Cited by 1,705Circadian rhythm and melatoninSleep and Work-Related FatigueSleep and Wakefulness Research

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 66 of the 67 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Stability, Precision, and Near-24-Hour Period of the Human Circadian Pacemaker

Czeisler, Charles A., Duffy, Jeanne F., Shanahan, Theresa L., Brown, Emery N., Mitchell, Jude F., Rimmer, David W., Ronda, Joseph M., Silva, Edward J., Allan, James S., Emens, Jonathan S., Dijk, Derk-Jan, Kronauer, Richard E.·1999·Science

DOI 10.1126/science.284.5423.2177

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Regulation of circadian period in humans was thought to differ from that of other species, with the period of the activity rhythm reported to range from 13 to 65 hours (median 25.2 hours) and the period of the body temperature rhythm reported to average 25 hours in adulthood, and to shorten with age. However, those observations were based on studies of humans exposed to light levels sufficient to confound circadian period estimation. Precise estimation of the periods of the endogenous circadian rhythms of melatonin, core body temperature, and cortisol in healthy young and older individuals living in carefully controlled lighting conditions has now revealed that the intrinsic period of the human circadian pacemaker averages 24.18 hours in both age groups, with a tight distribution consistent with other species. These findings have important implications for understanding the pathophysiology of disrupted sleep in older people.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1126/science.284.5423.2177

Cites

66 of 66 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Clock Mutants of Drosophila melanogaster
Konopka, R. J., & Benzer, S. (1971) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.68.9.2112 · Cited by 2,287
Role of the CLOCK Protein in the Mammalian Circadian Mechanism
Gekakis, N., Staknis, D., Nguyen, H. B., Davis, F. C., Wilsbacher, L. D., King, D. P., Takahashi, J. S., & Weitz, C. J. (1998) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.280.5369.1564 · Cited by 2,035
Mutagenesis and Mapping of a Mouse Gene, Clock , Essential for Circadian Behavior
Vitaterna, M. H., King, D. P., Chang, A.-M., Kornhauser, J. M., Lowrey, P. L., McDonald, J. D., Dove, W. F., Pinto, L. H., Turek, F. W., & Takahashi, J. S. (1994) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.8171325 · Cited by 1,632
Positional Cloning of the Mouse Circadian Gene
King, D. P., Zhao, Y., Sangoram, A. M., Wilsbacher, L. D., Tanaka, M., Antoch, M. P., Steeves, T. D. L., Vitaterna, M. H., Kornhauser, J. M., Lowrey, P. L., et al. (1997) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80245-7 · Cited by 1,382
Sleep and Wakefulness
Kleitman, N., & Eckenhoff, J. E. (1964) · Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/00000441-196502000-00024 · Cited by 1,131
Bright Light Induction of Strong (Type 0) Resetting of the Human Circadian Pacemaker
Czeisler, C. A., Kronauer, R. E., Allan, J. S., Duffy, J. F., Jewett, M. E., Brown, E. N., & Ronda, J. M. (1989) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.2734611 · Cited by 946
Human Sleep: Its Duration and Organization Depend on Its Circadian Phase
Czeisler, C. A., Weitzman, E. D., Moore-Ede, M. C., Zimmerman, J. C., & Knauer, R. S. (1980) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7434029 · Cited by 903
Three period Homologs in Mammals: Differential Light Responses in the Suprachiasmatic Circadian Clock and Oscillating Transcripts Outside of Brain
Zylka, M. J., Shearman, L. P., Weaver, D. R., & Reppert, S. M. (1998) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80492-4 · Cited by 865
Closing the Circadian Loop: CLOCK-Induced Transcription of Its Own Inhibitors per and tim
Darlington, T. K., Wager‐Smith, K., Ceriani, M. F., Staknis, D., Gekakis, N., Steeves, T. D. L., Weitz, C. J., Takahashi, J. S., & Kay, S. A. (1998) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.280.5369.1599 · Cited by 826
Circadian oscillation of a mammalian homologue of the Drosophila period gene
Tei, H., Okamura, H., Shigeyoshi, Y., Fukuhara, C., Ozawa, R., Hirose, M., & Sakaki, Y. (1997) · Nature · doi:10.1038/39086 · Cited by 792

