The DOI matches its Crossref record; 164 of the 164 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 6 of the 136 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Defaunation in the Anthropocene
Open accessAbstract
We live amid a global wave of anthropogenically driven biodiversity loss: species and population extirpations and, critically, declines in local species abundance. Particularly, human impacts on animal biodiversity are an under-recognized form of global environmental change. Among terrestrial vertebrates, 322 species have become extinct since 1500, and populations of the remaining species show 25% average decline in abundance. Invertebrate patterns are equally dire: 67% of monitored populations show 45% mean abundance decline. Such animal declines will cascade onto ecosystem functioning and human well-being. Much remains unknown about this “Anthropocene defaunation”; these knowledge gaps hinder our capacity to predict and limit defaunation impacts. Clearly, however, defaunation is both a pervasive component of the planet’s sixth mass extinction and also a major driver of global ecological change.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
64 Sources not found · 25 Own interpretation · 18 No full text of the sources · 14 Not checked yet · 4 No basis given · 3 Supported · 3 Own result · 2 Partly supported · 1 Supported so far · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Across vertebrates, 16% to 33% of all species are estimated to be globally threatened or endangered (17,18)”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [17] 17. IUCN, The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species <www.iucnredlist.org> (2013)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Supportedcites [18] 18. M. Hoffmann et al., Science 330, 1503 (2010). source
The “Status, trends, and threats” section states that, accounting for uncertainty from Data Deficient species, between 16% and 33% of all vertebrate species are classified as Threatened. This directly supports the cited estimate. (LLM, conf=0.95)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The long-established major proximate drivers of wildlife population decline and extinction in terrestrial ecosystems, namely overexploitation, habitat destruction, and impacts from invasive species remain pervasive (18).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Multiple, unaddressed drivers of defaunation
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [18] 18. M. Hoffmann et al., Science 330, 1503 (2010). source
The opening summary (p. 1503) identifies agricultural expansion, logging, overexploitation, and invasive alien species as main drivers of biodiversity loss among mammals, birds, and amphibians. The “Confronting threats” section adds that conservation has not yet offset any major driver of increased extinction risk. Agricultural expansion and logging substantiate the claim’s reference to habitat destruction. (LLM, conf=0.93)
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“None of these major drivers have been effectively mitigated at the global scale (14,18).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Multiple, unaddressed drivers of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [14] 14. S. H. Butchart et al., Science 328, 1164 (2010). source
- Supportedcites [18] 18. M. Hoffmann et al., Science 330, 1503 (2010). source
In “Confronting threats” (page not supplied), the paper says that deteriorations outnumber improvements for every threat assessed and concludes that conservation has not yet offset any major driver of increased extinction risk. This supports the claim at the global scale, within the paper’s scope of vertebrate extinction risk. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“the effects of defaunation will be much less about the loss of absolute diversity than about local shifts in species compositions and functional groups within a community (80).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [80] 80. M. Dornelas et al., Science 344, 296 (2014). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Conclusions (page not available) describe the replacement of large herbivores by smaller mammals and arthropods, and the ‘Effects of large mammals on small mammals’ section reports changes in vegetation and consumer abundance. These support local shifts in the community, but the paper does not establish that such shifts matter more than losses of absolute diversity or make a general comparison of the two effects of defaunation. (LLM, conf=0.83)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“and few major human pathogens seem to fit the criteria that would make such a relationship pervasive (71).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Water quality.
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [71] 71. C. L. Wood, K. D. Lafferty, G. DeLeo, H. S. Young, A. M. Kuris, Ecology 95, 817http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/13-1041.1 (2014). source
In “Predicting the Biodiversity–Disease Relationship” (page not available), the authors project that biodiversity would reduce the prevalence of only 12% of the infectious disease species they assessed. They conclude that negative biodiversity–disease relationships may be relatively uncommon, supporting the citing sentence’s hedged claim. Their assessment covers common pathogenic human protozoan and metazoan parasites, not viruses or bacteria. (LLM, conf=0.90)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“However, the impacts of defaunation on disease are far from straightforward (71)”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Water quality.
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [71] 71. C. L. Wood, K. D. Lafferty, G. DeLeo, H. S. Young, A. M. Kuris, Ecology 95, 817http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/13-1041.1 (2014). source
The Introduction says that biodiversity loss is likely to produce both “winners and losers” among parasites. “Where Do We Go From Here?” adds that the biodiversity–disease relationship may be nonlinear and either positive or negative. These passages support the claim that the disease effects of defaunation are not straightforward; page numbers were not provided. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Of a conservatively estimated 5-9 million animal species on the planet, we are likely losing ~11,000 to 58,000 species annually (15,16).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [15] 15. C. Mora, A. Rollo, D. P. Tittensor, Science 493, 295 (2013).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [16] 16. B. R. Scheffers, L. N. Joppa, S. L. Pimm, W. F. Laurance, Trends Ecol. Evol. 27, 501 (2012).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“with populations of many iconic species such as elephant (Fig S1B) rapidly declining towards extinction (19).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [19] 19. Materials and methods are available in the Supplementary Materials.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Among terrestrial vertebrates 322 species have become extinct since 1500, while populations of the remaining species show 25% average decline in abundance.”
- Also stated in: § Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon · plain
“Across vertebrates, 16% to 33% of all species are estimated to be globally threatened or endangered (17,18), and at least 322 vertebrate species have become extinct since 1500 (a date representative of onset of the recent wave of extinction, as formal definition of the start of the Anthropocene still being debated) (17,19,20) (Table S1).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [17] 17. IUCN, The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species <www.iucnredlist.org> (2013)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [19] 19. Materials and methods are available in the Supplementary Materials.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [20] 20. G. Ceballos, A. García, P. R. Ehrlich, J. Cosmol. 8, 1821 (2010).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The year 1500 is a representative starting point for the recent wave of extinction.
