Cited by 642Marine Plankton and BiogeochemistryOceanographic and Atmospheric ProcessesClimate variability and models

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Biological and Chemical Response of the Equatorial Pacific Ocean to the 1997-98 El Niño

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Chavez, F. P., Strutton, P. G., Friederich, G. E., Feely, R. A., Feldman, G. C., Foley, D. G., McPhaden, M. J.·1999·Science

DOI 10.1126/science.286.5447.2126

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Abstract

During the 1997–98 El Niño, the equatorial Pacific Ocean retained 0.7 × 10 15 grams of carbon that normally would have been lost to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. The surface ocean became impoverished in plant nutrients, and chlorophyll concentrations were the lowest on record. A dramatic recovery occurred in mid-1998, the system became highly productive, analogous to coastal environments, and carbon dioxide flux out of the ocean was again high. The spatial extent of the phytoplankton bloom that followed recovery from El Niño was the largest ever observed for the equatorial Pacific. These chemical and ecological perturbations were linked to changes in the upwelling of nutrient-enriched waters. The description and explanation of these dynamic changes would not have been possible without an observing system that combines biological, chemical, and physical sensors on moorings with remote sensing of chlorophyll.

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“The coupled ocean-atmosphere circulation in the EEP affects the marine carbon and nitrogen cycles in the region significantly, and could have affected extratropical climate changes on glacial-interglacial timescales [e.g., Cane, 1998; Chavez et al., 1999 ].”
Satellite data, Empirical Orthogonal Functions, and the 1997–1998 El Niño off California
Nezlin, N., & McWilliams, J. (2003) · doi:10.1016/s0034-4257(02)00109-8 · Cited by 18
Oceanic Chlorophyll-a Content
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Lagrangian study of the Panama Bight and surrounding regions
Chaigneau, A., del Río, R. D., & Colas, F. (2006) · doi:10.1029/2006jc003530 · Cited by 17
“…is strongly influenced by El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events [Fiedler, 2002b], which can have dramatic impacts on the biogeochemistry [Chavez et al., 1999]: by reducing the coastal ETP upwelling of cold, nutrient-rich water that sustains large fish populations, El Niño periods have…”
BackgroundInfluential
Assessing Human–Wildlife Conflicts and Benefits of Galápagos Sea Lions on San Cristobal Island, Galápagos
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“…reduced upwelling of nutrientrich deep water to the surface, which constrains bioactivities (Barber and Chavez 1983; Feely et al. 1997, 1999, 2002; Chavez et al. 1999; Le Borgne et al. 2002); 3) reduced CO2 solubility due to warm SST anomalies in the central-eastern tropical Pacific (Jones et al.…”
Background
DMS role in ENSO cycle in the tropics
Xu, L., Cameron-Smith, P. J., Russell, L. M., Ghan, S. J., Liu, Y., Elliott, S., Yang, Y., Lou, S., Lamjiri, M. A., & Manizza, M. (2016) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1002/2016jd025333 · Cited by 22
“In addition, ocean biological productivity was strongly influenced by interannual variations in the tropical Pacific [Chavez et al., 1998, 1999; Leonard and McClain, 1996].”
BackgroundResult
Seasonal variations of particle fluxes in the northeastern equatorial Pacific during normal and weak El Niño periods
Kim, H., Hyeong, K., Yoo, C., Chi, S., Khim, B., & Kim, D. (2010) · doi:10.1007/s12303-010-0035-z · Cited by 16
“The reduction in particle fluxes observed in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific during the El Nino is consistent with the decreases in chlorophyll a concentration, zooplankton biomass, and primary productivity in the same region (Barber and Chavez, 1983; Chavez et al., 1984; White et al., 1995; Roman et al., 1…”
Background
Bio-optical studies during the JGOFS-equatorial Pacific program: a contribution to the knowledge of the equatorial system
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Brown, C., Uz, S. S., & Corliss, B. (2014) · doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2014.05.009 · Cited by 15
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“TIWs have been recognized as a key contributor to upper-ocean momentum balance, heat budget, and nutrient distribution (Weisberg 1984; Chavez et al. 1999; Jochum and Murtugudde 2006; Moum et al. 2009).”
Background
Variations in phytoplankton dynamics and primary production associated with ENSO cycle in the western and central equatorial Pacific during 1994–2003
