. Woodward, Trends Ecol. Evol. 24, 505 (2009).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [50] 50. B. J. Cardinale et al., Nature 486, 59 (2012). source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ongoing declines in populations of animals such as nematodes, beetles, or bats, are considerably less evident to humans”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ultimately, both reduced and more evenly distributed global resource consumption will be necessary to sustainably change ongoing trends in defaunation and, hopefully, eventually open the door to refaunation.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Continued human population growth and increasingly uneven per-capita consumption ultimately drive all these threats.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“yet arguably are more functionally important”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“One recent study in Madagascar suggested that loss of wildlife as a food source will increase anemia by 30%, leading to increased mortality, morbidity and learning difficulties (66).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Water quality.
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [66] 66. C. D. Golden et al., P. Natl. Acad. Sci. 108, 19653 (2011).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: In many parts of the world, wild animal food sources are a critical part of the diet, particularly for the poor.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Insect pollination, needed for 75% of all the world's food crops, is estimated to be worth ~10% of the economic value of the world's entire food supply (52).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Impacts on ecosystem functions and services
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [52] 52. N. Gallai, J.-M. Salles, J. Settele, B. E. Vaissière, Ecological Economics 68, 810 (2009).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Similarly, declines in bird pollinators in New Zealand led to strong pollen limitation, ultimately reducing seed production and population regeneration (55) (Fig 5H).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Impacts on ecosystem functions and services
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [55] 55. S. H. Anderson et al., Science 331, 1068 (2011). source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This review indicates that a widespread and pervasive defaunation crisis, with farreaching consequences, is upon us.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Large animals, including ungulates, hippos, and crocodiles, prevent formation of anoxic zones through agitation and affect water movement through trampling (64).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Water quality.
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [64] 64. J. P. Wright, C. G. Jones, A. S. Flecker, Oecologia 132, 96 (2002).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“For instance, global declines in amphibian populations increase algae and fine detritus biomass, reduce nitrogen uptake, and greatly reduce whole stream respiration (Fig 5E; (63)).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Water quality.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [63] 63. M. Whiles et al., Ecosystems 16, 146 (2013). source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“Large wildlife removal also causes major effects on ecosystem functions and services (Panel D), including changes to fire intensity (Fi); cattle production in both dry (C-D) and wet seasons (C-W); disease prevalence (D); infectivity of arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi (AMF); photosynthetic rates (Ph); and transpiration rates (TR).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [81] 81. F. Keesing, T. P. Young, Bioscience 64, 487 (2014).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
The paper relies on this without support.
The year 1500 is a representative starting point for the recent wave of extinction.
“(a date representative of onset of the recent wave of extinction, as formal definition of the start of the Anthropocene still being debated)”
The paper relies on this without support.
In many parts of the world, wild animal food sources are a critical part of the diet, particularly for the poor.
“In many parts of the world, wild animal food sources are a critical part of the diet, particularly for the poor.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The indirect evolutionary effects of defaunation on species not directly impacted by human defaunation are still poorly studied.
“Still poorly studied are the indirect evolutionary effects of defaunation on other species, not directly impacted by human defaunation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Arthropod pests are responsible for 8-15% of the losses in most major food crops.
“For example, arthropod pests are responsible for 8-15% of the losses in most major food crops.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Continued human population growth and increasingly uneven per-capita consumption ultimately drive all these threats.
“continued human population growth and increasingly uneven per-capita consumption, which ultimately drive all these threats”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“the literature reflects broad agreement among environmental scientists that biases lead to underestimating the number of species that have gone extinct in the past few centuries”
From Accelerated modern human–induced species losses: Entering the sixth mass extinction (2015) · cites this paper as [8]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Hundreds of species and myriad populations are being driven to extinction every year (1–8).”
From Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“A growing body of evidence indicates that current species extinction rates are higher than the pre-human background rate (8–15)”
From Accelerated modern human–induced species losses: Entering the sixth mass extinction (2015) · cites this paper as [8]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This suggests that, even if there was not ample sign that the crisis extends far beyond that group of animals, today’s planetary defaunation of vertebrates will itself promote cascading catastrophic effects on ecosystems, worsening the annihilation of nature (2, 3, 46).”
From Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In sum, by losing populations (and species) of vertebrates, we are losing intricate ecological networks involving animals, plants, and microorganisms (e.g., refs. 2, 8, 18, 45, 46).”
From Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“However, given that such medium and large species are the most seriously threatened by the predominant proximate drivers of defaunation (2, 3), the likely bias against small-sized species should not affect our overall interpretation of results.”
From Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
In the citing paper
“Fourth, species at the brink have been pushed to a critical conservation status because of human activities, where habitat loss and fragmentation, illegal trade, overexploitation, introduced domestic and wild species, toxification, and pollution have played a major role (10, 13–15, 30, 46, 52, 53).”
From Vertebrates on the brink as indicators of biological annihilation and the sixth mass extinction (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“They occur mostly in heavily populated regions such as tropical Asia, where major ongoing biodiversity losses are well known (10, 13–15, 30, 46, 52, 53).”
From Vertebrates on the brink as indicators of biological annihilation and the sixth mass extinction (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“More recently, climate disruption is becoming a major cause of species endangerment (10, 11, 14–17).”
From Vertebrates on the brink as indicators of biological annihilation and the sixth mass extinction (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“Thus, moving onto the brink is an important part of the process of defaunation (14).”
From Vertebrates on the brink as indicators of biological annihilation and the sixth mass extinction (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“However, the number of studies on insect trends with sufficient replication and spatial coverage are limited [10, 23–25] and restricted to certain well-studied taxa.”
From More than 75 percent decline over 27 years in total flying insect biomass in protected areas (2017) · cites this paper as [24]
In the citing paper
“Many top predators are both overexploited and strong controllers of nutrient cycling, water quality and other ecosystem services9,77,80–82.”
From Linking the influence and dependence of people on biodiversity across scales (2017) · cites this paper as [82]
In the citing paper
“Increasingly, the simple theoretical prediction that fragmentation reduces species richness is being modified to account for species identity through models that focus on how species vary in their traits (4, 21, 36, 48, 57, 58).”
From Habitat fragmentation and its lasting impact on Earth’s ecosystems (2015) · cites this paper as [58]
In the citing paper
“Most forms of global change known to reduce population sizes and biodiversity will be exacerbated by fragmentation (58, 60), including climate change (61), invasive species (62, 63), hunting (64), pollution [including light, noise, and chemicals (65)], and altered disturbance regimes (66).”
From Habitat fragmentation and its lasting impact on Earth’s ecosystems (2015) · cites this paper as [58]
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García, C., & Escribano‐Ávila, G. (2016) · Journal of Plant Research · doi:10.1007/s10265-016-0806-3 · Cited by 3
“Drivers of global change threaten forest populations by impeding the movement of propagules caused by defaunation and decimation of pollinator populations (Biesmeijer et al. 2006; Dirzo et al. 2014).”
BackgroundThe mechanistic pathways of trophic interactions in human-occupied landscapes
Ford, A. T. (2015) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aad7134 · Cited by 3
Krause, C., Wörz, A., & Thiv, M. (2016) · Alpine Botany · doi:10.1007/s00035-016-0183-5 · Cited by 3
“High current and expected future extinction rates are estimated (Pimm et al. 2014), but the disappearance of species is, to a lesser extent, also a historical process (e.g. Dirzo et al. 2014).”
BackgroundMethodCambrian trilobites as archives for Anthropocene biomarkers and other chemical compounds
John, D. L., Medeiros, P. M., Babcock‐Adams, L., & Walker, S. E. (2017) · Anthropocene · doi:10.1016/j.ancene.2017.03.002 · Cited by 3
García, Á. D. M., & García, J. J. M. (2017) · Nómadas Revista Crítica de Ciencias Sociales y Jurídicas · doi:10.5209/noma.55473 · Cited by 3
Communautés locales et utilisation durable de la faune en Afrique Centrale
Van Vliet, N., Nguinguiri, J. C., Cornelis, D., Bel, S. L., & (eds.) (2017) · Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) eBooks · doi:10.17528/cifor/006488 · Cited by 4
Estimating extinction risk with minimal data
Weiss‐Lehman, C., Davies, K. F., Clements, C. F., & Melbourne, B. A. (2017) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2017.06.020 · Cited by 3
Let Earth Rebound! Conservation’s New Imperative
Crist, E. L. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-13905-6_14 · Cited by 4
Multispecies Emergent Textualities: Writing and Reading in Ecologies of Selves
Cabral, D. D. C., & Vital, A. V. (2021) · ISLE Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment · doi:10.1093/isle/isab024 · Cited by 3
Cowles, S. A., Weeks, B. C., Perrin, L., Chen, N. X., & Uy, J. A. C. (2021) · Emu - Austral Ornithology · doi:10.1080/01584197.2021.1915163 · Cited by 3
“The effects of the Anthropocene on global biodiversity are unprecedented (Dirzo et al. 2014; Johnson et al. 2017).”
