Cited by 795Astro and Planetary ScienceStellar, planetary, and galactic studiesHistory and Developments in Astronomy

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Encounter with Saturn: Voyager 1 Imaging Science Results

Smith, Bradford A., Soderblom, Laurence, Beebe, Reta, Boyce, Joseph, Briggs, Geoffery, Bunker, Anne, Collins, Stewart A., Hansen, Candice J., Johnson, Torrence V., Mitchell, Jim L., Terrile, Richard J., Carr, Michael, Cook, Allen F., Cuzzi, Jeffrey, Pollack, James B., Danielson, G. Edward, Ingersoll, Andrew, Davies, Merton E., Hunt, Garry E., Masursky, Harold, Shoemaker, Eugene, Morrison, David, Owen, Tobias, Sagan, Carl, Veverka, Joseph, Strom, Robert, Suomi, Verner E.·1981·Science

DOI 10.1126/science.212.4491.163

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Abstract

As Voyager 1 flew through the Saturn system it returned photographs revealing many new and surprising characteristics of this complicated community of bodies. Saturn's atmosphere has numerous, low-contrast, discrete cloud features and a pattern of circulation significantly different from that of Jupiter. Titan is shrouded in a haze layer that varies in thickness and appearance. Among the icy satellites there is considerable variety in density, albedo, and surface morphology and substantial evidence for endogenic surface modification. Trends in density and crater characteristics are quite unlike those of the Galilean satellites. Small inner satellites, three of which were discovered in Voyager images, interact gravitationally with one another and with the ring particles in ways not observed elsewhere in the solar system. Saturn's broad A, B, and C rings contain hundreds of "ringlets," and in the densest portion of the B ring there are numerous nonaxisymmetric features. The narrow F ring has three components which, in at least one instance, are kinked and crisscrossed. Two rings are observed beyond the F ring, and material is seen between the C ring and the planet.