Matsumoto, K., & Furuya, K. (2011) · doi:10.1029/2010jc006845 · Cited by 15
Calcareous phytoplankton response to the half century of interannual climatic variability in Santa Barbara Basin (California)
de Bernardi, B., Ziveri, P., Erba, E., & Thunell, R. (2008) · doi:10.1029/2007pa001503 · Cited by 15
“During this El Niño, temperature and salinity of the upper 75 m changed significantly, causing an increased shoreward transport of California Current water, reduction in nutrient concentrations, and increased oxygenation of bottom waters [Chavez et al., 2002a, 1999; Dever and Winant, 2002].”
Background
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“The CO2 emanation from the equatorial Pacific Ocean to the atmosphere during the 1997–1998 El Nino was estimated to have retained 0.7 Gt of carbon that normally would have been lost to the atmosphere as CO2 [ Chavez et al., 1999 ].”
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“The oligotrophic central and western Pacific, west of 140°W, has become a weaker CO2 source since 2000 (Figure 3l) and can infrequently become a carbon sink (Figures 2 and 5a; F. Chavez et al., 1999; Hauck Global Biogeochemical Cycles PITTMAN ET AL.”
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“…anomalies of Chla associated with an intensification of the northern winds, from which the upwelling events raise the nutricline and thus increase the availability of nutrients in the coastal region of Baja California (Espinosa-Carreón et al., 2012; Chavez et al., 1999; Wooster and Hollowed, 1995).”
Background
Tropical instability wave interactions within the Galápagos Archipelago
Sweet, W., Morrison, J., Liu, Y.-Y., Kamykowski, D., Schaeffer, B., Xie, L., & Banks, S. (2009) · Deep Sea Research Part I Oceanographic Research Papers · doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2009.02.005 · Cited by 13
Persistent eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean upwelling since the warm Pliocene
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Physical oceanographic conditions during GasEx‐2001
Johnson, G., Sabine, C., McTaggart, K. E., & Hummon, J. (2004) · doi:10.1029/2002jc001718 · Cited by 12
“In addition, this upwelled water is also nutrient-rich, oxygen-poor, and carbon-rich, which has a direct impact on biogeochemical [Feely et al., 1999] and biological [ Chavez et al., 1999 ] aspects of climate.”
Background
Sea level height, sea surface temperature, and tuna yields in the Panama bight during El Niño
Pedraza, M. J., & Díaz Ochoa, J. A. (2006) · Advances in Geosciences · doi:10.5194/adgeo-6-155-2006 · Cited by 11
“…physical changes in the ocean such as temperature changes, storms (length and magnitude or intensity), and ENSO, as well as with variations in the mixing depth layer and disturbances caused by the wind (Blackburn, 1969; Ritter et al., 1982; Diaz, 1992; Lehodey et al., 1997; Chavez et al., 1999).”
Background

Authors: Chavez, F. P., Strutton, P. G., Friederich, G. E., Feely, R. A., Feldman, G. C., Foley, D. G., & McPhaden, M. J.
Affiliations: Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, 7700 Sandholdt Road, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA..
Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (US)
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (US)
Goddard Space Flight Center (US)
NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service (US)
ORCID: Strutton, P. G.
Feely, R. A.
McPhaden, M. J.
Venue: Science
Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Published: 1999-12-10
Volume: 286
Issue: 5447
Pages: 2126-2131
ISSN: 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
1095-9203
DOI: 10.1126/science.286.5447.2126
OpenAlex: W1980051345
Cited by: 642
References: 41
Citations by year: 2026: 18 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 35 · 2013: 29 · 2012: 25
FWCI: 23.27
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
figshare.com
Licence: cc-by
Locations: Science (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Marine Plankton and Biogeochemistry
Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Oceanographic and Atmospheric Processes
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Climate variability and models
Keywords: 1997-1998 El Niño, equatorial Pacific, ocean carbon uptake, phytoplankton blooms, chlorophyll content, nutrient depletion, upwelling, ocean productivity, ocean observing systems

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Biological and Chemical Response of the Equatorial Pacific Ocean to the 1997-98 El Niño

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