BackgroundFunctional connectivity of an endemic tree frog in a highly threatened tropical dry forest in Mexico
Covarrubias, S., Gutiérrez‐Rodríguez, C., Rojas‐Soto, O., Hernández‐Guzmán, R., & González, C. (2021) · Ecoscience · doi:10.1080/11956860.2021.1921935 · Cited by 4
“Habitat loss (the reduction of areas with optimal habitat for the species), in combination with fragmentation (the division of the landscape into patches of vegetation), can cause reductions in population sizes and species loss (Dirzo et al. 2014; Fahrig 2017; Schlaepfer et al. 2018).”
BackgroundCondro, A. A., Prasetyo, L. B., Rushayati, S. B., Santikayasa, I. P., & Iskandar, E. (2021) · IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science · doi:10.1088/1755-1315/771/1/012006 · Cited by 4
Allendorf, F. W., Funk, W. C., Aitken, S. N., Byrne, M. M., & Luikart, G. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198856566.003.0011 · Cited by 3
Pereira, A. D., & Bazílio, S. (2023) · Revista de Biologia Neotropical / Journal of Neotropical Biology · doi:10.5216/rbn.v20i2.76064 · Cited by 3
Li, G., Guo, K., Liu, C., et al. (2015) · Polish Journal of Ecology · doi:10.3161/15052249pje2015.63.2.003 · Cited by 3
“Scientists have coined a name for this era, the Anthropocene, to emphasize that we have entered a new geological era in which humans influence land cover, biogeochemical cycling, water quality and availability, etc. (Caro et al. 2012, Dirzo et al. 2014, Mart in et al. 2014, Pievani 2014).”
BackgroundAddressing Socioecological Tipping Points and Safe Operating Spaces in the Anthropocene
Halpern, B. S. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-805375-1.00013-1 · Cited by 3
Moreno‐Mateos, D. (2019) · Ecosistemas · doi:10.7818/ecos.1824 · Cited by 3
Chapter One - A multitrophic perspective on biodiversity–ecosystem functioning research
Eisenhauer, N., Schielzeth, H., Barnes, A. D., Barry, K. E., Bonn, A., Brose, U., Bruelheide, H., Buchmann, N., Buscot, F., Ebeling, A., et al. (2019) · Advances in ecological research/Advances in Ecological Research · Cited by 3
Toomey, A. (2015) · Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University) · Cited by 2
Functional ecology of tropical forest recovery
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“Currently, biodiversity is being lost at dramatic rates, and there are clear indications that we are approaching the sixth mass extinction (Barnosky et al. 2011, Dirzo et al. 2014).”
BackgroundCommon worlding pedagogies: cultivating the ‘arts of awareness’ with tracking, compost, and death
Nelson, N. (2018) · UVic’s Research and Learning Repository (University of Victoria) · Cited by 3
López-Corona, O., & Magallanes-Guijón, G. (2019) · doi:10.5194/esd-2019-49 · Cited by 3
Livingstone, S. W. (2018) · TSpace (University of Toronto) · Cited by 3
Wilson, A. K. (2019) · Scholarship & Creative Works - Digital UNC a service of University Libraries (University of Northern Colorado) · Cited by 3
Grizzly bear population dynamics across productivity and human influence gradients
Lamb, C. T. (2020) · ERA: Education and Research Archive (University of Alberta) · doi:10.7939/r3-63bx-4w67 · Cited by 3
“…which climate change and habitat loss will impact the density and distribution of wild populations in the future is one of the greatest sources of scientific uncertainty in modern ecology and conservation (Dirzo et al. 2014; Lewis & Maslin 2015; Ibisch et al. 2016; Newbold et al. 2016; Krebs 2018).”
