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Encounter with Saturn: Voyager 1 Imaging Science Results
Abstract
As Voyager 1 flew through the Saturn system it returned photographs revealing many new and surprising characteristics of this complicated community of bodies. Saturn's atmosphere has numerous, low-contrast, discrete cloud features and a pattern of circulation significantly different from that of Jupiter. Titan is shrouded in a haze layer that varies in thickness and appearance. Among the icy satellites there is considerable variety in density, albedo, and surface morphology and substantial evidence for endogenic surface modification. Trends in density and crater characteristics are quite unlike those of the Galilean satellites. Small inner satellites, three of which were discovered in Voyager images, interact gravitationally with one another and with the ring particles in ways not observed elsewhere in the solar system. Saturn's broad A, B, and C rings contain hundreds of "ringlets," and in the densest portion of the B ring there are numerous nonaxisymmetric features. The narrow F ring has three components which, in at least one instance, are kinked and crisscrossed. Two rings are observed beyond the F ring, and material is seen between the C ring and the planet.
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BackgroundInfluentialSaturn’s F ring grains: Aggregates made of crystalline water ice
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“It consists of a narrow inner core, approximately 50 km wide (Murray et al., 2008; Bosh et al., 1997) surrounded by multiple strands with variable positions and structure (Charnoz et al., 2005; Smith et al., 1981, 1982; Murray et al., 1997).”
BackgroundPhysical collisions of moonlets and clumps with the Saturn's F-ring core
Charnoz, S. (2009) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2008.12.036 · Cited by 23
“Saturn’s F ring, located about 3400 km beyond the edge of Saturn’s A ring, is a dusty ringlet well known for exhibiting a large variety of transient structures (see, e.g., Smith et al., 1981, Murray et al.,1997, Poulet et al.,2000, Showalter 2004, Murray et al. 2005a, 2005b, 2008).”
BackgroundHorányi, M., Burns, J. A., Hedman, M. M., Jones, G. H., & Kempf, S. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9217-6_16 · Cited by 23
Longitudinal variability of methane and ammonia bands on Saturn
Cochran, A. L., & Cochran, W. D. (1981) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/0019-1035(81)90059-2 · Cited by 23
Morrison, D., Cruikshank, D. P., & Brown, R. H. (1982) · Nature · doi:10.1038/300425a0 · Cited by 23
On the dust ring current of Saturn's F‐ring
(1982) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/gl009i009p01069 · Cited by 23
Surface composition and radius of hyperion
Chuikshank, D. P., & Brown, R. H. (1982) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/0019-1035(82)90100-2 · Cited by 23
Uptake of acetylene on cosmic dust and production of benzene in Titan's atmosphere
Frankland, V. L., James, A. D., Sanchez, J. D. C., Mangan, T. P., Willacy, K., Poppe, A. R., & Plane, J. M. C. (2016) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2016.06.007 · Cited by 22
Haze Seasonal Variations of Titan’s Upper Atmosphere during the Cassini Mission
Seignovert, B., Rannou, P., West, R. A., & Vinatier, S. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abcd3b · Cited by 22
“5a) similar to the one observed at 350 km by Voyager 24 years before (Smith et al. 1981).”
