The DOI matches its Crossref record; 4 of the 4 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Enhancement of Antitumor Immunity by CTLA-4 Blockade
Abstract
One reason for the poor immunogenicity of many tumors may be that they cannot provide signals for CD28-mediated costimulation necessary to fully activate T cells. It has recently become apparent that CTLA-4, a second counterreceptor for the B7 family of costimulatory molecules, is a negative regulator of T cell activation. Here, in vivo administration of antibodies to CTLA-4 resulted in the rejection of tumors, including preestablished tumors. Furthermore, this rejection resulted in immunity to a secondary exposure to tumor cells. These results suggest that blockade of the inhibitory effects of CTLA-4 can allow for, and potentiate, effective immune responses against tumor cells.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Overcoming such checkpoints through the use of therapeutic antibodies targeting the CTLA-4, PD-1, or PD-L1 cell-surface receptors was shown to be instrumental in promoting anti-tumor T cell responses in mice and in cancer patients”
From LXR/ApoE Activation Restricts Innate Immune Suppression in Cancer (2018) · cites this paper as Leach et al., 1996
In the citing paper
“Additionally, studies by Allison et al. using murine colon carcinoma and fibrosarcoma models demonstrated that co-administration of anti-CTLA-4 antibodies with tumor lysate-loaded dendritic cells can reduce Tregs, increase CD8+ lymphocytes, inhibit metastatic growth, and prolong survival [121].”
From Current and Future Trends of Colorectal Cancer Treatment: Exploring Advances in Immunotherapy (2024) · cites this paper as [121]
In the citing paper
“CTLA-4, another inhibitory receptor that is expressed on CD4+ Treg and activated CD8+ T cells, restrains costimulation of T cells and thus also serves as immune checkpoint357,358.”
From TGFβ biology in cancer progression and immunotherapy (2021) · cites this paper as [358]
In the citing paper
“Immune checkpoint therapy (ICT) can provide durable clinical responses and improve overall survival.”
From The Next Decade of Immune Checkpoint Therapy (2021) · cites this paper as [1]
In the citing paper
“In early studies, an anti-CTLA4 antibody prevented CTLA4 from engaging B7, leading to prolonged T-cell responses and eradication of cancer cells (1).”
From The Next Decade of Immune Checkpoint Therapy (2021) · cites this paper as [1]
In the citing paper
“Similarly, the in vivo administration of anti-CTLA4 antibodies enhanced the antitumor effect of tumor-infiltrating T cells, leading to regression of established tumors and long-lived immunity in tumor models (1).”
From The Next Decade of Immune Checkpoint Therapy (2021) · cites this paper as [1]
In the citing paper
“Initial preclinical studies demonstrated that blockade of CTLA-4 with an antibody led to an enhanced and a long-lasting anti-tumor immune response and regression of immunogenic tumors (Leach et al., 1996; van Elsas et al., 1999).”
From Hallmarks of response, resistance, and toxicity to immune checkpoint blockade (2021) · cites this paper as Leach et al., 1996
In the citing paper
“CTLA-4 blockade did not demonstrate substantial autoimmunity (Leach et al., 1996; Rowshanravan et al., 2018).”
From Hallmarks of response, resistance, and toxicity to immune checkpoint blockade (2021) · cites this paper as Leach et al., 1996
In the citing paper
“ICB treatment in pre-clinical models did not lead to overwhelming autoimmune pathology”
From Hallmarks of response, resistance, and toxicity to immune checkpoint blockade (2021) · cites this paper as Leach et al., 1996
Citations
Cites
Lymphoproliferative Disorders with Early Lethality in Mice Deficient in Ctla-4
Waterhouse, P., Penninger, J. M., Timms, E., Wakeham, A., Shahinian, A., Lee, K. P., Thompson, C. B., Griesser, H., & Mak, T. W. (1995) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.270.5238.985 · Cited by 2,766
CD28 and CTLA-4 have opposing effects on the response of T cells to stimulation.
Krummel, M. F., & Allison, J. P. (1995) · The Journal of experimental medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.182.2.459 · Cited by 2,245
Self-citationCTLA-4 is a second receptor for the B cell activation antigen B7.
