Cited by 795Astro and Planetary ScienceStellar, planetary, and galactic studiesHistory and Developments in Astronomy

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Encounter with Saturn: Voyager 1 Imaging Science Results

Smith, Bradford A., Soderblom, Laurence, Beebe, Reta, Boyce, Joseph, Briggs, Geoffery, Bunker, Anne, Collins, Stewart A., Hansen, Candice J., Johnson, Torrence V., Mitchell, Jim L., Terrile, Richard J., Carr, Michael, Cook, Allen F., Cuzzi, Jeffrey, Pollack, James B., Danielson, G. Edward, Ingersoll, Andrew, Davies, Merton E., Hunt, Garry E., Masursky, Harold, Shoemaker, Eugene, Morrison, David, Owen, Tobias, Sagan, Carl, Veverka, Joseph, Strom, Robert, Suomi, Verner E.·1981·Science

DOI 10.1126/science.212.4491.163

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Abstract

As Voyager 1 flew through the Saturn system it returned photographs revealing many new and surprising characteristics of this complicated community of bodies. Saturn's atmosphere has numerous, low-contrast, discrete cloud features and a pattern of circulation significantly different from that of Jupiter. Titan is shrouded in a haze layer that varies in thickness and appearance. Among the icy satellites there is considerable variety in density, albedo, and surface morphology and substantial evidence for endogenic surface modification. Trends in density and crater characteristics are quite unlike those of the Galilean satellites. Small inner satellites, three of which were discovered in Voyager images, interact gravitationally with one another and with the ring particles in ways not observed elsewhere in the solar system. Saturn's broad A, B, and C rings contain hundreds of "ringlets," and in the densest portion of the B ring there are numerous nonaxisymmetric features. The narrow F ring has three components which, in at least one instance, are kinked and crisscrossed. Two rings are observed beyond the F ring, and material is seen between the C ring and the planet.

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Physical significance and the role of Lagrangian points and the Oort clouds of planets in the Solar System
Rawal, J. J. (1992) · Earth Moon and Planets · doi:10.1007/bf00054652 · Cited by 2
Planetary atmospheres
Beebe, R. F. (1983) · Reviews of Geophysics · doi:10.1029/rg021i002p00143 · Cited by 2
Higher order mass aggregation terms in a nonlinear predator–prey model maintain limit cycle stability in Saturn’s F ring
Deeb, O. E. (2024) · Physica D Nonlinear Phenomena · doi:10.1016/j.physd.2024.134311 · Cited by 1
“It is exceptionally thin, with an average width of about 30 km and consists of multiple strands and braids of material that weave in and out, creating intricate patterns and knots [6,7].”
Global climate modelling of Saturn’s atmosphere, Part V: Large-scale vortices
Donnelly, P. T., Spiga, A., Guerlet, S., James, M. K., & Bardet, D. (2024) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2024.116302 · Cited by 1
POLARIS: The POLArized RadIation Simulator for Mie scattering in optically thick dusty plasmas
Kobus, J., Reißl, S., Lietzow-Sinjen, M., Bensberg, A., Petersen, A., Greiner, F., & Wolf, S. (2025) · Computer Physics Communications · doi:10.1016/j.cpc.2025.109645 · Cited by 1
Ion-acoustic waves and stability analysis in magnetized dusty plasma with combined Kappa–Cairns-distributed electrons
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A Comprehensive Spectroscopic Reference of the Solar System and Its Application to Exoplanet Direct Imaging
Payne, A., Villanueva, G. L., Kofman, V., Fauchez, T. J., Faggi, S., Mandell, A. M., Roberge, A., & Alei, E. (2026) · The Planetary Science Journal · doi:10.3847/psj/ae2feb · Cited by 1
“Voyager 1 returned photographs that revealed new details regarding the Saturn system, including Titan’s haze, Saturn’s unique cloud circulation patterns, subcomponents of Saturn’s rings, and multiple new moons ( B. A. Smith et al. 1981 ) .”
On the damping of the bending waves in Saturn’s ring
Chakrabarti, S. K. (1988) · Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy · doi:10.1007/bf02715070 · Cited by 1
“…that the particulate Saturn’s rings show varieties of the collective effects such as the spiral density waves and the spiral bending waves (Smith et al. 1981; Cuzzi, Lissauer & Shu 1981; Lane et al. 1982; Holberg, Forrester & Lissauer 1982; Shu, Cuzzi & Lissauer 1983; Shu 1984; Gresh et…”
Background
Secondary-electron yields of solar system ICES
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A dust halo of Enceladus
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A simple model for the location of Saturn’s F ring
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TEAM - Titan Exploration Atmospheric Microprobes
Nixon, C. A., Aslam, S., Guzewich, S. D., Esper, J., Thompson, S. N., Hewagama, T., Tran, D. Q., & Nehmetallah, G. (2019) · IEEE Aerospace Conference (AERO) · doi:10.1109/aero.2019.8742127 · Cited by 1
“In 1980, the Voyager 1 spacecraft made the first close encounter with Saturn’s moon Titan, photographing the multiple cloud layers and making spectroscopic and radiosounding measurements of the atmosphere [4-6].”
Method
Dynamical processes
(2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/3-540-37713-1_5 · Cited by 1
3.2.2.6 Planetary magnetic fields
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Giant Planet Observations in NASA’s Planetary Data System
Chanover, N. J., Bauer, J. M., Blalock, J. J., Gordon, M. K., Huber, L. F., Mace, M., Neakrase, L. D. V., Tiscareno, M. S., & Walker, R. J. (2022) · Remote Sensing · doi:10.3390/rs14236112 · Cited by 1
A chance of rain: investigating the effects of stochastic charging on the orbital dynamics and precipitation of nanodust in Saturn’s rings
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Authors: Smith, B. A., Soderblom, L., Beebe, R., Boyce, J., Briggs, G., Bunker, A., Collins, S. A., Hansen, C. J., Johnson, T. V., Mitchell, J. L., Terrile, R. J., Carr, M., Cook, A. F., Cuzzi, J., Pollack, J. B., Danielson, G. E., Ingersoll, A., Davies, M. E., Hunt, G. E., Masursky, H., Shoemaker, E., Morrison, D., Owen, T., Sagan, C., Veverka, J., Strom, R., & Suomi, V. E.
Affiliations: University of Arizona (US)
United States Geological Survey (US)
New Mexico State University (US)
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (US)
California Institute of Technology (US)
University of Hawaii System (US)
ORCID: Soderblom, Laurence
Hansen, Candice J.
Carr, Michael
Cuzzi, Jeffrey
Ingersoll, Andrew
Hunt, Garry E.
Morrison, David
Sagan, Carl
Venue: Science
Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Published: 1981-04-10
Volume: 212
Issue: 4491
Pages: 163-191
ISSN: 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
1095-9203
DOI: 10.1126/science.212.4491.163
OpenAlex: W1998543912
Cited by: 795
References: 67
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 13
FWCI: 111.60
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Science (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Space and Planetary Science › Astro and Planetary Science
Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › History and Developments in Astronomy
Keywords: Saturn, Voyager 1, Saturn atmosphere, Titan haze, icy satellites, ringlets, Saturn rings, f-rings, satellite density, crater formation, planetary atmospheres

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Encounter with Saturn: Voyager 1 Imaging Science Results

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