- Also stated in: § Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon · plain
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Invertebrate patterns are equally dire: 67% of monitored populations show 45% mean abundance decline.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 24
- Probably not a substantial claim. 8
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In our evaluation of mammals (1437 species) and birds (4263 species), the number of species per 10,000 km 2 in decline (IUCN population status “decreasing”) varied across regions from a few to 75 in mammals and 125 in birds (Fig 2), with highest numbers in tropical regions.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Patterns of defaunation
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Of all insects with IUCN documented population trends, 33% are declining, with strong variation among Orders 19).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [19] 19. Materials and methods are available in the Supplementary Materials.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“counts of threatened species do not necessarily translate into extinction risk, much less ecological impact (13).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [13] 13. A. Ø. Mooers, D. P. Faith, W. P. Maddison, PloS one 3, e3700 (2008).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These extinctions altered ecosystem processes and disturbance regimes at continental scales, triggering cascades of extinction thought to still reverberate today (3,4).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [3] 3. C. E. Doughty, A. Wolf, Y. Malhi, Nat. Geosci. 6, 761 (2013).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [4] 4. J. L. Gill et al., Science 326, 1100 (2009). source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Similar to other mass extinction events, the effects of this”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [2] 2. M. Cardillo et al., P. Roy. Soc. Lond. B. Bio. 275, 1441 (2008).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Clearly, however, defaunation is both a pervasive component of the planet's sixth mass extinction, and also a major driver of global ecological change.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Much remains unknown about this”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Loss of invertebrate biodiversity has received much less attention and data are extremely limited.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We live amidst a global wave of anthropogenically driven biodiversity loss: species and population extirpations and, critically, declines in local species abundance.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“some animal species are able to persist in highly modified habitats”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Moreover, several newer threats have recently emerged, most notably anthropogenic climate disruption, which will likely soon compete with habitat loss as the most important driver of defaunation (44).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Multiple, unaddressed drivers of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [44] 44. O. E. Sala et al., Science 287, 1770 (2000). source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“While most declining species are affected by multiple stressors, we still have a poor understanding of the complex ways in which these drivers interact, and of feedback loops that may exist (7,11).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Multiple, unaddressed drivers of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [7] 7. A. D. Barnosky et al., Nature 486, 52 (2012). source
- Not matchedcites [11] 11. B. W. Brook, N. S. Sodhi, C. J. Bradshaw, Trends Ecol. Evol. 23, 453 (2008).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“While defaunation is a global pattern, geographic distribution patterns are also decidedly non-random (28).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Patterns of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [28] 28. S. Pimm et al., Science 344, 1246752 (2014). source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“However, increasingly sophisticated approaches help to predict which species are likely to be at risk, and to map latent extinction risk (38), holding great promise both for managing defaunation and identifying likely patterns of ecological impact (39).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Patterns of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [38] 38. M. Cardillo, G. M. Mace, J. L. Gittleman, A. Purvis, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103, 4157 (2006).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [39] 39. H. Hillebrand, B. Matthiessen, Ecol. Lett. 12, 1405 (2009).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“For instance, among vertebrates, more amphibians (41%) are currently considered threatened than birds (17%), with mammals and reptiles experiencing intermediate threat levels (27).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Patterns of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [27] 27. J. Schipper et al., Science 322, 225 (2008). source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, these 'extinction models' have made little impact on conservation management, in part because trait correlations are often idiosyncratic and context dependent (31).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Patterns of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [31] 31. M. Cardillo, E. Meijaard, Trends Ecol. Evol. 27, 167 (2012).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ironically, the cryptic nature of defaunation has strong potential to soon become very non-cryptic, rivaling the impact of many other forms of global change in terms of loss of ecosystem services essential for human well-being.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
boostedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we need to focus on predicting the systematic patterns of winners and losers in the Anthropocene and identify the traits that characterize them, as this will provide information on the patterns and the links to function that we can then act upon.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we emphasize that defaunation is about much more than species loss.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, most efforts to quantify this relationship have focused largely on effects of reduced producer diversity, which may typically have much lower functional impacts than does consumer loss (49,50).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Consequences of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [49] 49. J. Reiss, J. R. Bridle, J. M. Montoya, G. Woodward, Trends Ecol. Evol. 24, 505 (2009).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [50] 50. B. J. Cardinale et al., Nature 486, 59 (2012). source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ongoing declines in populations of animals such as nematodes, beetles, or bats, are considerably less evident to humans”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ultimately, both reduced and more evenly distributed global resource consumption will be necessary to sustainably change ongoing trends in defaunation and, hopefully, eventually open the door to refaunation.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Continued human population growth and increasingly uneven per-capita consumption ultimately drive all these threats.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“yet arguably are more functionally important”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“One recent study in Madagascar suggested that loss of wildlife as a food source will increase anemia by 30%, leading to increased mortality, morbidity and learning difficulties (66).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Water quality.
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [66] 66. C. D. Golden et al., P. Natl. Acad. Sci. 108, 19653 (2011).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: In many parts of the world, wild animal food sources are a critical part of the diet, particularly for the poor.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Insect pollination, needed for 75% of all the world's food crops, is estimated to be worth ~10% of the economic value of the world's entire food supply (52).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Impacts on ecosystem functions and services
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [52] 52. N. Gallai, J.-M. Salles, J. Settele, B. E. Vaissière, Ecological Economics 68, 810 (2009).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Similarly, declines in bird pollinators in New Zealand led to strong pollen limitation, ultimately reducing seed production and population regeneration (55) (Fig 5H).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Impacts on ecosystem functions and services
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [55] 55. S. H. Anderson et al., Science 331, 1068 (2011). source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This review indicates that a widespread and pervasive defaunation crisis, with farreaching consequences, is upon us.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Large animals, including ungulates, hippos, and crocodiles, prevent formation of anoxic zones through agitation and affect water movement through trampling (64).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Water quality.
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [64] 64. J. P. Wright, C. G. Jones, A. S. Flecker, Oecologia 132, 96 (2002).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“For instance, global declines in amphibian populations increase algae and fine detritus biomass, reduce nitrogen uptake, and greatly reduce whole stream respiration (Fig 5E; (63)).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Water quality.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [63] 63. M. Whiles et al., Ecosystems 16, 146 (2013). source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Large wildlife removal also causes major effects on ecosystem functions and services (Panel D), including changes to fire intensity (Fi); cattle production in both dry (C-D) and wet seasons (C-W); disease prevalence (D); infectivity of arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi (AMF); photosynthetic rates (Ph); and transpiration rates (TR).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [81] 81. F. Keesing, T. P. Young, Bioscience 64, 487 (2014).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper relies on this without support.
The year 1500 is a representative starting point for the recent wave of extinction.