BackgroundCross-sectoral Externalities Related to Natural Resources and Ecosystem Services
Bellanger, M., Fonner, R., Holland, D. S., et al. (2021) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w28480 · Cited by 3
Dryden, H., & Duncan, D. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3860950 · Cited by 3
Domènech, M., Wangensteen, O. S., Enguídanos, A., Malumbres‐Olarte, J., & Arnedo, M. A. (2021) · doi:10.22541/au.162936514.40253306/v1 · Cited by 3
Takenaka, M., Yano, K., Suzuki, T., et al. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.11.05.467390 · Cited by 3
Human Impact on Biodiversity, Overview
Sponsel, L. E. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822562-2.00010-4 · Cited by 3
Sebastián‐González, E., Barbosa, J. M., Pérez-García, J., Morales‐Reyes, Z., Botella, F., Olea, P. P., Mateo‐Tomás, P., Moleón, M., Hiraldo, F., Arrondo, E., et al. (2020) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.12469334.v1 · Cited by 3
Wood, B. M., Millar, R. S., Wright, N., et al. (2020) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/pcsxh · Cited by 3
Zero-Shot Transfer for Wildlife Bioacoustics DetectionPreprint
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Self-citationHarris, S. E., Whitehurst, A., Buehrer, M., et al. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.12.15.571580 · Cited by 3
“…and specifically pollinator richness, is especially relevant as insect diversity is declining at an alarming rate globally (Baillie et al. 2012; Dirzo et al. 2014; Rafferty 2017; Sánchez-Bayo & Wyckhuys 2019; Wagner et al. 2021), potentially disrupting stability across many trophic levels and…”
BackgroundSuresh, M. D., Xin, T., Evans, D. M., et al. (2024) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/z98e4 · Cited by 3
Assembly Graph as the Rosetta Stone of Ecological AssemblyPreprint
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Degradation of fish food webs in the anthropocenePreprint
Carvajal‐Quintero, J. D., Dornelas, M., Comte, L., et al. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.10.22.619402 · Cited by 3
A importância das atividades de monitoramento da fauna
do Nascimento, Y. N., da Silva, L. G., de Souza, M., et al. (2022) · Diversitas Journal · doi:10.48017/dj.v7i4.2102 · Cited by 2
Amphibian diversity across three adjacent ecosystems in Área de Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica
Edwards, A. W., Harrison, X. A., Smith, M. A., Chavarría, M. M., Sasa, M., Janzen, D. H., Hallwachs, W., Cháves, G., Fernández, R., Palmer, C. V., et al. (2023) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.16185 · Cited by 2
“…et al. 2012, Pimm & Raven 2000, Pimm et al. 1995) and is a major concern for biologists and ecologists studying a wide range of taxa (Ehrlich 1995, Dirzo et al. 2014, Janzen & Hallwachs 2020, Worm & Tittensor 2011), not to mention the tropical societies that are losing their natural wild capital.”
Bobadilla, Y. T., Ibarra-Polesel, M. G., Gómez‐Cifuentes, A., et al. (2024) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2024.110478 · Cited by 2
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BackgroundPathogen Transmission and the Risk of Spillover for Wild Carnivores in the Neotropics
Acosta‐Jamett, G., Napolitano, C., López‐Pérez, A. M., & Hernández, F. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-50531-7_10 · Cited by 4
Palacino‐Rodríguez, F., Brito, J. S., Juen, L., & Palacino, D. A. (2024) · Neotropical Entomology · doi:10.1007/s13744-024-01170-5 · Cited by 2
“…insects holds significant importance in conservation and biomonitoring efforts (Berger-Tal et al., 2011), providing data on water conditions, habitat degradation, and population trends (Rosenberg and Resh, 1993; Luck et al., 2009; Dirzo et al., 2014; Urban et al., 2017; de Oliveira et al., 2019).”
Population density and activity of the Gobi bear
Anile, S., Augugliaro, C., Nasanbat, B., Samiya, R., Tserendorj, U., Bombieri, G., Dartora, F., & Jímenez, J. (2024) · Mammal Research · doi:10.1007/s13364-024-00756-z · Cited by 2
Perception and uses about mammals in México: a literature review
Flores-Santiago, I., Baena, M. L., Delfín‐Alfonso, C. A., et al. (2024) · Ethnobiology and Conservation · doi:10.15451/ec2024-08-13.22-1-12 · Cited by 2
“…in land use (such as massive loss of vegetation or indis-criminate growth of urban areas, among others) have generated an unprecedented environmental crisis at a global level (López-Vázquez et al. 2015), transforming habitats at large scales and thus resulting in defaunation (Dirzo et al. 2014).”