Linsley, P. S., Brady, W., Urnes, M., Grosmaire, L. S., Damle, N. K., & Ledbetter, J. A. (1991) · The Journal of experimental medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.174.3.561 · Cited by 1,685
Chen, L., Ashe, S., Brady, W. A., Hellström, I., Hellström, K. E., Ledbetter, J. A., McGowan, P., & Linsley, P. S. (1992) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(05)80059-5 · Cited by 1,050
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 28
- ALLISON P. J., CD28-B7 INTERACTIONS IN T-CELL ACTIVATION, CURRENT OPINION IN IMMUNOLOGY 6, 414 (1994). · DOI
- ALLISON P. J., MANIPULATION OF COSTIMULATORY SIGNALS TO ENHANCE ANTITUMOR T-CELL RESPONSES, CURRENT OPINION IN IMMUNOLOGY 7, 682 (1995). · DOI
- ALLISON P. J., THE YIN AND YANG OF T-CELL COSTIMULATION, SCIENCE 270, 932 (1995). · DOI
- BASKAR S, MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX CLASS II(+)B7-1(+) TUMOR-CELLS ARE POTENT VACCINES FOR STIMULATING TUMOR REJECTION IN TUMOR-BEARING MICE, JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE 181, 619 (1995). · DOI
- BASKAR S, CONSTITUTIVE EXPRESSION OF B7 RESTORES IMMUNOGENICITY OF TUMOR-CELLS EXPRESSING TRUNCATED MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX CLASS-II MOLECULES, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 90, 5687 (1993). · DOI
- BLUESTONE A. J., NEW PERSPECTIVES OF CD28-B7-MEDIATED T-CELL COSTIMULATION, IMMUNITY 2, 555 (1995). · DOI
- BRUNET F. J., A NEW MEMBER OF THE IMMUNOGLOBULIN SUPERFAMILY - CTLA-4, NATURE 328, 267 (1987). · DOI
- DRANOFF G, VACCINATION WITH IRRADIATED TUMOR-CELLS ENGINEERED TO SECRETE MURINE GRANULOCYTE-MACROPHAGE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR STIMULATES POTENT, SPECIFIC, AND LONG-LASTING ANTITUMOR IMMUNITY, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 90, 3539 (1993). · DOI
- FLAMAND V, MURINE DENDRITIC CELLS PULSED IN-VITRO WITH TUMOR-ANTIGEN INDUCE TUMOR RESISTANCE IN-VIVO, EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 24, 605 (1994). · DOI
- GRABBE S, DENDRITIC CELLS AS INITIATORS OF TUMOR IMMUNE-RESPONSES - A POSSIBLE STRATEGY FOR TUMOR-IMMUNOTHERAPY, IMMUNOLOGY TODAY 16, 117 (1995). · DOI
- GRIBBEN G. J., CTLA4 MEDIATES ANTIGEN-SPECIFIC APOPTOSIS OF HUMAN T-CELLS, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 92, 811 (1995). · DOI
- GROSS A. J., IDENTIFICATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE COSTIMULATORY RECEPTOR CD28 IN THE MOUSE, JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 149, 380 (1992). · DOI
- HARPER K, CTLA-4 AND CD28 ACTIVATED LYMPHOCYTE MOLECULES ARE CLOSELY RELATED IN BOTH MOUSE AND HUMAN AS TO SEQUENCE, MESSAGE EXPRESSION, GENE STRUCTURE, AND CHROMOSOMAL LOCATION, JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 147, 1037 (1991). · DOI
- HUANG AYC, ROLE OF BONE-MARROW-DERIVED CELLS IN PRESENTING MHC CLASS I-RESTRICTED TUMOR-ANTIGENS, SCIENCE 264, 961 (1994). · DOI
- JENKINS K. M., THE UPS AND DOWNS OF T-CELL COSTIMULATION, IMMUNITY 1, 443 (1994). · DOI
- JUNE H. C., THE B7 AND CD28 RECEPTOR FAMILIES, IMMUNOLOGY TODAY 15, 321 (1994). · DOI
- KEARNEY R. E., J IMMUNOL 155, 1033 (1995). · DOI
- KRUMMEL F. M., IN PRESS INT IMMUNOL .
