Biological and Chemical Response of the Equatorial Pacific Ocean to the 1997-98 El Niño
Open accessAbstract
During the 1997–98 El Niño, the equatorial Pacific Ocean retained 0.7 × 10 15 grams of carbon that normally would have been lost to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. The surface ocean became impoverished in plant nutrients, and chlorophyll concentrations were the lowest on record. A dramatic recovery occurred in mid-1998, the system became highly productive, analogous to coastal environments, and carbon dioxide flux out of the ocean was again high. The spatial extent of the phytoplankton bloom that followed recovery from El Niño was the largest ever observed for the equatorial Pacific. These chemical and ecological perturbations were linked to changes in the upwelling of nutrient-enriched waters. The description and explanation of these dynamic changes would not have been possible without an observing system that combines biological, chemical, and physical sensors on moorings with remote sensing of chlorophyll.
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Sea Surface Temperature (SST), SST anomalies, dissolved oxygen concentration, illumination, wind speed, current movements, depth of mixing layer, upwelling and food availability are major factors influencing growth and convergence zone.
“Sea Surface Temperature (SST), SST anomalies, dissolved oxygen concentration, illumination, wind speed, current movements, depth of mixing layer, upwelling and food availability are major factors which are influencing the growth, and convergence zone”
From El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) impact on tuna fisheries in Indian Ocean (2014) · cites this paper as Chavez et al. 1999
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“Species and ecosystems respond to events such as storms (Mehlman 1997), drought (Grant 1986; Allen & Breshears 1998), and periodic, complex climate shifts such as the North Atlantic oscillation and the El Niño southern oscillation (ENSO) in the Pacific (Barber & Chavez 1983; Chavez et al. 1999).”
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“…and Temperature Scanner (OCTS) and the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS), have provided high spatial and temporal resolution of surface chlorophyll concentrations that have proved the key to recent studies on physical-biological links in the tropical Pacific (Chavez et al., 1999).”
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“For example, a large CDM pulse is observed during the summer of 1998 in the equatorial Pacific Ocean (0°, 155°W), in response to the transition from El Niño to La Niña conditions (Figure 5e [e.g., Chavez et al., 1999]).”
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“This reduces outgassing locally (Feely et al. 1999; Chavez et al. 1999); furthermore, physical mechanisms in the ocean and atmosphere propagate ENSO-related variability over much of the globe (Wang and Schimel 2003).”
BackgroundDecadal changes in global ocean chlorophyll
Gregg, W. W., & Conkright, M. E. (2002) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2002gl014689 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
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“Ocean color signatures of the 1997–1998 ENSO event in the equatorial Pacific and elsewhere were previously studied [e.g., Chavez et al. , 1999; Murtugudde et al. , 1999; Wilson and Adamec , 2001], and the results show that the regional impact of the 1997–1998 ENSO was large and also affected global…”
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“This 3 to 6 yr cycle within the coupled oceanatmosphere system of the tropical Pacific brings increased surface water temperatures and lower primary productivity, both of which have profound biological consequences (Chavez et al. 1999).”
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“2.23, upper panel) (Chavez et al. 1998; Chavez et al. 1999; Murtugudde et al. 1999).”
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“[28] Chavez et al. [1999] find that during a non-El Nin˜o period in 1995–1996, the CO2 flux from 10� St o 10� N in the equatorial Pacific had an observed maximum of 6.0 mol m � 2 yr � 1 , and that this drops to 0.5 mol m � 2 yr � 1”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialRecent progress on two types of El Niño: Observations, dynamics, and future changes
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“The predominating physical indices of ENSO are anomalies of SST in the equatorial Pacific ( Chavez et al . 1999; McPhaden & Yu 1999; Zelle et al . 2004; Burgers, Jin & Oldenborgh 2005).”