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 67 references

1 of the 67 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 24

Millar A. J., Carré I. A., Strayer C. A., Chua N.-H., Kay S. A., ibid. 267, 1161 (1995).
Pittendrigh C. S., Daan S., ibid. 186, 548 (1974);
W. C. Dement et al. in The Biology of Aging C. E. Finch and E. L. Schneider Eds. (Van Nostrand Reinhold New York 1985) pp. 692–717;
Campbell S. S., Dawson D., Zulley J., Sleep 16, 638 (1993).
Czeisler C. A., Allan J. S., Kronauer R. E., Sleep Res. 15, 266 (1986);
; in Sleep and Biological Rhythms: Basic Mechanisms and Applications to Psychiatry J. Montplaisir and R. Godbout Eds. (Oxford Univ. Press New York 1990) pp. 87–98.
Duffy J. F., Dijk D.-J., Klerman E. B., Czeisler C. A., Am. J. Physiol. 275, R1478 (1998);
Kronauer R. E., Fookson J. E., Strogatz S. H., Sleep Res. 15, 274 (1986).
Klerman E. B., Dijk D.-J., Kronauer R. E., Czeisler C. A., Am. J. Physiol. 270, R271 (1996).
Gander P. H., Kronauer R. E., Czeisler C. A., Moore-Ede M. C., Am. J. Physiol. 247, R427 (1984).
Shanahan T. L., Czeisler C. A., Sleep Res. 20A, 557 (1991);
; T. L. Shanahan thesis Harvard Medical School (1995).
Wyatt J. K., et al., Sleep Res. 26, 759 (1997);
Rimmer D. W., Dijk D. J., Wyatt J. K., Dinges D. F., Czeisler C. A., Med. Sci. Sports Exercise 30, 5 (1997).
Emens J. S., Brotman D. J., Czeisler C. A., Sleep Res. 23, 256 (1994);
C. A. Czeisler thesis Stanford University (1978).
Edgar D. M., Dement W. C., Am. J. Physiol. 261, R928 (1991) ;
Kronauer R. E., Czeisler C. A., Pilato S. F., Moore-Ede M. C., Am. J. Physiol. 242, R3 (1982);
Zulley J., Campbell S. S., Hum. Neurobiol. 4, 123 (1985);
Sack R. L., Lewy A. J., Blood M. L., Keith L. D., Nakagawa H., J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 75, 127 (1992);
Lockley S. W., et al., J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 82, 3763 (1997).
A. Eskin in Biochronometry M. Menaker Ed. (National Academy of Sciences Washington DC 1971) pp. 55–80.
Davis F. C., Viswanathan N., Am. J. Physiol. 275, R960 (1998);
; J. F. Duffy thesis Northeastern University (1998).