“(a date representative of onset of the recent wave of extinction, as formal definition of the start of the Anthropocene still being debated)”
The paper relies on this without support.
In many parts of the world, wild animal food sources are a critical part of the diet, particularly for the poor.
“In many parts of the world, wild animal food sources are a critical part of the diet, particularly for the poor.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The indirect evolutionary effects of defaunation on species not directly impacted by human defaunation are still poorly studied.
“Still poorly studied are the indirect evolutionary effects of defaunation on other species, not directly impacted by human defaunation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Arthropod pests are responsible for 8-15% of the losses in most major food crops.
“For example, arthropod pests are responsible for 8-15% of the losses in most major food crops.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Continued human population growth and increasingly uneven per-capita consumption ultimately drive all these threats.
“continued human population growth and increasingly uneven per-capita consumption, which ultimately drive all these threats”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“the literature reflects broad agreement among environmental scientists that biases lead to underestimating the number of species that have gone extinct in the past few centuries”
From Accelerated modern human–induced species losses: Entering the sixth mass extinction (2015) · cites this paper as [8]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Hundreds of species and myriad populations are being driven to extinction every year (1–8).”
From Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“A growing body of evidence indicates that current species extinction rates are higher than the pre-human background rate (8–15)”
From Accelerated modern human–induced species losses: Entering the sixth mass extinction (2015) · cites this paper as [8]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This suggests that, even if there was not ample sign that the crisis extends far beyond that group of animals, today’s planetary defaunation of vertebrates will itself promote cascading catastrophic effects on ecosystems, worsening the annihilation of nature (2, 3, 46).”
From Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In sum, by losing populations (and species) of vertebrates, we are losing intricate ecological networks involving animals, plants, and microorganisms (e.g., refs. 2, 8, 18, 45, 46).”
From Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“However, given that such medium and large species are the most seriously threatened by the predominant proximate drivers of defaunation (2, 3), the likely bias against small-sized species should not affect our overall interpretation of results.”
From Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
In the citing paper
“Fourth, species at the brink have been pushed to a critical conservation status because of human activities, where habitat loss and fragmentation, illegal trade, overexploitation, introduced domestic and wild species, toxification, and pollution have played a major role (10, 13–15, 30, 46, 52, 53).”
From Vertebrates on the brink as indicators of biological annihilation and the sixth mass extinction (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“They occur mostly in heavily populated regions such as tropical Asia, where major ongoing biodiversity losses are well known (10, 13–15, 30, 46, 52, 53).”
From Vertebrates on the brink as indicators of biological annihilation and the sixth mass extinction (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“More recently, climate disruption is becoming a major cause of species endangerment (10, 11, 14–17).”
From Vertebrates on the brink as indicators of biological annihilation and the sixth mass extinction (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“Thus, moving onto the brink is an important part of the process of defaunation (14).”
From Vertebrates on the brink as indicators of biological annihilation and the sixth mass extinction (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“However, the number of studies on insect trends with sufficient replication and spatial coverage are limited [10, 23–25] and restricted to certain well-studied taxa.”
From More than 75 percent decline over 27 years in total flying insect biomass in protected areas (2017) · cites this paper as [24]
In the citing paper
“Many top predators are both overexploited and strong controllers of nutrient cycling, water quality and other ecosystem services9,77,80–82.”
From Linking the influence and dependence of people on biodiversity across scales (2017) · cites this paper as [82]
In the citing paper
“Increasingly, the simple theoretical prediction that fragmentation reduces species richness is being modified to account for species identity through models that focus on how species vary in their traits (4, 21, 36, 48, 57, 58).”
From Habitat fragmentation and its lasting impact on Earth’s ecosystems (2015) · cites this paper as [58]
In the citing paper
“Most forms of global change known to reduce population sizes and biodiversity will be exacerbated by fragmentation (58, 60), including climate change (61), invasive species (62, 63), hunting (64), pollution [including light, noise, and chemicals (65)], and altered disturbance regimes (66).”
From Habitat fragmentation and its lasting impact on Earth’s ecosystems (2015) · cites this paper as [58]
Citations
Cites
Global Biodiversity Scenarios for the Year 2100
Sala, O. E., Stuart Chapin, F., III, Armesto, J. J., Berlow, E., Bloomfield, J., Dirzo, R., Huber-Sanwald, E., Huenneke, L. F., Jackson, R. B., et al. (2000) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.287.5459.1770 · Cited by 9,280
Self-citationBiodiversity loss and its impact on humanity
Cardinale, B. J., Duffy, J. E., Gonzalez, A., Hooper, D. U., Perrings, C., Venail, P., Narwani, A., Mace, G. M., Tilman, D., Wardle, D. A., et al. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11148 · Cited by 7,457
Global pollinator declines: trends, impacts and drivers
Potts, S. G., Biesmeijer, J. C., Kremen, C., Neumann, P., Schweiger, O., & Kunin, W. E. (2010) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.tree.2010.01.007 · Cited by 6,458
OERKE, E.-C. (2006) · The Journal of Agricultural Science · doi:10.1017/s0021859605005708 · Cited by 5,283
Global Biodiversity: Indicators of Recent Declines
Butchart, S. H. M., Walpole, M., Collen, B., van Strien, A., Scharlemann, J. P. W., Almond, R. E. A., Baillie, J. E. M., Bomhard, B., Brown, C., Bruno, J., et al. (2010) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1187512 · Cited by 4,892
Self-citationHas the Earth’s sixth mass extinction already arrived?
Barnosky, A. D., Matzke, N., Tomiya, S., Wogan, G. O. U., Swartz, B., Quental, T. B., Marshall, C., McGuire, J. L., Lindsey, E. L., Maguire, K. C., et al. (2011) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature09678 · Cited by 4,400
Trophic Downgrading of Planet Earth
Estes, J. A., Terborgh, J., Brashares, J. S., Power, M. E., Berger, J., Bond, W. J., Carpenter, S. R., Essington, T. E., Holt, R. D., Jackson, J. B. C., et al. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1205106 · Cited by 4,087
Status and Ecological Effects of the World’s Largest Carnivores
Ripple, W. J., Estes, J. A., Beschta, R. L., Wilmers, C. C., Ritchie, E. G., Hebblewhite, M., Berger, J., Elmhagen, B., Letnic, M., Nelson, M. P., et al. (2014) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1241484 · Cited by 3,667
The biodiversity of species and their rates of extinction, distribution, and protection
Pimm, S. L., Jenkins, C. N., Abell, R., Brooks, T. M., Gittleman, J. L., Joppa, L. N., Raven, P. H., Roberts, C. M., & Sexton, J. O. (2014) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1246752 · Cited by 3,542
Parallel Declines in Pollinators and Insect-Pollinated Plants in Britain and the Netherlands
Biesmeijer, J. C., Roberts, S. P. M., Reemer, M., Ohlemüller, R., Edwards, M., Peeters, T., Schaffers, A. P., Potts, S. G., Kleukers, R., Thomas, C. D., et al. (2006) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1127863 · Cited by 3,189
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- Mora C., Rollo A., Tittensor D. P., Science 443, 295 (2013).
