Current Progress and Future Perspectives of Immune Checkpoint in Cancer and Infectious Diseases
Open accessAbstract
The inhibitory regulators, known as immune checkpoints, prevent overreaction of the immune system, avoid normal tissue damage, and maintain immune homeostasis during the antimicrobial or antiviral immune response. Unfortunately, cancer cells can mimic the ligands of immune checkpoints to evade immune surveillance. Application of immune checkpoint blockade can help dampen the ligands expressed on cancer cells, reverse the exhaustion status of effector T cells, and reinvigorate the antitumor function. Here, we briefly introduce the structure, expression, signaling pathway, and targeted drugs of several inhibitory immune checkpoints (PD-1/PD-L1, CTLA-4, TIM-3, LAG-3, VISTA, and IDO1). And we summarize the application of immune checkpoint inhibitors in tumors, such as single agent and combination therapy and adverse reactions. At the same time, we further discussed the correlation between immune checkpoints and microorganisms and the role of immune checkpoints in microbial-infection diseases. This review focused on the current knowledge about the role of the immune checkpoints will help in applying immune checkpoints for clinical therapy of cancer and other diseases.
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ICIs work by reinvigorating the host immune system to fight tumour cells, in contrast to traditional therapeutic strategies.
“In contrast to traditional therapeutic strategies, ICIs work by reinvigorating the host immune system to fight tumour cells [16].”
From Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Cancer Therapy (2022) · cites this paper as [16]
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- Zhu C. Sakuishi K. Xiao S. Sun Z. Zaghouani S. Gu G. (2015). Erratum: Corrigendum: An IL-27/NFIL3 Signalling axis Drives Tim-3 and IL-10 Expression and T-Cell Dysfunction. Nat. Commun. 6, 7657. 10.1038/ncomms8657 26153760 · DOI
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Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Cancer Therapy
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- Cai, X., Zhan, H., Ye, Y., Yang, J., Zhang, M., Li, J., & Zhuang, Y.
- Affiliations
- Harbin Medical University (CN)
- Chifeng Municipal Hospital (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Zhang, Minghui
- Li, Jing
- Zhuang, Yuan
- Venue
- Frontiers in Genetics
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2021-11-30
- Volume
- 12
- Pages
- 785153-785153
- ISSN
- 1664-8021 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8670224
- OpenAlex
- W3215438668
- Cited by
- 66
- References
- 173
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 6 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 1.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Genetics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Keywords
- immune checkpoint, immune checkpoint inhibitors, cancer immunotherapy, immune evasion, PD-1/PD-L1, CTLA-4, TIM-3, LAG-3, VISTA, IDO1, T cell exhaustion, immune homeostasis, microbial infection, combination therapy, adverse effects
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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