Sorted by citations

Items 901–1,000 of 1,000

Normal Aging
Bliwise, D. L. (2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4160-6645-3.00003-7 · Cited by 13
Prediction of individual differences in circadian adaptation to night work among older adults: application of a mathematical model using individual sleep-wake and light exposure data
Hilaire, M. A. S., der Holst, H. M. L., Chinoy, E. D., Isherwood, C., & Duffy, J. F. (2020) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2020.1813153 · Cited by 13
Distinct Circadian Assessments From Wearable Data Reveal Social Distancing Promoted Internal Desynchrony Between Circadian Markers
Huang, Y., Mayer, C., Walch, O., Bowman, C., Sen, S., Goldstein, C. A., Tyler, J., & Forger, D. B. (2021) · Frontiers in Digital Health · doi:10.3389/fdgth.2021.727504 · Cited by 13
Circadian Responses to Light in the BTBR Mouse
Shankara, J. V., Horsley, K. G., Cheng, N., Rho, J. M., & Antle, M. C. (2022) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/07487304221102279 · Cited by 14
Posttranslational Regulation of Circadian Clocks
Vanselow, J. T., & Kramer, A. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1262-6_3 · Cited by 12
Physiology of sleep
Chae, K. Y. (2007) · Korean Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.3345/kjp.2007.50.8.711 · Cited by 13
Do circadian rhythms in respiratory control contribute to sleep-related breathing disorders?
Stephenson, R. (2003) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/s1087-0792(03)90002-5 · Cited by 13
External temporal organization in biological rhythms
Menna-Barreto, L. S., & Dı́ez-Noguera, A. (2011) · Biological Rhythm Research · doi:10.1080/09291016.2011.638111 · Cited by 14
Chronobiology of Sleep in Children
Herman, J. H. (2005) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-7216-9458-0.50013-1 · Cited by 13
Endocrine Rhythms, the Sleep-Wake Cycle, and Biological Clocks
Copinschi, G., Turek, F. W., & Cauter, E. V. (2010) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4160-5583-9.00011-3 · Cited by 14
Evaluation and Management of Insomnia in Menopause
Jones, C. R., & Czajkowski, L. A. (2000) · Clinical Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1097/00003081-200003000-00019 · Cited by 13
Circadian Phase Assessment of Core Body Temperature Using a Wearable Temperature Sensor Under the Real World
Kubota, N., Okada, K., & Yamanaka, Y. (2025) · Sleep Science · doi:10.1055/s-0044-1800785 · Cited by 14
Disruptions to sleep and circadian rhythms are associated with poorer athlete mental health in female, but not male, elite Australian Rules footballers
Mascaro, L., Leota, J., Hoffman, D. T., Rajaratnam, S. M. W., Drummond, S. P. A., & Facer‐Childs, E. R. (2024) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.14186 · Cited by 11
A Model-Based Approach to Optimizing Ultradian Forced Desynchrony Protocols for Human Circadian Research
Stack, N., Barker, D., Carskadon, M. A., & Behn, C. D. (2017) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/0748730417730488 · Cited by 15
Getting the Baby on a Schedule: Dutch and American Mothers’ Ethnotheories and the Establishment of Diurnal Rhythms in Early Infancy
van Schaik, S. D. M., Mavridis, C. J., Harkness, S., de Looze, M. E., Blom, M. J. M., & Super, C. M. (2020) · New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development · doi:10.1002/cad.20336 · Cited by 12
Motif structure for the four subgroups within the suprachiasmatic nuclei affects its entrainment ability
Zheng, W., Gu, C., Yang, H., & Rohling, J. H. T. (2022) · Physical review. E · doi:10.1103/physreve.105.014314 · Cited by 12
Sleep Restriction and Recurrent Circadian Disruption Differentially Affects Blood Pressure, Sodium Retention, and Aldosterone Secretion
McMullan, C. J., McHill, A. W., Hull, J. T., Wang, W., Forman, J. P., & Klerman, E. B. (2022) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2022.914497 · Cited by 12
The effect of cataract on sleep time and quality in late adulthood
Kim, Y. H., Jung, K. I., & Song, C. H. (2012) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/bf03654831 · Cited by 12
Circadian clock gene variants and insomnia, sleepiness, and shift work disorder
Thun, E., Hellard, S. L., Osland, T. M., Bjorvatn, B., Moen, B. E., Magerøy, N., Steen, V. M., Giddaluru, S., Brattbakk, H.-R., & Pallesen, S. (2015) · Sleep and Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1007/s41105-015-0023-9 · Cited by 12
Dissociation between two subgroups of the suprachiasmatic nucleus affected by the number of damped oscillated neurons
Gu, C., Yang, H., & Rohling, J. H. T. (2017) · Physical review. E · doi:10.1103/physreve.95.032302 · Cited by 12