- Ceballos G., García A., Ehrlich P. R., J. Cosmol. 8, 1821 (2010).
- Myers N., Int. Wildl. 5, 5 (1975).
- Aebischer N., Potts G., Methods 38, 4 (1990).
- Moore N., Odonatologica 20, 203 (1991).
- Lyons S. K., Smith F. A., Brown J. H., Evol. Ecol. Res. 6, 339 (2004).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 2,501–2,600 of 4,205
Logging drives contrasting animal body-size effects on tropical forest mammal communities
Gutiérrez‐Granados, G., & Dirzo, R. (2020) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118700 · Cited by 6
Self-citationAnimals in Our Midst: An Introduction
Keulartz, J., & Bovenkerk, B. (2021) · The international library of environmental, agricultural and food ethics/The International library of environmental, agricultural and food ethics · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-63523-7_1 · Cited by 5
“12Invertebrate populations are also in a precarious situation; their size has decreased by 45% over the last 4 decades (Dirzo et al. 2014).”
BackgroundThe European palaeoecological record of Swedish red-listed beetles
Pilotto, F., Dynesius, M., Lemdahl, G., et al. (2021) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2021.109203 · Cited by 5
Schmid, R. B., Welch, K. D., & Lundgren, J. G. (2021) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.7941 · Cited by 4
Animals as and on Resource Frontiers
Weis, T. (2021) · Commodity Frontiers · doi:10.18174/cf.2021a18154 · Cited by 5
“…resource frontiers (i.e., without tearing down forests, tearing up natural grasslands, or filling in wetlands), big population declines or the complete elimination of some animals can fundamentally alter the nature of food webs, with cascading effects on how ecosystem function (Dirzo et al. 2014) .”
BackgroundInternational Atomic Energy Agency (2022) · T.M.C. Asser Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-6265-495-2 · Cited by 6
Squires, T., Collar, N., Devenish, C., Owen, A., Pratiwi, A., Winarni, N. L., & Marsden, S. J. (2022) · Ornithological Applications · doi:10.1093/ornithapp/duac004 · Cited by 5
Human Dimensions of the Reintroduction of Brazilian Birds
Martins, F. D. C., Engel, M. T., Schulz, F., & Martins, C. S. G. (2022) · Frontiers in Conservation Science · doi:10.3389/fcosc.2022.791103 · Cited by 6
Pônzio, M. D. C., Alberici, V., Pasqualotto, N., Paolino, R. M., Rodrigues, T. F., & Chiarello, A. G. (2022) · Biota Neotropica · doi:10.1590/1676-0611-bn-2021-1261 · Cited by 5
Factors limiting plant recruitment in a tropical Afromontane Forest
Abiem, I., Dickie, I. A., Kenfack, D., & Chapman, H. (2022) · Biotropica · doi:10.1111/btp.13179 · Cited by 5
“…plants natural enemies which will in turn impact regeneration— for example, in small and fragmented habitats where top predators are absent, seed predation and herbivory rates will be significantly higher leading to weakened seed- to-seedling transitioning (Aliyu et al., 2014; Dirzo et al., 2014).”
BackgroundConservation networks do not match the ecological requirements of amphibians
Matutini, F., Baudry, J., Fortin, M., Pain, G., & Pithon, J. (2023) · Peer Community Journal · doi:10.24072/pcjournal.290 · Cited by 5
Pollination mechanism inSerapiaswith no pollinaria reconfiguration
Lanzino, M., Palermo, A. M., & Pellegrino, G. (2023) · AoB Plants · doi:10.1093/aobpla/plad054 · Cited by 5
“…well as other factors such as pesticide use and climate change lead to a decline in insect diversity and biomass and a change in insect behaviour (Bergerot et al. 2012; Dirzo et al. 2014; Owens et al. 2020) resulting in strong pollinator limitation and plant fitness reduction (Jachuła et al. 2019).”
BackgroundCintra, F. C. F., Maia, V. C., Urso-Guimarães, M. V., et al. (2023) · Arthropod-Plant Interactions · doi:10.1007/s11829-023-09998-1 · Cited by 5
Sampling method drives differing detection of responses to land-use change in small mammals
Rocha, M. F., Magnago, L. F. S., Passamani, M., et al. (2023) · Journal for Nature Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.jnc.2023.126489 · Cited by 5
Quantifying the effects of Anthropocene activities on Mexican endemic amphibians
Camarena‐Hernández, A., Ochoa‐Ochoa, L. M., & Yáñez‐Arenas, C. (2023) · Animal Conservation · doi:10.1111/acv.12918 · Cited by 5
“This term has become increasingly popular in ecology and conservation (Crutzen, 2006; Dirzo et al ., 2014; Corlett, 2015; Monsarrat, Jarvie, & Svenning, 2019), although another term may be more appropriate now, the “ Capitalocene.”
Reserva Ecológica Arenillas; ¿un refugio de diversidad biológica o una isla de extinción?