BackgroundInfluentialDickey, T. D., Lewis, M., & Chang, G. (2006) · doi:10.1029/2003rg000148 · Cited by 162
“…Hawaii [Clark et al., 1997], in Monterey Bay [Chavez et al., 1997], in the Sea of Japan/East Sea [Mitomi et al., 1998], in the equatorial Pacific [Chavez et al., 1999], off the south coast of Plymouth, England [Pinkerton and Aiken, 1999], in the Mediterranean off Monaco [Twardowski et al.,…”
BackgroundKahru, M., & Mitchell, B. (2001) · doi:10.1029/1999jc000094 · Cited by 162
Long-term changes in pelagic tunicates of the California Current
Lavaniegos, B. E., & Ohman, M. D. (2003) · Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography · doi:10.1016/s0967-0645(03)00132-2 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Wang, M., Knobelspiesse, K., & McClain, C. (2005) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2004jd004950 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
“[24] In contrast, both the NCP and EP regions have fairly constant seasonal ocean ptical properties except during the El Nin˜o and La Nin˜a in 1997‐1998 [ Chavez et al., 1999 ].”
BackgroundBoyd, P., Mctainsh, G., Sherlock, V., Richardson, K. M., Nichol, S., Ellwood, M., & Frew, R. (2004) · doi:10.1029/2002gb002020 · Cited by 157
“…Southern Ocean (island wake effects, Kerguelen [Blain et al., 2001]), the equatorial Pacific (variations in upwelling rate, Cromwell Undercurrent [Chavez et al., 1999]), from autonomous profilers in the northeast Pacific (a dust deposition event, Asia [Bishop et al., 2002]), and in situ…”
BackgroundImpacts of VIIRS SDR performance on ocean color products
Wang, M., Liu, X.-M., Tan, L., Jiang, L.-D., Son, S., Shi, W., Rausch, K., & Voss, K. (2013) · doi:10.1002/jgrd.50793 · Cited by 156
Mapping phytoplankton iron utilization: Insights into Southern Ocean supply mechanisms
Boyd, P., Arrigo, K., Strzepek, R., & van Dijken, G. L. (2012) · doi:10.1029/2011jc007726 · Cited by 156
“…of both climate variability and natural perturbations, which document how increased Fe supply, either via upwelling in the Equatorial Pacific [Chavez et al., 1999] or from volcanic eruptions such as in the NE Pacific [Hamme et al., 2010], can have a pronounced effect on oceanic productivity.”
BackgroundChatterjee, A., Gierach, M., Sutton, A., Feely, R., Crisp, D., Eldering, A., Gunson, M., O'Dell, C., Stephens, B., & Schimel, D. (2017) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aam5776 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Global Tropical Moored Buoy Array
McPhaden, M., Lumpkin, R., & Wa, S. (2010) · doi:10.5270/oceanobs09.cwp.61 · Cited by 150
“In 1999, there were two biogeochemical stations established on TAO moorings in the Pacific (Fig. 1a; [ 83 ]).”
BackgroundSelf-citationAstor, Y., Muller-Karger, F., & Scranton, M. (2003) · Continental Shelf Research · doi:10.1016/s0278-4343(02)00130-9 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
“A major change to the ‘‘normal’’ seasonal cycle occurred in 1997–1998, which may have been due to an El Ni *no-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event (Nerem et al., 1999; Chavez et al., 1999).”
BackgroundMethods for Reducing Biofouling of Moored Optical Sensors
Manov, D., Chang, G., & Dickey, T. (2004) · Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology · doi:10.1175/1520-0426(2004)021 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Emerging ocean observations for interdisciplinary data assimilation systems
Dickey, T. (2003) · doi:10.1016/s0924-7963(03)00011-3 · Cited by 145
“A recent discovery is that physical processes (e.g., tropical instability waves) are reflected in the ecosystem and phytoplankton as evidenced by interdisciplinary mooring and satellite ocean color data sets (e.g., Foley et al., 1997; Chavez et al., 1998, 1999).”
BackgroundAquarius reveals salinity structure of tropical instability waves
Lee, T., Lagerloef, G., Gierach, M., Kao, H., Yueh, S., & Dohan, K. (2012) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2012gl052232 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Lengaigne, M., Menkes, C., Aumont, O., Gorgues, T., Bopp, L., André, J., & Madec, G. (2007) · doi:10.1007/s00382-006-0200-2 · Cited by 141
“Moreover, the ocean biology in the tropical Pacific is strongly influenced by seasonal to interannual climate variations, in particular by El Nin ˜ o/La Nina transitions that are mainly controlled by upwelling processes (decrease productivity during El Nino, increase during La Nina; Barber et al. 1996; Chavez et al. 1…”
BackgroundBiogeochemical modelling of the tropical Pacific Ocean. I: Seasonal and interannual variability
Christian, J., Verschell, M., Murtugudde, R., Busalacchi, A., & McClain, C. (2001) · Deep Sea Research Part II Topical Studies in Oceanography · doi:10.1016/s0967-0645(01)00110-2 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
“The strong upwelling at this time (La Ni * na condition) resulted from a very abrupt cessation of the trade winds ( Chavez et al., 1999 ), which is not reproduced by the model forced with the standard (e.g., NCEP) wind products.”