Dispersion of the intrinsic neuronal periods affects the relationship of the entrainment range to the coupling strength in the suprachiasmatic nucleus
Gu, C., Yang, H., & Wang, M. (2017) · Physical review. E · doi:10.1103/physreve.96.052207 · Cited by 12
PER3 gene regulation of sleep-wake behavior as a function of latitude
Leocádio-Miguel, M. A., Carneiro, B. T. S., Ximenes-da-Silva, A., Caumo, W., Kassisse, D. M. G., & Pedrazzoli, M. (2018) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2018.10.002 · Cited by 12
Circadian Rhythms and Disease
Zhang, S., & Sehgal, A. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-812536-6.00011-0 · Cited by 12
Time and Body
Van Duppen, Z., & Sienaert, P. A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108776660 · Cited by 18
Physiological Acclimatization of the Liver to 180‐Day Isolation and the Mars Solar Day
Chen, H., Lv, K., Ji, G., Yuan, Y., Lu, L., Liang, F., Li, K., Xu, Z., Xiong, J., Qu, L., et al. (2020) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2020/2796510 · Cited by 13
Circadian Disorders of the Sleep-Wake Cycle
Abbott, S. M., Reid, K. J., & Zee, P. C. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-24288-2.00040-4 · Cited by 12
A 24-hour lighting scheme to promote alertness and circadian entrainment in railroad dispatchers on rotating shifts: A field study
Sahin, L., & Figueiro, M. G. (2021) · Lighting Research & Technology · doi:10.1177/14771535211040985 · Cited by 12
Assessment of 6-sulfatoxymelatonin rhythms and melatonin response to light in disease states: Lessons from cirrhosis
Montagnese, S., Middleton, B., Corrias, M., Mani, A. R., Skene, D. J., & Morgan, M. Y. (2014) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.3109/07420528.2014.961607 · Cited by 12
Molecular genetics of timing in intrinsic circadian rhythm sleep disorders
Wijnen, H., Boothroyd, C. E., Young, M. W., & Claridge‐Chang, A. (2002) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.1080/078538902320772133 · Cited by 12
Biological Rhythms, Shiftwork, and Occupational Health
Scott, A. J. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/0471435139.tox107.pub2 · Cited by 12
Normal Sleep in Children and Adolescence
Agostini, A., & Centofanti, S. A. (2024) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2023.06.001 · Cited by 11
Circadian photoentrainment varies by season and depressed state: associations between light sensitivity and sleep and circadian timing
Wescott, D. L., Hasler, B. P., Franzen, P. L., Taylor, M. L., Klevens, A. M., Gamlin, P., Siegle, G. J., & Roecklein, K. A. (2024) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsae066 · Cited by 11
Life onboard a submarine: Sleep, fatigue, and lifestyle behaviors of sailors on a circadian-aligned watchstanding schedule
Chabal, S. A., Markwald, R. R., & Chinoy, E. D. (2024) · Applied Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2024.104321 · Cited by 11
Impact of long‐haul airline travel on athletic performance and recovery: A critical review of the literature
Botonis, P. G., Toubekis, A. G., Hill, D. W., & Mündel, T. (2025) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/ep091831 · Cited by 15
Clinical physiology of circadian rhythms: A systematic and hierarchized content analysis of circadian questionnaires
Coelho, J., Martin, V., Gauld, C., d’Incau, E., Geoffroy, P. A., Bourgin, P., Philip, P., Taillard, J., & Micoulaud‐Franchi, J. (2025) · International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.ijchp.2025.100563 · Cited by 11
Habitual Sleep, Social Jetlag, and Reaction Time in Youths With Delayed Sleep–Wake Phase Disorder. A Case–Control Study
Saxvig, I. W., Wilhelmsen‐Langeland, A., Pallesen, S., Nordhus, I. H., Vedaa, Ø., & Bjorvatn, B. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02569 · Cited by 11
Prevalence and risk factors of sleep disorders in visually impaired athletes
Monma, T., Kohda, Y., Yamane, M., Mitsui, T., Ando, K. B., & Takeda, F. (2020) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2020.11.011 · Cited by 11
The sunstone and polarised skylight: ancient Viking navigational tools?
Ropars, G., Lakshminarayanan, V., & Floch, A. L. (2014) · Contemporary Physics · doi:10.1080/00107514.2014.929797 · Cited by 11
Worker Reactions to Electrochromic and Low e Glass Office Windows
Hedge, A., & Nou, D. (2018) · Ergonomics International Journal · doi:10.23880/eoij-16000166 · Cited by 13
Non–24-hour Sleep-Wake Rhythm Disorder
Abbott, S. M. (2019) · Neurologic Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2019.03.002 · Cited by 11
A Biased Diffusion Approach to Sleep Dynamics Reveals Neuronal Characteristics