Backgroundde Oliveira, C. D. L., da Silva, J. C., Ladle, R. J., & Batista, V. D. S. (2024) · Aquatic Conservation Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems · doi:10.1002/aqc.4238 · Cited by 2
Baine, Q., White, B., Martinson, V. G., et al. (2024) · ZooKeys · doi:10.3897/zookeys.1214.130171 · Cited by 2
“…in our collective goal as biologists to calculate the total diversity of life on the planet (Dayrat 2005), and is particularly vital in the midst of ongoing decline of insects – the world’s most species-rich group of animals (Dirzo et al. 2014; Stork et al. 2015; Sánchez-Bayo and Wyckhuys 2019).”
BackgroundKnüsel, M., Alther, R., Couton, M., & Altermatt, F. (2024) · Subterranean Biology · doi:10.3897/subtbiol.49.132515 · Cited by 2
“Biodiversity decline is one of the most pressing environmental challenges of our time, with profound implications for ecosystem function and services, human well-being, and global sustainability (Rockström et al. 2009; Dirzo et al. 2014).”
BackgroundBraga, P. R., Pônzio, M. D. C., Pasqualotto, N., et al. (2024) · Biotropica · doi:10.1111/btp.13382 · Cited by 2
“However, the rusty-margined guan's populations have decreased in some parts of its distribution range (del Hoyo & Kirwan, 2020), as is the case of many other large frugivorous species (Dirzo et al., 2014; Galetti et al., 2013).”
Weijerman, M., Nawaz, R., Al-Abdulwahab, A., Alshlash, K., & Alharigi, T. (2024) · Global Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2024.e03331 · Cited by 3
Houldcroft, A., Lindgren, F., Sanhá, A., Jaló, M., de Barros, A. R., Hockings, K. J., & Bersacola, E. (2024) · Ecography · doi:10.1111/ecog.07399 · Cited by 4
Wildfires induce a reduction in body size and morphological variation of an insular endemic insect
Rhee, H., Naber, S., Krehenwinkel, H., et al. (2025) · Ecological Entomology · doi:10.1111/een.13418 · Cited by 2
“However, many insect species are threatened by anthropogenic effects, including wild-fires (Dirzo et al., 2014; Dole et al., 2023).”
Marr, M. M., Humble, E., Lurz, P. W. W., Wilson, L. A., Milne, E., Beckmann, K. M., Schoenebeck, J. J., Fung, U., Kitchener, A. C., Kortland, K., et al. (2025) · Evolutionary Applications · doi:10.1111/eva.70072 · Cited by 2
Sanchez, A. D. S., Alves‐Ferreira, G., Heming, N. M., & Giné, G. A. F. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0317356 · Cited by 3
Shi, L., Gao, J., Cao, F., et al. (2025) · Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1002/rse2.70003 · Cited by 2
“Global biodiversity is under significant threat from climate change, human activities, and habitat degradation (Dirzo et al., 2014).”
Bogoni, J. A., de Oliveira, R. F., & Filho, M. D. S. (2025) · Mammalia · doi:10.1515/mammalia-2024-0082 · Cited by 2
“However, this group are widely threatened worldwide (Dirzo et al. 2014), often being virtually unsampled in vast tracts of tropical territories indicating that several local extinctions can occur without any study performed.”
Ramirez, B. R., Kass, J. M., Zellmer, A. J., Hund, A. K., & Scordato, E. S. C. (2025) · Journal of Biogeography · doi:10.1111/jbi.15123 · Cited by 3
“This dramatic expansion of human activity has had cascading effects on wild populations, often leading to declines, range contractions and fragmentation (Dirzo et al. 2014; Jetz et al. 2007; Spehar et al. 2018).”