- LEACH R. D., FIBROSARCOMA CELLS EXPRESSING ALLOGENEIC MHC CLASS-II ANTIGENS INDUCE PROTECTIVE ANTITUMOR IMMUNITY, JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 154, 738 (1995). · DOI
- LEVITSKY I. H., IN-VIVO PRIMING OF 2 DISTINCT ANTITUMOR EFFECTOR POPULATIONS - THE ROLE OF MHC CLASS-I EXPRESSION, JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE 179, 1215 (1994). · DOI
- LINSLEY S. P., THE ROLE OF THE CD28 RECEPTOR DURING T-CELL RESPONSES TO ANTIGEN, ANNUAL REVIEW OF IMMUNOLOGY 11, 191 (1993). · DOI
- LINSLEY S. P., HUMAN B7-1 (CD80) AND B7-2 (CD86) BIND WITH SIMILAR AVIDITIES BUT DISTINCT KINETICS TO CD28 AND CTLA-4 RECEPTORS, IMMUNITY 1, 793 (1994). · DOI
- LINSLEY S. P., DISTINCT ROLES FOR CD28 AND CYTOTOXIC T-LYMPHOCYTE-ASSOCIATED MOLECULE-4 RECEPTORS DURING T-CELL ACTIVATION, JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE 182, 289 (1995). · DOI
- MUELLER L. D., CLONAL EXPANSION VERSUS FUNCTIONAL CLONAL INACTIVATION - A COSTIMULATORY SIGNALING PATHWAY DETERMINES THE OUTCOME OF T-CELL ANTIGEN RECEPTOR OCCUPANCY, ANNUAL REVIEW OF IMMUNOLOGY 7, 445 (1989). · DOI
- OSTRANDROSENBERG S, REJECTION OF MOUSE SARCOMA-CELLS AFTER TRANSFECTION OF MHC CLASS-II GENES, JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 144, 4068 (1990). · DOI
- TOWNSEND E. S., SPECIFICITY AND LONGEVITY OF ANTITUMOR IMMUNE-RESPONSES INDUCED BY B7-TRANSFECTED TUMORS, CANCER RESEARCH 54, 6477 (1994).
- TOWNSEND E. S., TUMOR REJECTION AFTER DIRECT COSTIMULATION OF CD8+ T-CELLS BY B7-TRANSFECTED MELANOMA-CELLS, SCIENCE 259, 368 (1993). · DOI
- WALUNAS L. T., CTLA-4 CAN FUNCTION AS A NEGATIVE REGULATOR OF T-CELL ACTIVATION, IMMUNITY 1, 405 (1994). · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–138 of 138
Increased frequency of ICOS+ CD4 T cells as a pharmacodynamic biomarker for anti-CTLA-4 therapy
Ng Tang, D., Shen, Y., Sun, J., Wen, S., Wolchok, J. D., Yuan, J., Allison, J. P., & Sharma, P. (2013) · Cancer Immunology Research · doi:10.1158/2326-6066.cir-13-0020 · Cited by 203
Self-citationSubrahmanyam, P. B., Dong, Z., Gusenleitner, D., Giobbie-Hurder, A., Severgnini, M., Zhou, J., Manos, M., Eastman, L. M., Maecker, H. T., & Hodi, F. S. (2018) · Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer · doi:10.1186/s40425-018-0328-8 · Cited by 190
Hinterleitner, C., Strähle, J., Malenke, E., Hinterleitner, M., Henning, M., Seehawer, M., Bilich, T., Heitmann, J., Lutz, M., Mattern, S., et al. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-27303-7 · Cited by 175
Skerra, A. (2008) · The FEBS Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06439.x · Cited by 176
Clinical Features of Nivolumab-Induced Thyroiditis: A Case Series Study
Yamauchi, I., Sakane, Y., Fukuda, Y., Fujii, T., Taura, D., Hirata, M., Hirota, K., Ueda, Y., Kanai, Y., Yamashita, Y., et al. (2017) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2016.0562 · Cited by 169
Sasidharan Nair, V., Toor, S. M., Ali, B. R., & Elkord, E. (2018) · Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets · doi:10.1080/14728222.2018.1471137 · Cited by 159
CD28: a signalling perspective
WARD, S. G. (1996) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj3180361 · Cited by 149
Zappasodi, R., Budhu, S., Hellmann, M. D., Postow, M. A., Senbabaoglu, Y., Manne, S., Gasmi, B., Liu, C., Zhong, H., Li, Y., et al. (2018) · Cancer Cell · doi:10.1016/j.ccell.2018.05.009 · Cited by 142
de Coaña, Y. P., Wolodarski, M., Poschke, I., Yoshimoto, Y., Yang, Y., Nyström, M., Edbäck, U., Brage, S. E., Lundqvist, A., Masucci, G. V., et al. (2017) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.15368 · Cited by 139
Salvi, S., Fontana, V., Boccardo, S., Merlo, D. F., Margallo, E., Laurent, S., Morabito, A., Rijavec, E., Dal Bello, M. G., Mora, M., et al. (2012) · Cancer Immunology Immunotherapy · doi:10.1007/s00262-012-1211-y · Cited by 133