Dvir, H., Kantelhardt, J. W., Zinkhan, M., Pillmann, F., Szentkirályi, A., Obst, A., Ahrens, W., & Bartsch, R. P. (2019) · Biophysical Journal · doi:10.1016/j.bpj.2019.07.032 · Cited by 11
The Chronobiologic-Based Practical Approach to Shift Work
Cho, C., & Lee, Y. (2019) · Chronobiology in Medicine · doi:10.33069/cim.2019.0013 · Cited by 11
Circadian Rhythms in the Telephone Calls of Older Adults: Observational Descriptive Study
Aubourg, T., Jacques Demongeot, A., Provost, H., & Vuillerme, N. (2020) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/12452 · Cited by 11
Shift Work, Shift-Work Disorder, and Jet Lag
Drake, C. L., & Wright, K. P. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-24288-2.00075-1 · Cited by 11
Timely use of in-car dim blue light and blue blockers in the morning does not improve circadian adaptation of fast rotating shift workers
Martin, J. S., Laberge, L., Sasseville, A., Bérubé, M., Alain, S., Lavoie, J., Houle, J., & Hébert, M. (2021) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2021.1872592 · Cited by 11
An Introduction to Circadian Endocrine Physiology: Implications for Exercise and Sports Performance
Postolache, T. T., Gulati, A., Okusaga, O. O., & Stiller, J. W. (2020) · Contemporary Endocrinology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-33376-8_20 · Cited by 13
Diagnostic Tools for Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders
Wright, K. P., Drake, C. L., & Lockley, S. W. (2008) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.3109/9781420019926-15 · Cited by 11
Effect of Nest Box Availability on the Circadian Activity Rhythm of Common Marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)
Gonçalves, F. B., Belísio, A. S., & de Azevedo, C. V. M. (2009) · Folia Primatologica · doi:10.1159/000230035 · Cited by 11
Spatially Localized Time Shifts of the Perceptual Stream
Hogendoorn, H., Verstraten, F. A. J., & Johnston, A. (2010) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2010.00181 · Cited by 11
Daylight and absenteeism – Evidence from Norway
Markussen, S., & Røed, K. (2014) · Economics & Human Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2014.01.002 · Cited by 11
A time contraction effect of acute tail-pinch stress on the associative learning of rats
Misanin, J. R., Kaufhold, S. E., Paul, R. L., Hinderliter, C. F., & Anderson, M. (2005) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2005.09.001 · Cited by 11
Impact of 5-h phase advance on sleep architecture and physical performance in athletes
Petit, E., Mougin, F., Bourdin, H., Tio, G., & Haffen, É. (2014) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2013-0531 · Cited by 11
Adaptation to visual or auditory time intervals modulates the perception of visual apparent motion
Zhang, H., Chen, L., & Zhou, X. (2012) · Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnint.2012.00100 · Cited by 11
Circadian Rhythms in Mammals
Mistlberger, R. E., & Rusak, B. (2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4160-6645-3.00032-3 · Cited by 11
Chapter 9. Alcohol and Drug Problems
Oslin, D. W., & Mavandadi, S. (2013) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615370016.mt09 · Cited by 11
Influences of cholinergic neurotoxin ethylcholine aziridinium ion on circadian rhythms in rats
Endo, Y., Shinohara, K., Fueta, Y., & Irie, M. (2001) · Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1016/s0168-0102(01)00295-4 · Cited by 11
The Importance of Chronotype in Shift Work Research
Juda, M. (2010) · Electronic Theses of LMU Munich (Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München) · doi:10.5282/edoc.11814 · Cited by 11
The environment and the internal clocks: The study of their relationships from prehistoric to modern times
Touitou, Y., Cermakian, N., & Touitou, C. (2024) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2024.2353857 · Cited by 12
Effects mediated by melatonin and cortisol of artificial light and noise, alone and in combination, on sleep and health
Gabinet, N. M. (2024) · Exploration of neuroscience · doi:10.37349/en.2024.00057 · Cited by 10
Circadian Rhythm Dysregulation in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Mechanisms and Chronotherapeutic Approaches
Nagao, Y., Taguchi, A., & Ohta, Y. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26083724 · Cited by 10
The complexity and commonness of the two-process model of sleep regulation from a mathematical perspective
Skeldon, A. C., & Dijk, D. (2025) · npj Biological Timing and Sleep · doi:10.1038/s44323-025-00039-z · Cited by 10
Collective behaviors of suprachiasm nucleus neurons under different light—dark cycles