Best, I. N., Brown, L., Elkin, C., Finnegan, L. A., McClelland, C. J. R., & Johnson, C. J. (2025) · Global Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2025.e03636 · Cited by 2
Badola, R., Das, G. C., Sharma, S. P., Usmani, A. A., Barthwal, S. C., Badola, S., & Hussain, S. A. (2025) · Ecological Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.ecoinf.2025.103239 · Cited by 2
Bakner, D. L., Quinn, T. M., Müller, M. S., et al. (2025) · Global Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2025.e03694 · Cited by 2
Anjan, A., Geldmann, J., Harfoot, M. B. J., & Christie, A. P. (2025) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111313 · Cited by 2
Klimova, A., Gutiérrez‐Rivera, J. N., Juárez, O. E., Ortega‐Rubio, A., & Eguiarte, L. E. (2025) · American Journal of Botany · doi:10.1002/ajb2.70062 · Cited by 3
“…is under serious threat because of human activities, which include climate change, habitat fragmentation, over-exploitation, invasive species, and free ‐ roaming domestic animals, among others (Tilman and Lehman, 2001; Dirzo et al., 2014; Wehncke et al., 2014; Corlett, 2016; Zhang et al., 2023).”
Warrer, C. H., Riedner, D. C., Briefer, E. F., et al. (2025) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111353 · Cited by 2
Cascading effects of tree diversity loss on herbivore-parasitoid interactions
Wang, M., Zhang, K., Albert, G., Haider, S., Li, Y., Chen, J., Davrinche, A., Zhou, Q., Luo, A., Proß, T., et al. (2025) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111418 · Cited by 3
Tarazona‐Tubens, F. L., Morales‐Pérez, A. L., & Searcy, C. A. (2025) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111421 · Cited by 2
Towards the application of EU Habitats Directive to a non-EU country: the case of San Marino
Santi, F., Buldrini, F., Nuzzo, L. D., et al. (2025) · Journal for Nature Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.jnc.2025.127060 · Cited by 2
Berard, A., Pradel, J., Charbonnel, N., & Galan, M. (2025) · Molecular Ecology Resources · doi:10.1111/1755-0998.70037 · Cited by 3
Dehaudt, B., Bose, R., Avoto, J. J., Brittain, S., Bruce, T., Chen, E. K., Forzi, F., Hardesty, B. D., Holbrook, K. M., Lamperti, A. M., et al. (2025) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111475 · Cited by 2
Gauthier, J., Sueur, A., Pitteloud, C., et al. (2025) · Insect Conservation and Diversity · doi:10.1111/icad.70018 · Cited by 2
“Global biodiversity is experiencing an unprecedented decline, with increasing evidence that insects are among the most affected taxa (Dirzo et al., 2014; Hallmann et al., 2017; Wagner et al., 2021).”
Narayanan, H. R., Krishnan, S., & Osuri, A. M. (2025) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2025.109966 · Cited by 2
“There is growing evidence that insect species and populations are in a general state of decline (Dirzo et al., 2014; S ´ anchez-Bayo and Wyck-huys, 2019), with some terming this the insect apocalypse (Wagner et al., 2021).”
Benthic losers and winners in a tidal bay since the 1920s
Reise, K., Buschbaum, C., Dolch, T., van Beusekom, J. E. E., & Wegner, K. M. (2025) · Marine Biodiversity · doi:10.1007/s12526-025-01566-5 · Cited by 3
“This contrasts with a global loss of biodiversity, particularly in the terrestrial realm (e.g., Dirzo et al. 2014; van Klink et al. 2020; Finn et al. 2023; Hochkirch et al. 2023; Edwards et al. 2025).”
Croijmans, L., Cuperus, F., van Apeldoorn, D. F., Bianchi, F. J. J. A., Rossing, W. A. H., & Poelman, E. H. (2025) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.104762.4 · Cited by 5
“Insects account for 80% of the animal species in the world and, therefore, the recently reported unprecedented rate of insect decline is cause for alarm about the state of biodiversity on Earth ( Dirzo et al., 2014 ; Hallmann et al., 2017 ; van Klink et al., 2020 ).”
Zipkin, E. F., & Williams, P. J. (2025) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2656.70143 · Cited by 2
Chivatá, J. L. C., Arroyo‐Rodríguez, V., Villalobos, F., Guevara, R., Moreno, C. E., Mendoza, E., Saldívar‐Burrola, L. L., Alfaro-Díaz, N., & Escobar, F. (2025) · Biodiversity and Conservation · doi:10.1007/s10531-025-03181-z · Cited by 2
“Besides deforestation, a silent and invisible threat to the eyes of naive naturalists is the defaunation or decline of animal populations and extinction, which can have negative consequences on ecosystem function and human well–being (Dirzo et al. 2014 ).”