BackgroundSea‐to‐air CO 2 flux from 1948 to 2003: A model study
Wetzel, P., Winguth, A., & Maier‐Reimer, E. (2005) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1029/2004gb002339 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
“In association with the strong El Nin˜o event in 1997/1998 we find a reduction to 0.2 PgC yr � 1 , which is in agreement with the observational evidence of 0.2 ± 0.14 PgC [ Chavez et al., 1999 ].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialOccurrence and distribution of Vibrio cholerae in the coastal environment of Peru.
Gil, A., Louis, V., Rivera, I. N., Lipp, E., Huq, A., Lanata, C., Taylor, D., Russek-Cohen, E., Choopun, N., Sack, R., et al. (2004) · Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2004.00601.x · Cited by 137 · see citing works
“This El Niño event had profound ecological repercussions (Chavez et al., 1999), and the sustained above-normal temperatures are concluded to have played a role in the increased number of cholera cases.”
BackgroundCarbon and Climate System Coupling on Timescales from the Precambrian
Doney, S., & Schimel, D. (2007) · Annual Review of Environment and Resources · doi:10.1146/annurev.energy.32.041706.124700 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Tropical Transpacific Shore Fishes
Robertson, D., Grove, J., & Mccosker, J. (2004) · Pacific Science · doi:10.1353/psc.2004.0041 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
“First, during an El Niño the equatorial productivity produced at other times by upwelling from the EUC (Chavez et al. 1999) is nearly eliminated.”
BackgroundInfluentialHyrenbach, K., & Veit, R. (2003) · Deep Sea Research Part II Topical Studies in Oceanography · doi:10.1016/s0967-0645(03)00123-1 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
“…diminishes primary productivity, and stimulates a switch from a phytoplankton community dominated by large cells (e.g., Chaetoceros diatoms) to a smaller-celled picoplankton assemblage (e.g., Synechococcus) (McGowan, 1985; Fiedler et al., 1992; Lynn et al., 1995; Chavez, 1996; Chavez et al., 1999).”
BackgroundMenge, B., Cerny-Chipman, E. B., Johnson, A., Sullivan, J., Gravem, S., & Chan, F. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0153994 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Schneider, B., Bopp, L., Gehlen, M., Segschneider, J., Frölicher, T., Cadule, P., Friedlingstein, P., Doney, S., Behrenfeld, M., & Joos, F. (2008) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-5-597-2008 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
“Consequently, during an El Nino period, PP in the tropical Pacific is reduced, whereas at a La Nina situation it is enhanced (Behrenfeld et al., 2001; Chavez et al., 1999).”
BackgroundInfluence of the 1997–98 El Niño on the surface chlorophyll in the California Current
Kahru, M., & Mitchell, B. (2000) · doi:10.1029/2000gl011486 · Cited by 131
Green macroalgae blooms in the Yellow Sea during the spring and summer of 2008
Shi, W., & Wang, M. (2009) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2009jc005513 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
“These include some examples of the study and understanding of ocean physical, optical, and biological changes with climate variability [Behrenfeld et al., 2001; Chavez et al., 1999 ], ocean responses to a shortterm weather event [Babin et al., 2004; Shi and Wang, 2007, 2008; Walker et al., 2005], HAB events [Tang et a…”
BackgroundAbraham, C. L., & Sydeman, W. (2004) · Marine Ecology Progress Series · doi:10.3354/meps274235 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
“…may not represent a typical ENSO year: several lines of evidence suggest that there was a dramatic recovery in ocean climate by May in the tropics (Chavez et al. 1999) and by July in Monterey Bay (Marinovic et al. 2002) to cold, La Niña-like conditions, which would facilitate auklet chick growth…”
BackgroundBackground nutrient concentration determines phytoplankton bloom response to marine heatwaves