Espinosa, C. I., Jara‐Guerrero, A., Cisneros, R., et al. (2016) · Ecosistemas · Cited by 5
Introduction: Ecotourism’s Promise and Peril
Blumstein, D. T., Geffroy, B., Samia, D. S. M., et al. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-58331-0_1 · Cited by 5
Evangelista, C., Vøllestad, L. A., Pauli, B. D., & Édeline, É. (2020) · Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences · doi:10.1139/cjfas-2019-0406 · Cited by 5
“We Planted Rice and Killed People:” Symbiogenetic Destruction in the Cambodian Genocide
Woolford, A. J., June, W., & Um, S. (2021) · Genocide Studies and Prevention · doi:10.5038/1911-9933.15.1.1805 · Cited by 5
Exploring a natural baseline for large herbivore biomassPreprint
Fløjgaard, C., Pedersen, P. B. M., Sandom, C. J., Svenning, J., & Ejrnæs, R. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.02.27.968461 · Cited by 5
Temporal and spatial patterns of vertebrate extinctions during the AnthropocenePreprint
Pincheira‐Donoso, D., Harvey, L. P., Guirguis, J., Goodyear, L. E. B., Finn, C., Johnson, J. V., & Grattarola, F. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.05.05.490605 · Cited by 8
Earth's Sixth Mass Extinction Event ☆
Pievani, T. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809665-9.09216-8 · Cited by 5
Commodifying Biodiversity: Socioeconomic Approaches to Wildlife Human Coexistence
Copeland, K. (2020) · Encyclopedia of the UN sustainable development goals · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-71067-9_102-1 · Cited by 5
Diversity and Conservation of Neotropical Mammals
Ojeda, R. A., & Novillo, A. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822562-2.00150-x · Cited by 5
Schweiger, A., & Svenning, J. (2024) · Journal of Vegetation Science · doi:10.1111/jvs.13298 · Cited by 4
Fernandes, P. F., Pedro, V. D. A. S., Souza, B. D. L., Moreira-Silva, C., Portela, R. D. C. Q., Mendes, E. T. B., Scarascia, P. D. O., & Carvalho, C. D. S. (2025) · Landscape Ecology · doi:10.1007/s10980-025-02077-1 · Cited by 5
“…affects large animals disproportionately because they require larger living areas and more resources and are often the main targets of poaching (Dirzo et al. 2014; Young et al. 2016), compromising, for example, the role played by large seed dispersers (Harrison et al. 2013; Vidal et al. 2013).”
Ansil, B. R., Viswanathan, A., Ramachandran, V., Yeshwanth, H. M., Sanyal, A., & Ramakrishnan, U. (2025) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.71085 · Cited by 7
Moser, M., Krogmann, L., & Wanke, D. (2025) · Integrative Conservation · doi:10.1002/inc3.70013 · Cited by 4
“In recent decades, the ongoing loss of biodiversity has emerged as a global challenge with far ‐ reaching consequences for eco-systems and human well ‐ being worldwide (Thomas et al. 2004; Dirzo et al. 2014; Johnson et al. 2017).”
Cattle Disperse Seeds and Aquatic Plants in Neotropical Wetlands
Pereira, M. R., Hoffmann, P. H. D. O., Adolfo, A., et al. (2025) · Biotropica · doi:10.1111/btp.70043 · Cited by 4
“Defaunation is one of the major challenges of the Anthropocene, as the loss of fauna disrupts key interactions, such as seed dispersal, which are essential for ecosystem maintenance (Dirzo et al. 2014).”
Anderson, S. E., Amir, Z., Bruce, T., & Luskin, M. S. (2025) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.71464 · Cited by 5
Role of wetlands in the Pampas of Argentina in global shorebird conservation
Martínez‐Curci, N. S., Isacch, J. P., Fernández, J. L., et al. (2025) · Conservation Biology · doi:10.1111/cobi.70104 · Cited by 4
“As a result, numerous migratory species are currently threatened (IUCN, 2024), and the phenomenon of migration itself is at risk (Wilcove & Wikelski, 2008), which could intensify the global biodiversity crisis (Dirzo et al., 2014).”
Species characteristics modulate tropical mammal responses to forest quality in Southeast Asia
Joshi, P. R., Semper‐Pascual, A., Vallejo‐Vargas, A. F., et al. (2025) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111388 · Cited by 4
Zhang, M., Sun, Y., Yang, Y., et al. (2025) · Ecological Indicators · doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2025.114106 · Cited by 4
Nienaber, A., & Kuzu, D. (2025) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su172411186 · Cited by 4
Insights on global rangeland ecosystem services shaped by grazing and fertilization
Yahdjian, L., Campana, S., Tognetti, P. M., Alberti, J., Graff, P., Molina, C. D., Borer, E. T., Seabloom, E. W., Prober, S. M., MacDougall, A. S., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment · doi:10.1002/fee.70022 · Cited by 6
The making of novel ecosystems: A process‐based framework for measurement, analysis and application
Kerr, M. R., Svenning, J., Riede, F., Buitenwerf, R., Abraham, A. J., Marjakangas, E., Sykut, M. T., & Ordonez, A. (2026) · Methods in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1111/2041-210x.70255 · Cited by 6
“For example, when measuring species loss, fossil specimens and co-occurrences can be used to determine what species are no longer present in an area (Barnosky et al., 2017 ; Davoli et al., 2023 ; Dirzo et al., 2014 ; Faurby et al., 2018 ).”
Harnessing social media data to track species range shifts
Chowdhury, S., Hawladar, N., Roy, R. C., Capinha, C., Cassey, P., Correia, R. A., Deme, G. G., Marco, M. D., Minin, E. D., Jarić, I., et al. (2026) · Conservation Biology · doi:10.1111/cobi.70234 · Cited by 5
The dynamics of wild and alternative meat consumption across Gabon, Central Africa
Bauld, J. T., Coad, L., Whytock, R. C., Iponga, D. M., Babicka, M., Pambo, S., Loundou, P., Ingram, D. J., Jeffery, K. J., Bessone, M., et al. (2026) · People and Nature · doi:10.1002/pan3.70247 · Cited by 4
Activity patterns of terrestrial frugivorous mammals in a Mexican Neotropical forest
Mendoza, E., Camargo‐Sanabria, A. A., Basurto-Godoy, J., Godínez‐Gómez, O., & Ramírez, M. M. (2019) · Therya · doi:10.12933/therya-19-876 · Cited by 5
“The Baird’s tapir, collared peccary, agouti and paca are species whose diet relies heavily on fruits, although they also consume other plant parts such as leaves, seeds and even bark (Beck-King et al. 1999; Naranjo and Cruz 1998; Dubost and Henry 2006; Pérez-Cortez and Reyna-Hurtado 2008).”