Alencar‐Silva, T. P., Adania, C. H., Paulino, J. S. D. S., et al. (2025) · Journal for Nature Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.jnc.2025.127134 · Cited by 2
Inter‐Annual Patterns of Butterfly Abundance Are Synchronized in Seasonal Neotropical Forest
Checa, M. F., Levy, E., Rodríguez, J., Mena, S., Salazar, P. A., & Willmott, K. R. (2025) · Biotropica · doi:10.1111/btp.70118 · Cited by 2
“A growing number of studies have documented declines in insect populations in recent years (Dirzo et al. 2014; Soroye et al. 2020; Forister et al. 2010; Cardoso and Leather 2019; Sánchez-Bayo and Wyckhuys 2019), but studies are overwhelmingly concentrated in temperate regions, with little known…”
Franchetto, M., Franchini, M., & López, B. C. (2025) · Canadian Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1139/cjz-2024-0200 · Cited by 2
Human biomass movement exceeds the biomass movement of all land animals combined
Rosenberg, Y., Wiedenhofer, D., Virág, D., Bar-Sella, G., Greenspoon, L., Herrnstadt, B., Akenji, L., Phillips, R., & Milo, R. (2025) · Nature Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1038/s41559-025-02863-9 · Cited by 3
Widespread Decline of Ground Beetles in Germany
Chowdhury, S., Bowler, D. E., Boutaud, E., Bleich, O., Bruelheide, H., Buse, J., Engel, T., Gebert, J., Grescho, V., Gürlich, S., et al. (2025) · Diversity and Distributions · doi:10.1111/ddi.70112 · Cited by 2
“We are currently in the midst of a biodiversity crisis (Dirzo et al. 2014; Leclère et al. 2020).”
The Untapped Potential of Food Webs in Systematic Conservation Planning
O’Connor, L. M. J., Thuiller, W., Brose, U., et al. (2026) · Conservation Letters · doi:10.1111/con4.70002 · Cited by 2
Anthropogenic and environmental factors are associated with frugivore interaction diversity
DeSisto, C. M. M., Kampe, J., Ngomanda, A., et al. (2025) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111612 · Cited by 2
Almost Seven Decades of Coastal Bird Community Recovery Across Three European Seas
Cano‐Barbacil, C., Bowler, D. E., Pelegrín, G. A. B., Bertolero, A., Deneudt, K., Genovart, M., Gómez‐Serrano, M. Á., Hernández‐Navarro, A. J., Oró, D., Zamora‐López, A., et al. (2025) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.70623 · Cited by 2
“The ongoing biodiversity crisis, marked by a global decline in wildlife populations and high extinction rates (Dirzo et al. 2014; Johnson et al. 2017), is affecting ecosystem function and reducing essential ecosystem services (Galetti et al. 2013; Gaston and Fuller 2008; Hooper et al. 2012; Whelan…”
Smith, R. M., Shackelford, N., Barnas, A. F., et al. (2025) · Journal of Applied Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2664.70232 · Cited by 2
Castro, A., & Capinha, C. (2025) · Endangered Species Research · doi:10.3354/esr01475 · Cited by 2
Liu, Y., Wang, J., Wu, Z., Xu, Z., & Abulike, K. (2025) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111664 · Cited by 3
Smith, Q. A., Tomé, C. P., Gearty, W., Smith, F. A., Shizuka, D., & Lyons, S. K. (2025) · Global Ecology and Biogeography · doi:10.1111/geb.70113 · Cited by 2
Gillard, G. L., & Rowley, J. J. L. (2025) · Conservation Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/csp2.70215 · Cited by 2
“In the wake of anthropogenic climate change and widespread landscape degradation, the Earth is facing a global biodiversity crisis (Barnosky et al., 2011; Dirzo et al., 2014; Schickhoff et al., 2024).”
Villacanas, M. G., Carpio, A. J., & Acosta‐Muñoz, C. (2026) · Conservation · doi:10.3390/conservation6010002 · Cited by 2
“This loss is manifested in the extinction of species, the disappearance of local populations, and the drastic reduction in the abundance of organisms across multiple ecosystems [3].”