Hayashida, H., Matear, R., & Strutton, P. (2020) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.15255 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Self-citationBorgne, R. L., Barber, R., Delcroix, T., Inoue, H. Y., Mackey, D., & Rodier, M. (2002) · Deep Sea Research Part II Topical Studies in Oceanography · doi:10.1016/s0967-0645(02)00045-0 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Menkes, C. E. R., Vialard, J. G., Kennan, S. C., Boulanger, J.-P., & Madec, G. V. (2006) · Journal of Physical Oceanography · doi:10.1175/jpo2904.1 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
“They appear in spaceborne sea surface temperature (SST) as well as ocean color measurements (Legeckis 1977; Chavez et al. 1999; Chelton et al. 2000; Menkes et al. 2002), as large-scale westward-propagating oscillations of the temperature front separating cold and chlorophyll-rich waters of the equatorial upwelling fro…”
BackgroundDynamic evolution of the 1997–1999 El Niño–La Niña cycle in the southern California Current System
Lynn, R., & Bograd, S. (2002) · Progress In Oceanography · doi:10.1016/s0079-6611(02)00043-5 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Acoustic and satellite remote sensing of blue whale seasonality and habitat in the Northeast Pacific
Burtenshaw, J. C., Oleson, E., Hildebrand, J., Mcdonald, M., Andrew, R. K., Howe, B., & Mercer, J. (2004) · Deep Sea Research Part II Topical Studies in Oceanography · doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2004.06.020 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
“The spatial extent of the 1999 phytoplankton bloom was the largest ever documented in the equatorial Pacific (Chavez et al., 1999).”
BackgroundKoutavas, A., & Lynch-Stieglitz, J. (2003) · Paleoceanography · doi:10.1029/2003pa000894 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
“…SST variations in the tropical Pacific are correlated with global temperature and rainfall anomalies [Halpert and Ropelewski, 1992; Trenberth et al., 1998] and impact Earth’s radiative balance [Soden, 1997; Pierrehumbert, 2000] and carbon cycle [Murray et al., 1994, Chavez et al., 1999].”
BackgroundThe volume scattering function of natural bubble populations
Zhang, X., Lewis, M., Lee, M., Johnson, B., & Korotaev, G. (2002) · doi:10.4319/lo.2002.47.5.1273 · Cited by 117
Vantrepotte, V., & Mélin, F. (2009) · ICES Journal of Marine Science · doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsp107 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
“such as the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (Chavez et al., 1999), the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (Chavez et al.”
BackgroundTemperature Advection by Tropical Instability Waves
Jochum, M., & Murtugudde, R. (2006) · Journal of Physical Oceanography · doi:10.1175/jpo2870.1 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
“plankton and nutrient distribution has been observed by Chavez et al. (1999) and Menkes et al. (2002).”
BackgroundProjected response of an endangered marine turtle population to climate change
Saba, V., Stock, C., Spotila, J., Paladino, F., & Tomillo, P. S. (2012) · doi:10.1038/nclimate1582 · Cited by 114
Upwelling in the continental shelf of northern South China Sea associated with 1997–1998 El Niño
Jing, Z.-Y., Qi, Y.-Q., & Du, Y. (2011) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2010jc006598 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
“[5] On interannual and decadal time scales, dramatic shifts in nearshore productivity and ecosystems are linked to the changes of atmospheric and oceanic circulation [ Chavez et al., 1999; Thomas et al., 2001].”
BackgroundBiophysical Feedbacks in the Tropical Pacific
Marzeion, B., Timmermann, A., Murtugudde, R., & Jin, F. (2004) · doi:10.1175/jcli3261.1 · Cited by 112
Wilson, C., & Adamec, D. (2001) · doi:10.1029/2000jc000724 · Cited by 112
Decadal-Scale Climate and Ecosystem Interactions in the North Pacific Ocean
Miller, A., Chai, F., Chiba, S., Moisan, J., & Neilson, D. (2004) · doi:10.1023/b:joce.0000038325.36306.95 · Cited by 111
“During the strong 1997–98 El Niño, the surface nutrients and chlorophyll diminished and the equatorial Pacific Ocean retained 1.0 PgC of carbon that normally would have been lost to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide (Chavez et al., 1999).”