BackgroundAllendorf, F. W., Funk, W. C., Aitken, S. N., Byrne, M. M., & Luikart, G. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198856566.003.0019 · Cited by 5
Sitko, J., & Heneberg, P. (2023) · Parasites & Vectors · doi:10.1186/s13071-022-05636-6 · Cited by 4
Hua, J., Tian, S., Lu, S., et al. (2023) · Avian Research · doi:10.1016/j.avrs.2023.100092 · Cited by 4
Albert, S., Franc, C., Solesse, R., Strasberg, D., & Flores, O. (2023) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2745.14230 · Cited by 5
“…tropical forests world-wide are dominated by fleshy-fruited species (Turner, 2001 ), the global decline of frugivores raises deep concern for the consequences of the breakdown of seed dispersal mutual-ism (Dirzo et al., 2014 ; Guimarães et al., 2008; Heinen et al., 2017; Young et al., 2016 ).”
BackgroundEdmonds, D., Adamovicz, L. A., Allender, M. C., et al. (2023) · Wildlife Biology · doi:10.1002/wlb3.01183 · Cited by 4
A renewed glance at the Palearctic golden eagle: Genetic variation in space and time
Karabanina, E., Lansink, G. M. J., Ponnikas, S., & Kvist, L. (2024) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.11109 · Cited by 4
Stefanidis, A., Kougioumoutzis, K., Zografou, K., et al. (2024) · Insect Conservation and Diversity · doi:10.1111/icad.12784 · Cited by 4
“…Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) on the extinction risk of 12,568 insect species pinpoints that a quarter of them are near-threatened, threatened or extinct (IUCN, 2024), while one third of the insects with documented population trends show declining population trends (Dirzo et al., 2014).”
Lopez, J. W., Lodato, M. B., & Atkinson, C. L. (2024) · Freshwater Science · doi:10.1086/733812 · Cited by 5
Nodari, A. M., Bonifacino, M., Eustacchio, E., Bonelli, M., & Falaschi, M. (2025) · Global Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2025.e03435 · Cited by 4
EU nature restoration law fails to recognize missing large herbivore functions
Garrido, P., Thulin, C., & Negro, J. J. (2025) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111026 · Cited by 7
Goralczyk, M., Lyet, A., Naidoo, R., Burton, A. C., Pellissier, L., & Carraro, L. (2025) · Environmental DNA · doi:10.1002/edn3.70089 · Cited by 4
“The alarming rates of faunal biodiversity loss (Ceballos et al. 2017; Dirzo et al. 2014) emphasize the need for studying responses of fauna to anthropogenic drivers with high-resolution data across time and space (Gonzalez et al. 2016; Meyer et al. 2015).”
Akira‐Umeno, M., Cirillo, L., & da Silva, A. R. (2025) · Austral Ecology · doi:10.1111/aec.70071 · Cited by 4
Schwaida, S. F., Cicerelli, R. E., de Almeida, T., Cunha, A. A., Carvalho, M., Soares, F. H. S., Marini-Filho, O. J., & Saraiva, N. A. (2025) · Ecosystems and People · doi:10.1080/26395916.2025.2500478 · Cited by 4
“…campaigns are essential to minimize negative impacts of recreational use on natural areas and wildlife, such as behavioral changes, waste disposal, accidental fires and spread of invasive alien species (Dirzo et al. 2014; Marion et al. 2016; Ford et al. 2020; Souza et al. 2020; Gaynor et al. 2021).”
Where there’s smoke there is fire: Türkiye and the international illegal wildlife trade
Can, Ö. E. (2025) · Nature Conservation · doi:10.3897/natureconservation.59.149288 · Cited by 4
The global threat of wire snare poaching: A comprehensive review of impacts and research priorities
Feldmeier, D. E., Schmitz, O. J., Dickman, A., Kasozi, H., & Montgomery, R. A. (2025) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111406 · Cited by 7
“Biodiversity loss is one of the most pressing conservation challenges globally, driven by anthropogenic factors such as habitat destruction, climate change, and overexploitation of wildlife (Dirzo et al., 2014; Habibullah et al., 2022; Maxwell et al., 2016).”
Kärrnäs, E., Hansson, C., & Wahlberg, N. (2025) · Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny · doi:10.3897/asp.83.e153226 · Cited by 4
Dri, G. F., Bogdziewicz, M., Hunter, M. L., et al. (2025) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2656.70114 · Cited by 4
“Climate change is impacting animal populations through shifts in geographic range, abundance patterns (Dirzo et al. 2014), and phenotypic traits (Teplitsky et al. 2008; Merilä 2012).”
Figueroa, A., Vizentin‐Bugoni, J., Herrera, A., Cuni, L., Villate, J., Liu, H., & Whitfield, S. M. (2025) · Oikos · doi:10.1002/oik.11487 · Cited by 4
“…mutualistic roles and one that has clear implications for plant evolutionary trajectories and community composition (Galetti et al. 2013, Galetti and Dirzo 2013), particularly in ecosystems where large-bodied and long-lived dispersers are under threat (Dirzo et al. 2014, Rostal et al. 2014).”
The benefits of evolution education for natural resources managers
Parker, I. D., Facka, A. N., Catanach, T. A., et al. (2018) · Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.pecon.2017.11.003 · Cited by 4
“The new human-dominated biosphere leads to “biotic destruction” highlighted by high extinction rates coupled with degraded or retarded evolutionary processes such as speciation (Erwin, 1991; Dirzo et al., 2014).”
BackgroundAllendorf, F. W., Funk, W. C., Aitken, S. N., Byrne, M. M., & Luikart, G. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198856566.003.0020 · Cited by 7
Genes, L., Losapio, G., Donatti, C. I., Guimarães, P. R., & Dirzo, R. (2022) · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.3389/fevo.2022.794723 · Cited by 4
Self-citationBonfim, F. F. D. O., Mares-Guia, M. A. M. D. M., Horta, M. A. P., et al. (2022) · Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz · doi:10.1590/0074-02760210258 · Cited by 4
Scale affects the understanding of biases on the spatial knowledge of Atlantic Forest primates
Bosco, N. S., Prasniewski, V. M., dos Santos, J. P., Silveira, N. S. D., Culot, L., Ribeiro, M. C., Tessarolo, G., & Sobral‐Souza, T. (2022) · Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.pecon.2022.08.002 · Cited by 3
“The Atlantic Forest is one of global hotspots that suffered most from anthropic action and biodiversity loss (Ribeiro et al., 2009; Dirzo et al., 2014).”