Illuminating the influence of artificial light at night on the behavior of an adaptable carnivore
Hickling, C. J., Serieys, L. E. K., Leighton, G. R. M., et al. (2026) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2026.181469 · Cited by 2
Krishnan, A., Nag, J., Arun, S., Mudappa, D., Raman, T. R. S., Sankaran, M., & Osuri, A. M. (2026) · Oikos · doi:10.1002/oik.11945 · Cited by 2
Honey Bee Viromes from Beekeeping Operations Experiencing High Losses in 2022–2023
Jones, B. H., Reams, T., Jonas, L., et al. (2026) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v18030334 · Cited by 2
Zhu, G., An, J., Gao, Y., et al. (2026) · Transportation Research Part D Transport and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.trd.2026.105295 · Cited by 2
Mammal defaunation leads to biotic homogenization of plant communities in tropical rainforests
Ribas, L. G. D. S., Villar, N., Zipparro, V. B., Nazareth, S., Souza, Y., Brocardo, C. R., Schmaedecke, G., Hortenci, L., Alves, R. S. C., & Galetti, M. (2026) · Ecology · doi:10.1002/ecy.70341 · Cited by 2
“Despite these broad impacts on natural eco-systems across multiple ecological and evolutionary scales (Dirzo et al., 2014; Kurten, 2013; Young et al., 2016), a thorough understanding of how defaunation contributes to biotic homogenization remains unclear.”
Self-citationSvenning, J. (2026) · Restoration Ecology · doi:10.1111/rec.70390 · Cited by 3
“…by rising climatic novelty (Ordonez et al. 2024), pervasive biotic exchange (Fricke & Svenning 2020; Seebens et al. 2021), defaunation (Dirzo et al. 2014), and diffuse, ongoing, and deep-rooted human pressures (Ellis et al. 2021; Svenning et al. 2024 a ), traditional fram-ings of…”
Pollination and dispersal networks in the Amazonian tree flora
ter Steege, H., Ballarin, C. S., Pinto, C. E., Valadão‐Mendes, L. B., Stevenson, P., Correa, D. F., Giannini, T. C., Gomes, V. H. F., McGlone, M. S., & de Lima, R. A. F. (2026) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-026-09896-1 · Cited by 2
“…for both key reproductive stages underscores a critical vulnerability: the ongoing defaunation in the Amazon — driven by habitat fragmentation, overhunting, infrastructure expansion, and climate change — may disrupt plant – animal mutualisms with consequences at multiple trophic levels 61,97,98 .”
Hu, J. Y., Jiang, Y., Li, S., et al. (2026) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msag099 · Cited by 2
The late Quaternary crocodylian record from Australasia
Ristevski, J., Louys, J., O’Connor, S., Yates, A. M., Husdell, M., Price, G. J., Ulm, S., McNiven, I. J., Salisbury, S. W., & Boivin, N. L. (2026) · Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society · doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlag065 · Cited by 2
Tarazona‐Tubens, F. L., Kim, S., Morales‐Pérez, A. L., et al. (2026) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2535192123 · Cited by 2
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Dirzo, R., Young, H. S., Galetti, M., Ceballos, G., Isaac, N. J. B., & Collen, B.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- University of California, Santa Barbara (US)
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp) (BR)
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (MX)
- Natural Environment Research Council (GB)
- University College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Dirzo, Rodolfo
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2014-07-25
- Volume
- 345
- Issue
- 6195
- Pages
- 401-406
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W2100135944
- Cited by
- 4,474
- References
- 164
- Citations by year
- 2026: 382 · 2025: 425 · 2024: 397 · 2023: 475 · 2022: 501 · 2021: 494 · 2020: 416 · 2019: 411 · 2018: 294 · 2017: 280 · 2016: 189 · 2015: 167 · 2014: 39
- FWCI
- 16.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- discovery.ucl.ac.uk
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Acervo Digital da Universidade Estadual Paulista (Universidade Estadual Paulista) (submittedVersion)
- UNESP Institutional Repository (São Paulo State University) (submittedVersion)
- Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
- Funders
- Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
- Natural Environment Research Council (CEH010010)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics Studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Plant and animal studies
- Keywords
- defaunation, biodiversity loss, species abundance decline, extinction, invertebrates, terrestrial vertebrates, sixth mass extinction, ecosystem functioning, Anthropocene
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Birds, Humans, Human Activities, Insecta, Invertebrates, Mammals, Pest Control, Population, Biodiversity, Extinction, Biological, Pollination, Endangered Species
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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