BackgroundInfluentialBiological effects of El Niño on the Galápagos penguin
Vargas, F. H., Harrison, S., Rea, S., & Macdonald, D. W. (2006) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2005.08.001 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Pospelova, V., Esenkulova, S., Johannessen, S., O'Brien, M., & Macdonald, R. (2010) · doi:10.1016/j.marmicro.2010.02.003 · Cited by 110
Phytoplankton influences on tropical climate
Timmermann, A., & Jin, F. (2002) · doi:10.1029/2002gl015434 · Cited by 110
“At the same time ocean biology is strongly influenced by interannual climate variations in the tropical Pacific [Chavez et al., 1998, 1999; Leonard and McClain, 1996].”
BackgroundInter-annual variations in the SeaWiFS global chlorophyll a concentration (1997–2007)
Vantrepotte, V., & Mélin, F. (2011) · Deep Sea Research Part I Oceanographic Research Papers · doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2011.02.003 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Emergence of Asiatic Vibrio Diseases in South America in Phase With El Niño
Martínez-Urtaza, J., Huapaya, B., Gavilán, R., Blanco-Abad, V., Ansede‐Bermejo, J., Cadarso-Suárez, C., Figueiras, A., & Triñanes, J. (2008) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0b013e3181883d43 · Cited by 108
Satellite ocean-color observations of the tropical Pacific Ocean
McClain, C., Christian, J., Signorini, S., Lewis, M., Asanuma, I., Turk, D., & Dupouy-Douchement, C. (2002) · Deep Sea Research Part II Topical Studies in Oceanography · doi:10.1016/s0967-0645(02)00047-4 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
“as the upper limit of values observed by Chavez et al. (1999) .”
InfluentialPhysical‐biological coupling in the California Current during the 1997–99 El Niño‐La Niña Cycle
Bograd, S. J., & Lynn, R. J. (2001) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2000gl012047 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Detection of turbid waters and absorbing aerosols for the MODIS ocean color data processing
Shi, W., & Wang, M. (2007) · doi:10.1016/j.rse.2007.02.013 · Cited by 106
Nathan, S. A., & Leckie, R. (2009) · doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.01.007 · Cited by 105
“In the EEP, carbonate and siliceous productivity weakened as the EUC waned, warmer surface waters created a lid (Chavez et al., 1999), and the “carbonate crash” reached a nadir at ~9.5 Ma (Fig.”
BackgroundInfluentialGlobal fields of sea surface dimethylsulfide predicted from chlorophyll, nutrients and light
Anderson, T. R., Spall, S., Yool, A., Cipollini, P., Challenor, P., & Fasham, M. (2001) · doi:10.1016/s0924-7963(01)00028-8 · Cited by 104
Catastrophe, recovery and range limitation in NE Pacific kelp forests: a large-scale perspective
Edwards, M., & Estes, J. (2006) · doi:10.3354/meps320079 · Cited by 103
Human Impacts on Ancient Marine Ecosystems: A Global Perspective
Rick, T., & Erlandson, J. (2008) · doi:10.5860/choice.46-0986 · Cited by 103
Energy budget calculations indicate resource limitation in Eastern Pacific leatherback turtles
Wallace, B. P., Kilham, S. S., Paladino, F., & Spotila, J. (2006) · Marine Ecology Progress Series · doi:10.3354/meps318263 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
“…South America (Glantz 2001) depressing the nutrient-rich, cold upwelling off the South American Pacific coast, resulting in decreased primary productivity, altered marine and terrestrial food webs, and widespread changes in weather patterns (Chavez et al. 1999, Glantz 2001, Stenseth et al. 2002).”
- Authors
- Chavez, F. P., Strutton, P. G., Friederich, G. E., Feely, R. A., Feldman, G. C., Foley, D. G., & McPhaden, M. J.
- Affiliations
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, 7700 Sandholdt Road, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA..
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (US)
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (US)
- Goddard Space Flight Center (US)
- NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service (US)
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 1999-12-10
- Volume
- 286
- Issue
- 5447
- Pages
- 2126-2131
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W1980051345
- Cited by
- 642
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 35 · 2013: 29 · 2012: 25
- FWCI
- 23.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- figshare.com
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Marine and coastal ecosystems
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Oceanographic and Atmospheric Processes
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Climate variability and models
- Keywords
- 1997-1998 El Niño, equatorial Pacific, ocean carbon uptake, phytoplankton blooms, chlorophyll content, nutrient depletion, upwelling, ocean productivity, ocean observing systems
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