Du, X., Liu, M., Su, J., Zhang, P., Tang, F., Ye, P., Devenport, M., Wang, X., Zhang, Y., Liu, Y., et al. (2018) · Cell Research · doi:10.1038/s41422-018-0012-z · Cited by 123
Selective inhibition of low-affinity memory CD8(+) T cells by corticosteroids
Tokunaga, A., Sugiyama, D., Maeda, Y., Warner, A. B., Panageas, K. S., Ito, S., Togashi, Y., Sakai, C., Wolchok, J. D., & Nishikawa, H. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20190738 · Cited by 124
Intratumoral regulatory T cells: markers, subsets and their impact on anti-tumor immunity
Yano, H., Andrews, L. P., Workman, C. J., & Vignali, D. A. A. (2019) · Immunology · doi:10.1111/imm.13067 · Cited by 116
Regulation of Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte-Associated Molecule-4 by Src Kinases
Chuang, E., Lee, K.-M., Robbins, M. D., Duerr, J. M., Alegre, M.-L., Hambor, J. E., Neveu, M. J., Bluestone, J. A., & Thompson, C. B. (1999) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.162.3.1270 · Cited by 119
Thyroid Dysfunction as an Unintended Side Effect of Anticancer Drugs
Torino, F., Barnabei, A., Paragliola, R., Baldelli, R., Appetecchia, M., & Corsello, S. M. (2013) · Thyroid® · doi:10.1089/thy.2013.0241 · Cited by 117
Shi, L. Z., Fu, T., Guan, B., Chen, J., Blando, J. M., Allison, J. P., Xiong, L., Subudhi, S. K., Gao, J., & Sharma, P. (2016) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms12335 · Cited by 111
Self-citationCommon germline variants of the human APOE gene modulate melanoma progression and survival
Ostendorf, B. N., Bilanovic, J., Adaku, N., Tafreshian, K. N., Tavora, B., Vaughan, R. D., & Tavazoie, S. F. (2020) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-020-0879-3 · Cited by 108
Autoimmune endocrine dysfunctions associated with cancer immunotherapies
Ferrari, S. M., Fallahi, P., Elia, G., Ragusa, F., Ruffilli, I., Patrizio, A., Galdiero, M. R., Baldini, E., Ulisse, S., Marone, G., et al. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20102560 · Cited by 107
The Cellular Immunotherapy Revolution: Arming the Immune System for Precision Therapy
Paucek, R. D., Baltimore, D., & Li, G. (2019) · Trends in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.it.2019.02.002 · Cited by 104
Treg Fragility: A Prerequisite for Effective Antitumor Immunity?
Overacre-Delgoffe, A. E., & Vignali, D. A. A. (2018) · Cancer Immunology Research · doi:10.1158/2326-6066.cir-18-0066 · Cited by 102
Aging, immune senescence, and immunotherapy: a comprehensive review
Elias, R., Hartshorn, K., Rahma, O., Lin, N., & Snyder-Cappione, J. E. (2018) · Seminars in Oncology · doi:10.1053/j.seminoncol.2018.08.006 · Cited by 96
Donohoue, P. D., Pacesa, M., Lau, E., Vidal, B., Irby, M. J., Nyer, D. B., Rotstein, T., Banh, L., Toh, M. S., Gibson, J., et al. (2021) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2021.07.035 · Cited by 69
Kudo, M. (2019) · Liver Cancer · doi:10.1159/000503254 · Cited by 70
Current Progress and Future Perspectives of Immune Checkpoint in Cancer and Infectious Diseases
Cai, X., Zhan, H., Ye, Y., Yang, J., Zhang, M., Li, J., & Zhuang, Y. (2021) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2021.785153 · Cited by 66
Src Family Tyrosine Kinases Associate with and Phosphorylate CTLA-4 (CD152)
Miyatake, S., Nakaseko, C., Umemori, H., Yamamoto, T., & Saito, T. (1998) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1006/bbrc.1998.9191 · Cited by 65
Hanna, B. S., Roessner, P. M., Scheffold, A., Jebaraj, B. M. C., Demerdash, Y., Öztürk, S., Lichter, P., Stilgenbauer, S., & Seiffert, M. (2019) · Leukemia · doi:10.1038/s41375-018-0318-3 · Cited by 55
Berezhnoy, A., Sumrow, B. J., Stahl, K., Shah, K., Liu, D., Li, J., Hao, S.-S., De Costa, A., Kaul, S., Bendell, J., et al. (2020) · Cell Reports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.xcrm.2020.100163 · Cited by 56