BackgroundCalls for Conservation: A Review of Bioacoustics Monitoring with Case Studies from India
Kotera, M. M., & Phillott, A. D. (2022) · Asian Journal of Environment & Ecology · doi:10.9734/ajee/2022/v19i4425 · Cited by 4
Mexican Fauna in Agroecosystems: Challenges, Opportunities and Future Directions
Escobar‐Ibáñez, J. F., Hernández‐Cumplido, J., Rodríguez, W., Saldaña‐Vázquez, R. A., & Zamora‐Gutierrez, V. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-17277-9_16 · Cited by 4
Sun, Y., Wang, S., Feng, J., & Wang, T. (2023) · Biodiversity Science · doi:10.17520/biods.2022523 · Cited by 4
Haberski, A., Rykken, J. J., & Sikes, D. S. (2023) · Arctic Antarctic and Alpine Research · doi:10.1080/15230430.2023.2178149 · Cited by 4
“Dramatic declines in arthropod biomass and species richness have been documented around the globe (Dirzo et al. 2014; Hallman et al. 2017; Janzen and Hallwachs 2019).”
BackgroundNascimento, J. R., Braghin, L. S. M., Cabral, C. R., et al. (2023) · Advances in Oceanography and Limnology · doi:10.4081/aiol.2023.10848 · Cited by 4
Michelson, A. V., Spergel, J. J., Kimball, K. C., Boush, L. P., & Leonard‐Pingel, J. S. (2023) · Diversity · doi:10.3390/d15060788 · Cited by 3
“Very little work has been performed to document invertebrate biodiversity declines, and less than 1% of invertebrate species have been assessed for threats by the IUCN [9,15].”
BackgroundDíaz−Álvarez, E. A., Manrique, C., Boege, K., et al. (2023) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.15712 · Cited by 4
“Despite being the most speciose group of animals on Earth, with up to 400,000 species known to science, Coleoptera, like many other taxonomic groups, are highly vulnerable to global change, particularly to climate and land use change (Dirzo et al., 2014; Elias, 2015; Stork et al., 2015; Stork, 2018).”
BackgroundThe joint effects of forest habitat area and fragmentation on dung beetles
Mbora, D. N. M., & Mutua, M. N. (2023) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.10429 · Cited by 4
Rezende, U. C., Cardoso, J. C. F., Gonçalves, P. H. P., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Tropical Insect Science · doi:10.1007/s42690-023-01104-5 · Cited by 4
“Since the diversity and biomass of arthropods have been progressively reduced in all Biomes on a multicontinental scale (Dirzo et al. 2014; Forister et al. 2019; Janzen and Hallwachs 2019), the wetlands are of fundamental relevance mainly because they are sources of groundwater emergence in the…”
Mizsei, E., Budai, M., Wenner, B., et al. (2023) · Wildlife Biology · doi:10.1002/wlb3.01147 · Cited by 4
Karimifard, S., Saberi‐Pirooz, R., Ahmadzadeh, F., et al. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23523 · Cited by 4
Berzaghi, F., Zhu, D., Alroy, J., & Ciais, P. (2024) · Functional Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2435.14512 · Cited by 3
Gallerani, E. M., Fortini, L. B., Warren, C. C., & Paxton, E. H. (2024) · Remote Sensing · doi:10.3390/rs16040680 · Cited by 4
Jones, H. H., Ray, C., Johnson, M., & Siegel, R. B. (2024) · Ornithological Applications · doi:10.1093/ornithapp/duae007 · Cited by 4
“Ongoing vertebrate population declines underpin the current biodiversity crisis (Dirzo et al. 2014), and have been particularly alarming for birds in North America, where roughly 60% of species have declined since 1970 (Rosenberg et al. 2019, North American Bird Conservation Initiative 2022).”
BackgroundOccupational injustice across species
Steelman, T. (2024) · Journal of Occupational Science · doi:10.1080/14427591.2024.2313000 · Cited by 4
“Dirzo et al. (2014) noted that “ defaunation, ” the mass extinction of animals, “ clearly threatens to fundamentally alter basic ecological functions and is contributing to push us toward global-scale ‘ tipping points ’ from which we may not be able to return ” (p. 405).”
Diversity, Encounter Rate and Detection of Non-Volant Nocturnal Mammals on Two Malaysian Islands
Miard, P., Xin, F. K., Hampshire, S., et al. (2024) · Tropical Life Sciences Research · doi:10.21315/tlsr2024.35.1.4 · Cited by 4
“…use are local species extinction events (Vitousek 1997), reduced number of specialist small mammal species (Wells et al. 2007), loss of predators (Dirzo et al. 2014), and increased poaching rates of many, often already threatened, species due to easier access to dense forests in fragmented…”
BackgroundExamining the structure of plant–lemur interactions in the face of imperfect knowledge
Luciano, J. T., Papinot, B., Park, D., et al. (2024) · Conservation Biology · doi:10.1111/cobi.14323 · Cited by 4
Jankowiak, Ł., Sidelnik, M., Siekiera, J., et al. (2024) · Journal für Ornithologie · doi:10.1007/s10336-024-02208-6 · Cited by 4
“In an era of significant anthropogenic pressure and progressive defaunation, species conservation should be a priority (Dirzo et al. 2014).”
Ferenčík, M., Hofmeister, J., Mikoláš, M., Buechling, A., Gloor, R., Kozák, D., Topercer, J., Pavlin, J., Petrițan, I. C., Bače, R., et al. (2024) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122229 · Cited by 5
Diniz‐Reis, T. R., Filho, A. L. A., Augusto, F. G., Kisaka, T. B., Marques, T. S., Ribeiro, J. F., Percequillo, A. R., Nardoto, G. B., Verdade, L. M., de Camargo, P. B., et al. (2024) · Journal of Mammalogy · doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyae115 · Cited by 7
“This importance is particularly relevant considering the influences of a rapid loss of biodiversity caused primarily by habitat destruction (Dirzo et al. 2014) and the potential effects of climate change on animal ecology (Woodward et al. 2010; Kartzinel and Pringle 2020).”