Gu, C., Zhang, X.-H., & Liu, Z. (2014) · Chinese Physics B · doi:10.1088/1674-1056/23/7/078702 · Cited by 10
La somnolence chez les adolescents: étiologie et conséquences multiples
Davidson-Urbain, W., Servot, S., Godbout, R., Montplaisir, J. Y., & Touchette, É. (2022) · L Encéphale · doi:10.1016/j.encep.2022.05.004 · Cited by 11
Personalized medicine for pathological circadian dysfunctions
Skelton, R. L., Kornhauser, J. M., & Tate, B. A. (2015) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2015.00125 · Cited by 10
Ring the Bell for Matins: Circadian Adaptation to Split Sleep by Cloistered Monks and Nuns
Arnulf, I., Brion, A., Pottier, M., & Golmard, J. (2011) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.3109/07420528.2011.624436 · Cited by 10
Model-based simulations of weekday and weekend sleep times self-reported by larks and owls
Putilov, A. A., Verevkin, E. G., Donskaya, O. G., Tkachenko, O. N., & Дорохов, В. Б. (2018) · Biological Rhythm Research · doi:10.1080/09291016.2018.1558735 · Cited by 11
Heterogeneity in relaxation rate improves the synchronization of oscillatory neurons in a model of the SCN
Gu, C., Yang, H., Wang, M., & Rohling, J. H. T. (2019) · Chaos An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science · doi:10.1063/1.5052299 · Cited by 10
The longest journeys in Super Rugby: 11 years of travel and performance indicators
Lo, M., Aughey, R. J., Hopkins, W. G., Gill, N., & Stewart, A. M. (2019) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2019.1618533 · Cited by 10
Primary role for melatonin MT2 receptors in the regulation of anhedonia and circadian temperature rhythm
Belloch, F. B., Beltrán, E., Vénzala, E., Montalt‐Tordera, J., Diaz-Perdigón, T., Cecon, E., Puerta, E., Delagrange, P., & Tordera, R. M. (2021) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.12.012 · Cited by 10
Circadian Rhythms in Neuroendocrine Systems
Arble, D. M., Copinschi, G., Vitaterna, M. H., Cauter, E. V., & Turek, F. W. (2012) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-375097-6.10012-5 · Cited by 10
Short-term influence of cataract surgery on circadian biological rhythm and related health outcomes (CLOCK-IOL trial): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Saeki, K., Obayashi, K., Nishi, T., Miyata, K., Maruoka, S., Ueda, T., Okamoto, M., Hasegawa, T., Matsuura, T., Tone, N., et al. (2014) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-15-514 · Cited by 10
Circadian variability is negligible in primary visual cortices as measured by fNIRS
Schroeter, M. L., Bücheler, M. M., & Scheid, R. (2005) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2005.11.003 · Cited by 10
Chronobiology and insomnia: pathophysiology and treatment of circadian rhythm sleep disorders
van den Heuvel, C. J., & Lushington, K. (2002) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/14737175.2.2.249 · Cited by 10
Does Electric Light Stimulate Cancer Development in Children?
Stevens, R. G. (2012) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-12-0015 · Cited by 10
Nonpharmacologic Strategies in the Management of Insomnia: Rationale and Implementation
Glovinsky, P. B., Yang, C., Dubrovsky, B., & Spielman, A. J. (2008) · Sleep Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2008.01.007 · Cited by 10
Neurobiology of circadian rhythm sleep disorders
Manthena, P., & Zee, P. C. (2006) · Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s11910-996-0040-9 · Cited by 10
Hidden Markov Models for Analysis of Biological Rhythm Data
Seltman, H. J. (2002) · Lecture notes in statistics · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-0035-9_12 · Cited by 10
Sleep quality, mental health and circadian rhythms during COVID lockdown – Results from the SleepQuest StudyPreprint
Carrigan, N., Wearn, A. R., Meky, S., Selwood, J., Piggins, H. D., Turner, N. L., Greenwood, R., & Coulthard, E. J. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.07.08.20148171 · Cited by 10
Sprawność intelektualna osób o odmiennych chronotypach
Jankowski, K. S. (2021) · Wydawnictwo Liberi Libri eBooks · doi:10.47943/lib.9788363487515.rozdzial10 · Cited by 8
Inteligencja a funkcjonowanie w bliskich związkach
Leniarska, M., & Zajenkowski, M. (2021) · Wydawnictwo Liberi Libri eBooks · doi:10.47943/lib.9788363487515.rozdzial11 · Cited by 8
Inteligencja a agresja. Czy wysokie IQ może uchronić przed wkroczeniem na ścieżkę przestępczą?
Bodecka-Zych, M. (2021) · Wydawnictwo Liberi Libri eBooks · doi:10.47943/lib.9788363487515.rozdzial03 · Cited by 8
Inteligentny sport: o związkach inteligencji z aktywnością fizyczną i poziomem wykonania sportowego