Di Luccia, B., Molgora, M., Khantakova, D., Jaeger, N., Chang, H.-W., Czepielewski, R. S., Helmink, B. A., Onufer, E. J., Fachi, J. L., Bhattarai, B., et al. (2024) · Science Immunology · doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.adi5374 · Cited by 59
Checkpoint immunotherapy in pediatrics: here, gone, and back again
Long, A. H., Morgenstern, D. A., Leruste, A., Bourdeaut, F., & Davis, K. L. (2022) · American Society of Clinical Oncology Educational Book · doi:10.1200/edbk_349799 · Cited by 53
Combinatorial blockade for cancer immunotherapy: targeting emerging immune checkpoint receptors
Roy, D., Gilmour, C., Patnaik, S., & Wang, L. L. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1264327 · Cited by 53
KAWANO, M., ITONAGA, I., IWASAKI, T., & TSUMURA, H. (2013) · Oncology Reports · doi:10.3892/or.2013.2224 · Cited by 51
Gumbleton, M., Sudan, R., Fernandes, S., Engelman, R. W., Russo, C. M., Chisholm, J. D., & Kerr, W. G. (2017) · Science Signaling · doi:10.1126/scisignal.aam5353 · Cited by 43
Current and Future Trends of Colorectal Cancer Treatment: Exploring Advances in Immunotherapy
Nikolouzakis, T. K., Chrysos, E., Docea, A. O., Fragkiadaki, P., Souglakos, J., Tsiaoussis, J., & Tsatsakis, A. (2024) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers16111995 · Cited by 37
Overcoming immunological tolerance to melanoma: targeting CTLA-4
HODI, F. S. (2010) · Asia-Pacific Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1111/j.1743-7563.2010.01271.x · Cited by 36
Functional differences between rodent and human PD-1 linked to evolutionary divergence
Masubuchi, T., Chen, L., Marcel, N., Wen, G. A., Caron, C., Zhang, J., Zhao, Y., Morris, G. P., Chen, X., Hedrick, S. M., et al. (2025) · Science Immunology · doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.ads6295 · Cited by 36
Ipilimumab reshapes T cell memory subsets in melanoma patients with clinical response
Felix, J., Lambert, J., Roelens, M., Maubec, E., Guermouche, H., Pages, C., Sidina, I., Cordeiro, D. J., Maki, G., Chasset, F., et al. (2016) · OncoImmunology · doi:10.1080/2162402x.2015.1136045 · Cited by 32
Advances in immunomodulatory MOFs for biomedical applications
Zhang, B., Chen, J., Zhu, Z., Zhang, X., & Wang, J. (2024) · Small · doi:10.1002/smll.202307299 · Cited by 31
How does the gut microbiome influence immune checkpoint blockade therapy?
Almonte, A. A., Rangarajan, H., Yip, D., & Fahrer, A. M. (2021) · Immunology & Cell Biology · doi:10.1111/imcb.12423 · Cited by 21
Metadata
- Authors
- Leach, D. R., Krummel, M. F., & Allison, J. P.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Corresponding author
- Allison, James P.
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 1996-03-22
- Volume
- 271
- Issue
- 5256
- Pages
- 1734-1736
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W2094366129
- Cited by
- 3,955
- References
- 4
- Citations by year
- 2026: 114 · 2025: 210 · 2024: 248 · 2023: 271 · 2022: 254 · 2021: 327 · 2020: 331 · 2019: 317 · 2018: 243 · 2017: 216 · 2016: 204 · 2015: 188 · 2014: 88 · 2013: 113 · 2012: 87
- FWCI
- 20.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute (CA40041, CA 09179, R01CA057986, T32CA009179, CA57986)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Keywords
- CTLA-4, CTLA-4 blockade, antitumor immunity, tumor immunogenicity, CD28 costimulation, B7 costimulatory molecules, T cell activation, tumor rejection, anti-CTLA-4 antibody
- MeSH terms
- Abatacept, Animals, Antibodies, Antigens, Differentiation, Female, Graft Rejection, Immunologic Memory, Lymphocyte Activation, Mice, Inbred A, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Neoplasm Transplantation, Neoplasms, Experimental, T-Lymphocytes, Transfection, Tumor Cells, Cultured, Antigens, CD, CD28 Antigens, B7-1 Antigen, Immunoconjugates, Mice, CTLA-4 Antigen
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