Morales-Rozo, C., Acuña‐Rodríguez, I. S., Benavides, J. C., Rincón-Parra, V. J., & Diazgranados, M. (2024) · Biodiversity and Conservation · doi:10.1007/s10531-024-02939-1 · Cited by 4
“This is exacerbated by converting tropical forests into pastures and commercial monocultures, which has replaced small-scale farming, encouraging forest loss and diminished ecosystem services (Dirzo et al. 2014; Ferrer-Paris et al. 2019; Kleemann et al. 2022).”
Scale-dependent effects of urbanization on avian diversity in a Neotropical region
da Paz, R. V., Salustio‐Gomes, C., Cavalcanti, V. R. D., Pinheiro‐Silva, L., Fernandes, A. C. M., Pichorim, M., & Gianuca, A. T. (2024) · Urban Ecosystems · doi:10.1007/s11252-024-01624-z · Cited by 6
“Increasing anthropogenic pressures on Earth are resulting in the conversion and degradation of habitats as well as climate change and pollution, with important consequences for biodiversity and the provision of ecosystem services to human societies (Dirzo et al. 2014; Young et al. 2016).”
Power line density and habitat quality: key factors in Canarian houbara bustard decline
Ucero, A., Alonso, J. C., Palacı́n, C., Abril‐Colón, I., & Álvarez‐Martínez, J. M. (2024) · Bird Conservation International · doi:10.1017/s0959270924000212 · Cited by 4
“Climate change and other anthropogenic factors responsible for global change are leading to habitat degradation and accelerating biodiversity loss (Dirzo et al. 2014; Habibullah et al. 2022; Sage 2020; Urban 2015).”
Understanding human-commensalism through an ecological and evolutionary framework
Fawthrop, R., Cerca, J., Pacheco, G., et al. (2024) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.tree.2024.10.006 · Cited by 4
Baumann, C., Kandel, A. W., & Hussain, S. T. (2024) · Quaternary Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2024.109148 · Cited by 4
Cross-taxon congruence of terrestrial vertebrates across Philippine Key Biodiversity Areas
Fidelino, J. S., Constantino, R. R. P., & Duya, M. R. M. (2025) · Journal for Nature Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.jnc.2025.126907 · Cited by 3
Asian elephants are associated with a more robust mammalian community in tropical forests
Li, L., He, R., Chen, C., & Quan, R. (2025) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2656.70097 · Cited by 6
“Many vertebrates are experiencing population declines and range restrictions due to rapid environmental changes driven by human activities, leading to a global extinction crisis (Ceballos et al., 2015 ; Dirzo et al., 2014 ; Ripple et al., 2019 ).”
Biodiversity trends are as bad as expected
Teyssèdre, A., & Robert, A. (2014) · Biodiversity and Conservation · doi:10.1007/s10531-014-0839-7 · Cited by 4
Fauna in decline: The community way
Boyer, S. (2014) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.346.6211.821-a · Cited by 4
Playing God with guppies - informing tough conservation decisions using a model experimental system
Kronenberger, J. A., Fitzpatrick, S. W., Angeloni, L. M., et al. (2017) · Animal Conservation · doi:10.1111/acv.12341 · Cited by 4
Choi, S., Kim, S., Kwon, T., et al. (2017) · Entomological Research · doi:10.1111/1748-5967.12225 · Cited by 4
“Moreover, butterflies for which the best data are available, have declined in abundance by 35 % over the last 40 years, and the average species richness is 7.6 times higher in undisturbed than disturbed sites (Dirzo et al. 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialEffective Biodiversity Assessment and Monitoring
Schipper, J., & Rovero, F. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-409548-9.09844-4 · Cited by 4
Cascading ecological effects from local extirpation of an ecosystem engineer in the Arava desert
Shanas, U., Gavish, Y., Bernheim, M., Mittler, S., Olek, Y., & Tal, A. (2017) · Canadian Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1139/cjz-2017-0114 · Cited by 4
Špur, N., Gomboc, K. Ž., & Šorgo, A. (2018) · Journal for Nature Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.jnc.2018.06.002 · Cited by 4
Chapter 21 – Animal Extinctions
Toukhsati, S. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-805247-1.00031-9 · Cited by 1
Can climatic variables improve phenological predictions for butterfly species?
Lang, B. J., Widrlechner, M. P., Dixon, P. M., & Thompson, J. R. (2020) · Journal of Insect Conservation · doi:10.1007/s10841-019-00212-3 · Cited by 4
Shark and ray community structure in a turbid, nearshore coral reef habitat
Yon, A., Meekan, M. G., Andrzejaczek, S., Martinez, S., & Speed, C. W. (2020) · Marine and Freshwater Research · doi:10.1071/mf19301 · Cited by 4
Nutrition Education in the Anthropocene: Toward Public and Planetary Health
Wilkins, J. L. (2020) · Journal of Agriculture Food Systems and Community Development · doi:10.5304/jafscd.2020.093.026 · Cited by 4
“Particularly, human impacts on animal biodiversity are an under-recognized form of global environmental change” (Dirzo et al., 2014, p. 401).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Dirzo, R., Young, H. S., Galetti, M., Ceballos, G., Isaac, N. J. B., & Collen, B.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- University of California, Santa Barbara (US)
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp) (BR)
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (MX)
- Natural Environment Research Council (GB)
- University College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Dirzo, Rodolfo
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2014-07-25
- Volume
- 345
- Issue
- 6195
- Pages
- 401-406
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W2100135944
- Cited by
- 4,474
- References
- 164
- Citations by year
- 2026: 382 · 2025: 425 · 2024: 397 · 2023: 475 · 2022: 501 · 2021: 494 · 2020: 416 · 2019: 411 · 2018: 294 · 2017: 280 · 2016: 189 · 2015: 167 · 2014: 39
- FWCI
- 16.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- discovery.ucl.ac.uk
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Acervo Digital da Universidade Estadual Paulista (Universidade Estadual Paulista) (submittedVersion)
- UNESP Institutional Repository (São Paulo State University) (submittedVersion)
- Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
- Funders
- Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
- Natural Environment Research Council (CEH010010)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics Studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Plant and animal studies
- Keywords
- defaunation, biodiversity loss, species abundance decline, extinction, invertebrates, terrestrial vertebrates, sixth mass extinction, ecosystem functioning, Anthropocene
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Birds, Humans, Human Activities, Insecta, Invertebrates, Mammals, Pest Control, Population, Biodiversity, Extinction, Biological, Pollination, Endangered Species
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-02, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-02 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