Waleriańczyk, W., & Stolarski, M. (2021) · Wydawnictwo Liberi Libri eBooks · doi:10.47943/lib.9788363487515.rozdzial09 · Cited by 8
Clock-Sleep Communication
Pandi-Perumal, S. R., Paul, S., Saravanan, K. M., Pandian, G. N., & Chidambaram, S. B. (2024) · Current Molecular Medicine · doi:10.2174/0115665240305615240630113434 · Cited by 10
A multi-center study of symptoms in patients with esophageal cancer postoperatively: A networking analysis
Chen, F., Shen, Z., Xiong, Y., Jiang, Y., Zhou, D., Guo, J., Huang, H., Knobf, M. T., & Ye, Z. (2025) · European Journal of Oncology Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.ejon.2025.102784 · Cited by 9
Circadian Rhythms in Aging and Age-Related Neurogenerative Disease
Zitting, K., & Yuan, R. K. (2025) · Current Sleep Medicine Reports · doi:10.1007/s40675-025-00336-w · Cited by 9
Diurnal Light Exposure and Rest-Activity Rhythms in Relation to MASLD: Insights From 2 Nationwide Cohort Studies
Wu, H., Wang, W. J., Weng, B., Wei, J., Wang, N., Zhang, J., Li, X., Feng, H., & Tan, X. W. (2025) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgaf593 · Cited by 11
Objective Diagnosis of Circadian Rhythm Disorders
Giordano, A., Duffy, J. F., Epstein, L. J., & Pavlova, M. K. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1097/wnp.0000000000000951 · Cited by 9
Modeling the Effects of Napping and Non-napping Patterns of Light Exposure on the Human Circadian Oscillator
Stowe, S. R., LeBourgeois, M. K., & Behn, C. D. (2023) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/07487304231180953 · Cited by 9
Circadian Reinforcement Therapy in Combination With Electronic Self-Monitoring to Facilitate a Safe Postdischarge Period for Patients With Major Depression: Randomized Controlled Trial
Aggestrup, A. S., Svendsen, S. D., Præstegaard, A., Løventoft, P. K., Nørregaard, L. B., Knorr, U., Dam, H., Frøkjær, E., Danilenko, K. V., Hageman, I., et al. (2023) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/50072 · Cited by 11
Mathematical Analysis of Light-sensitivity Related Challenges in Assessment of the Intrinsic Period of the Human Circadian Pacemaker
Usmani, I. M., Dijk, D., & Skeldon, A. C. (2024) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/07487304231215844 · Cited by 9
Sleepiness and Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders
Åkerstedt, T. (2006) · Sleep Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2005.11.009 · Cited by 9
Smart Lighting Clinical Testbed Pilot Study on Circadian Phase Advancement
Gleason, J. D., Oishi, M., Simkulet, M. D., Tuzikas, A., Hanifin, J. P., Brainard, G. C., Brueck, S. R. J., Karlicek, R. F., & Brown, L. K. (2019) · IEEE Journal of Translational Engineering in Health and Medicine · doi:10.1109/jtehm.2019.2937957 · Cited by 10
Locomotor activity patterns in three spider species suggest relaxed selection on endogenous circadian period and novel features of chronotype
Mah, A., Ayoub, N. A., Toporikova, N., Jones, T. C., & Moore, D. (2020) · Journal of Comparative Physiology A · doi:10.1007/s00359-020-01412-y · Cited by 9
Earlier shift in race pacing can predict future performance during a single-effort ultramarathon under sleep deprivation.
Brager, A. J., Demiral, Ş. B., Choynowski, J. J., Kim, J., Campbell, B., Capaldi, V. F., Simonelli, G., & Hammer, S. (2020) · PubMed Central · doi:10.5935/1984-0063.20190132 · Cited by 10
Weekend Light Shifts Evoke Persistent Drosophila Circadian Neural Network Desynchrony
Nave, C., Roberts, L., Hwu, P. T., Estrella, J. D., Vo, T. C., Nguyen, T. H., Bui, T. T., Rindner, D. J., Pervolarakis, N., Shaw, P. J., et al. (2021) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3074-19.2021 · Cited by 9
What Can Make the Difference Between Chronotypes in Sleep Duration? Testing the Similarity of Their Homeostatic Processes
Putilov, A. A., & Donskaya, O. G. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.832807 · Cited by 9
The Necessity for Multi-Spectral Simulations of the Indoor Non-Visual Luminous Environment: A Simplified Annual Approach
Potočnik, J., & Košir, M. (2023) · Buildings · doi:10.3390/buildings13051357 · Cited by 9
What if …. the Moon provides zeitgeber signals to humans?
Erren, T. C., Schmiedehausen, S., Groß, J. V., & Lewis, P. (2020) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-018-0216-0 · Cited by 6
Impact of seasons and temperatures on the sleep-wake cycle in a French elderly rural population
Jouvencel, A., Altena, E., Pérès, K., Dartigues, J.-F., Amieva, H., Mayo, W., & Catheline, G. (2025) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2025.106510 · Cited by 3
Untitled work
(2005) · PubMed · Cited by 123