BackgroundChemical and optical behaviour of tholins, laboratory analogues of Titan aerosols
Coll, P., Ramírez, S. I., Navarro-González, R., & Raulin, F. (2001) · Advances in Space Research · doi:10.1016/s0273-1177(01)00060-6 · Cited by 22
Atmospheric Dynamics and Meteorology
Flasar, F. M., Baines, K. H., Bird, M. K., Tokano, T., & West, R. A. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9215-2_13 · Cited by 22
Characterization of Aerosols in the Detached Haze Layer of Titan
Rannou, P. (2000) · Icarus · doi:10.1006/icar.2000.6416 · Cited by 22
The spokes in Saturn's rings: A new approach
Carbary, J. F., Bythrow, P. F., & Mitchell, D. G. (1982) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/gl009i004p00420 · Cited by 22
Saturn's electrostatic discharges: Properties and theoretical considerations
Evans, D. R., Romig, J. H., & Warwick, J. W. (1983) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/0019-1035(83)90197-5 · Cited by 22
Infrared brightness temperature of Saturn's rings based on the inhomogeneous multilayer assumption
Kawata, Y. (1983) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/0019-1035(83)90166-5 · Cited by 22
Mimas’ far-UV albedo: Spatial variations
Hendrix, A. R., Cassidy, T. A., Buratti, B. J., Paranicas, C. P., Hansen, C. J., Teolis, B. D., Roussos, E., Bradley, E. T., Kollmann, P., & Johnson, R. E. (2012) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2012.06.012 · Cited by 21
Saturn’s F ring as seen by Cassini UVIS: Kinematics and statistics
Albers, N., Sremčević, M., Colwell, J. E., & Esposito, L. W. (2011) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2011.11.016 · Cited by 21
The brightening of Saturn’s F ring
French, R., Showalter, M. R., Sfair, R., Argüelles, C. A., Pajuelo, M., Becerra, P., Hedman, M. M., & Nicholson, P. D. (2012) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2012.02.020 · Cited by 21
“ow, relatively dense central core and a lower-density surrounding skirt. The ring showed a high degree of longitudinal variation including the well-known kinks, clumps, strands, and so-called braids (Smith et al., 1981, 1982); the brightness of the ring varied by a factor of more than three from one longitude to anoth…”
MethodBerry, J. L., Ugelow, M. S., Tolbert, M. A., & Browne, E. C. (2019) · ACS Earth and Space Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acsearthspacechem.8b00139 · Cited by 21
Cassini Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS) Observations of Titan 2004–2017
Nixon, C. A., Ansty, T. M., Lombardo, N. A., Bjoraker, G. L., Achterberg, R. K., Annex, A. M., Rice, M., Romani, P. N., Jennings, D. E., Samuelson, R. E., et al. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ab3799 · Cited by 21
Cartwright, R., Emery, J. P., Grundy, W. M., Cruikshank, D. P., Beddingfield, C. B., & Pinilla-Alonso, N. (2019) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2019.113513 · Cited by 21
“rd the Voyager 2 spacecraft showed that the surfaces of these moons are darker than the surfaces of H 2 O ice-rich Saturnian moons observed previously during the Voyager encounters with Saturn (e.g., Smith et al., 1981, 1982). ISS also showed that the graytoned surfaces of the Uranian moons have some brighter regions,…”
BackgroundA unified nomenclature for tectonic structures on the surface of Enceladus
Nahm, A. L., & Kattenhorn, S. A. (2015) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2015.06.009 · Cited by 23
Dust ion-acoustic solitary and shock waves due to dust charge fluctuation with vortexlike electrons
Duha, S. S., Anowar, M. G. M., & Mamun, A. A. (2010) · Physics of Plasmas · doi:10.1063/1.3497273 · Cited by 21
Metadata
- Authors
- Smith, B. A., Soderblom, L., Beebe, R., Boyce, J., Briggs, G., Bunker, A., Collins, S. A., Hansen, C. J., Johnson, T. V., Mitchell, J. L., Terrile, R. J., Carr, M., Cook, A. F., Cuzzi, J., Pollack, J. B., Danielson, G. E., Ingersoll, A., Davies, M. E., Hunt, G. E., Masursky, H., Shoemaker, E., Morrison, D., Owen, T., Sagan, C., Veverka, J., Strom, R., & Suomi, V. E.
- Affiliations
- University of Arizona (US)
- United States Geological Survey (US)
- New Mexico State University (US)
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (US)
- California Institute of Technology (US)
- University of Hawaii System (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 1981-04-10
- Volume
- 212
- Issue
- 4491
- Pages
- 163-191
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W1998543912
- Cited by
- 795
- References
- 67
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 111.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Space and Planetary Science › Astro and Planetary Science
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › History and Developments in Astronomy
- Keywords
- Saturn, Voyager 1, Saturn atmosphere, Titan haze, icy satellites, ringlets, Saturn rings, f-rings, satellite density, crater formation, planetary atmospheres
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