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“By considering the e and e0 values calculated for a is agreement between our values and those of Sromovsky et al. (1981) for Voyager. Within error bars, the asymmetry point near the center of the disk (e 5 0.94) and for a point near the edge (nominal ee0 5 0.3), it can be shown by and limb darkening that we determine…”
Influential
Solar System Physics for Exoplanet Research
Horner, J., Kane, S. R., Marshall, J. P., Dalba, P. A., Holt, T. R., Wood, J., Maynard-Casely, H. E., Wittenmyer, R., Lykawka, P. S., Hill, M., et al. (2020) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific · doi:10.1088/1538-3873/ab8eb9 · Cited by 72
“…10 and 11 (e.g. Carlson & Judge, 1974; Smith et al., 1974; Gehrels et al., 1980; Null et al., 1981), Voyagers 1 and 2 (e.g. Broadfoot et al., 1979; Smith et al., 1979, 1981, 1982), Galileo (e.g. Carlson et al., 1996; Niemann et al., 1998; Gautier et al., 2001; Vasavada & Showman, 2005), Ulysses…”
The geology of Dione
Plescia, J. B. (1983) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/0019-1035(83)90038-6 · Cited by 62
Origin and Evolution of Saturn's Ring System
Charnoz, S., Luke Dones, B., Esposito, L. W., Estrada, P. R., & Hedman, M. M. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9217-6_17 · Cited by 61
Magnetic connection for Saturn's rings and atmosphere
Connerney, J. E. P. (1986) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/gl013i008p00773 · Cited by 61
Thermal structure and dynamics of Saturn and Jupiter
Pirraglia, J. A., Conrath, B. J., Allison, M., & Gierasch, P. J. (1981) · Nature · doi:10.1038/292677a0 · Cited by 61
Latitudinal transport by barotropic waves in Titan's stratosphere.
Luz, D., Hourdin, F., Rannou, P., & Lebonnois, S. (2003) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2003.08.014 · Cited by 61
Implications of using broadband photometry for compositional remote sensing of icy objects
Clark, R. N. (1982) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/0019-1035(82)90075-6 · Cited by 61
Saturn's electrostatic discharges: Could lightning be the cause?
Burns, J. A., Showalter, M. R., Cuzzi, J. N., & Durisen, R. H. (1983) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/0019-1035(83)90198-7 · Cited by 61
Geology and Surface Processes on Titan
Ralf Jaumann, E., Kirk, R., Lorenz, R. D., Lopes, R. M. C., STOFAN, E. R., Turtle, E. P., Keller, H. U., Wood, C. A., Sotin, C., Soderblom, L. A., et al. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9215-2_5 · Cited by 60
Characteristics of dust particles detected near Saturn's ring plane with the Cassini Radio and Plasma Wave instrument
Wang, Z., Gurnett, D. A., Averkamp, T. F., Persoon, A. M., & Kurth, W. S. (2006) · Planetary and Space Science · doi:10.1016/j.pss.2006.05.015 · Cited by 60
“It is well known that there are a large number of very small dust particles with sizes on the order of a few microns in the Saturn system (Smith et al., 1981; Esposito et al., 1984).”
Background
The Small Inner Satellites of Jupiter
Thomas, P. C., Burns, J. A., Rossier, L., Simonelli, D. P., Veverka, J. F., Chapman, C. R., Klaasen, K. P., Johnson, T. V., & Belton, M. J. S. (1998) · Icarus · doi:10.1006/icar.1998.5976 · Cited by 60
Galileo Probe: In Situ Observations of Jupiter's Atmosphere
Young, R. E., Smith, M. A., & Sobeck, C. K. (1996) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.272.5263.837 · Cited by 60
Tethys: Lithospheric thickness and heat flux from flexurally supported topography at Ithaca Chasma
Giese, B., Wagner, R., Neukum, G., Helfenstein, P., & Thomas, P. C. (2007) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2007gl031467 · Cited by 60
Exchange of condensed matter among the outer and terrestrial protoplanets and the effect on surface impact and atmospheric accretion
Ip, W., & Fernández, J. A. (1988) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/0019-1035(88)90030-9 · Cited by 60
Saturn's wayward shepherds: the peregrinations of Prometheus and Pandora
French, R. G. (2003) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/s0019-1035(02)00050-7 · Cited by 60
A three-dimensional model of moist convection for the giant planets II: Saturn's water and ammonia moist convective storms
Hueso, R., & Sánchez-Lavega, A. (2004) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2004.06.010 · Cited by 59
Effects of differential rotation on the gravitational figures of Jupiter and Saturn
Hubbard, W. B. (1982) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/0019-1035(82)90011-2 · Cited by 59
Energetic particle microsignatures of Saturn's satellites
Carbary, J. F., Krimigis, S. M., & Ip, W. (1983) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/ja088ia11p08947 · Cited by 59
Voyager photometry of Iapetus
SQUYRES, S. W., Buratti, B. J., Veverka, J. F., & Sagan, C. (1984) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/0019-1035(84)90111-8 · Cited by 59
Meridional variations of temperature, C2H2 and C2H6 abundances in Saturn's stratosphere at southern summer solstice
Greathouse, T. K., Lacy, J. H., Bézard, B., Moses, J. I., Griffith, C. A., & Richter, M. J. (2005) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2005.02.016 · Cited by 58
“…studies of zonal winds in Saturn’s atmosphere h been restricted to the troposphere where cloud feat can be seen and tracked in visible image data sets(Smith et al., 1981; Smith et al., 1982; Ingersoll et al., 19 Sánchez-Lavega and Rojas, 2000; Sánchez-Lavega e 2003; Sánchez-Lavega et al., 2004).”
Background
Hubble space telescope observations of the 1990 equatorial disturbance on Saturn: Zonal winds and central Meridian albedos
Barnet, C. D., Westphal, J. A., Beebe, R. F., & Huber, L. F. (1992) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/0019-1035(92)90113-l · Cited by 58
Heterogeneous Growth of Meteorites and Planets, Especially the Earth and Moon
Smith, J. V. (1982) · The Journal of Geology · doi:10.1086/628650 · Cited by 58
The gravity field and interior structure of Dione
Zannoni, M., Hemingway, D., Casajus, L. A. G., & Tortora, P. (2020) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2020.113713 · Cited by 57
Viscosity of the lithosphere of Enceladus
Passey, Q. R. (1983) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/0019-1035(83)90024-6 · Cited by 57
The E ring of Saturn and satellite Enceladus
Pang, K. D., Voge, C. C., Rhoads, J. W., & Ajello, J. M. (1984) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/jb089ib11p09459 · Cited by 57
Instrumental methods for professional and amateur collaborations in planetary astronomy
Mousis, O. J., Hueso, R., Beaulieu, J., Bouley, S., Carry, B., Colas, F., Klotz, A., Pellier, C., Petit, J.-M., Rousselot, P., et al. (2014) · Experimental Astronomy · doi:10.1007/s10686-014-9379-0 · Cited by 56
“The same kind of features had been observed at high resolution by the Voyager spacecraft flybys in 1980–1981 [182, 183] at 35◦N planetocentric”
Background

Authors: Smith, B. A., Soderblom, L., Beebe, R., Boyce, J., Briggs, G., Bunker, A., Collins, S. A., Hansen, C. J., Johnson, T. V., Mitchell, J. L., Terrile, R. J., Carr, M., Cook, A. F., Cuzzi, J., Pollack, J. B., Danielson, G. E., Ingersoll, A., Davies, M. E., Hunt, G. E., Masursky, H., Shoemaker, E., Morrison, D., Owen, T., Sagan, C., Veverka, J., Strom, R., & Suomi, V. E.
Affiliations: University of Arizona (US)
United States Geological Survey (US)
New Mexico State University (US)
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (US)
California Institute of Technology (US)
University of Hawaii System (US)
ORCID: Soderblom, Laurence
Hansen, Candice J.
Carr, Michael
Cuzzi, Jeffrey
Ingersoll, Andrew
Hunt, Garry E.
Morrison, David
Sagan, Carl
Venue: Science
Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Published: 1981-04-10
Volume: 212
Issue: 4491
Pages: 163-191
ISSN: 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
1095-9203
DOI: 10.1126/science.212.4491.163
OpenAlex: W1998543912
Cited by: 795
References: 67
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 13
FWCI: 111.60
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Science (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Space and Planetary Science › Astro and Planetary Science
Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › History and Developments in Astronomy
Keywords: Saturn, Voyager 1, Saturn atmosphere, Titan haze, icy satellites, ringlets, Saturn rings, f-rings, satellite density, crater formation, planetary atmospheres

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Encounter with Saturn: Voyager 1 Imaging Science Results

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