Authors: Czeisler, C. A., Duffy, J. F., Shanahan, T. L., Brown, E. N., Mitchell, J. F., Rimmer, D. W., Ronda, J. M., Silva, E. J., Allan, J. S., Emens, J. S., Dijk, D.-J., & Kronauer, R. E.
Affiliations: Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
Harvard University (US)
Corresponding author: Czeisler, Charles A.
ORCID: Czeisler, Charles A.
Duffy, Jeanne F.
Brown, Emery N.
Mitchell, Jude F.
Ronda, Joseph M.
Allan, James S.
Emens, Jonathan S.
Dijk, Derk-Jan
Venue: Science
Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Published: 1999-06-25
Volume: 284
Issue: 5423
Pages: 2177-2181
ISSN: 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
1095-9203
DOI: 10.1126/science.284.5423.2177
OpenAlex: W2104605616
Cited by: 1,705
References: 67
Citations by year: 2026: 45 · 2025: 78 · 2024: 50 · 2023: 76 · 2022: 80 · 2021: 87 · 2020: 94 · 2019: 90 · 2018: 63 · 2017: 60 · 2016: 72 · 2015: 60 · 2014: 57 · 2013: 82 · 2012: 87
FWCI: 17.29
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Science (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Open Research (University of Surrey) (submittedVersion)
Surrey Research Insight Open Access (The University of Surrey) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Institute on Aging (P01AG009975, P01 AG-09975)
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R01-GM53559, R01GM053559)
National Center for Research Resources (M01RR002635, MO1 RR 02635)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
Keywords: circadian period, melatonin rhythm, cortisol rhythm, aging, endogenous rhythms
MeSH terms: Adult, Aged, Aging, Biological Clocks, Body Temperature, Circadian Rhythm, Darkness, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Light, Male, Melatonin, Middle Aged, Sleep

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Stability, Precision, and Near-24-Hour Period of the Human Circadian Pacemaker

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks