Cited by 642Marine Plankton and BiogeochemistryOceanographic and Atmospheric ProcessesClimate variability and models

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Biological and Chemical Response of the Equatorial Pacific Ocean to the 1997-98 El Niño

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Chavez, F. P., Strutton, P. G., Friederich, G. E., Feely, R. A., Feldman, G. C., Foley, D. G., McPhaden, M. J.·1999·Science

DOI 10.1126/science.286.5447.2126

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Abstract

During the 1997–98 El Niño, the equatorial Pacific Ocean retained 0.7 × 10 15 grams of carbon that normally would have been lost to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. The surface ocean became impoverished in plant nutrients, and chlorophyll concentrations were the lowest on record. A dramatic recovery occurred in mid-1998, the system became highly productive, analogous to coastal environments, and carbon dioxide flux out of the ocean was again high. The spatial extent of the phytoplankton bloom that followed recovery from El Niño was the largest ever observed for the equatorial Pacific. These chemical and ecological perturbations were linked to changes in the upwelling of nutrient-enriched waters. The description and explanation of these dynamic changes would not have been possible without an observing system that combines biological, chemical, and physical sensors on moorings with remote sensing of chlorophyll.

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“Within the past two decades, optical and chemical systems have been deployed from some of the moorings in this array to significant advantage for atmospheric and oceanographic research and predictions (e.g., Foley et al., 1997; Chavez et al., 1999; Chris Sabine pers. comm.).”
Background
Variability in the in situ bioavailability of Fe to bacterioplankton communities in the eastern subtropical Pacific Ocean
Mioni, C. E., Pakulski, J., Poorvin, L., Baldwin, A., Twiss, M., Jeffrey, W., & Wilhelm, S. (2007) · Aquatic Microbial Ecology · doi:10.3354/ame046239 · Cited by 6
“…an area of interest because this highly productive region supports one of the world’s largest industrial fisheries (Thorpe et al. 2000) and is periodically affected by the El NiñoSouthern Oscillation (ENSO) event, which causes a breakdown of these fisheries (Lehody et al. 1997, Chavez et al. 1999).”
Background
Tropical Forest Synergies
Hartshorn, G., & Bynum, N. (1999) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.286.5447.2093 · Cited by 6
Modeling the Effects of Physical and Biogeochemical Processes on Phytoplankton Species and Carbon Production in the Equatorial Pacific Ocean
Salihoğlu, B. (2005) · doi:10.25777/65mz-dd53 · Cited by 6
“5 Pg (1015 g) of carbon as C 0 2 to the atmosphere (Chavez et al., 1999).”
BackgroundInfluential
Strengthening of the Equatorial Pacific Upper‐Ocean Circulation Over the Past Three Decades
Tuchen, F. P., Perez, R., Foltz, G., McPhaden, M., & Lumpkin, R. (2024) · Journal of Geophysical Research - Oceans · doi:10.1029/2024jc021343 · Cited by 5
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Secondary metabolic profiling, antioxidant potential, enzyme inhibitory activities and in silico and ADME studies: a multifunctional approach to reveal medicinal and industrial potential of Tanacetum falconeri
Tousif, M., Abbas, Z., Nazir, M., Saleem, M., Tauseef, S., Hassan, A., Ali, S., Ahmed, M., Khan, J., Zengin, G., et al. (2024) · BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies · doi:10.1186/s12906-024-04459-5 · Cited by 5
“A scanty work on chemodiversity and biological potential of T. falconeri has been reported in literature, however, other Tanacetum plants are rich in terpenes mostly as essential oils [7–13], sterols [14–16], phenolic acids and flavonoids [17].”
Background
Estimating Specific Features of the Optical Property Variability in the Black Sea Waters Using the Data of SeaWiFS and MODIS Satellite Instruments
Suetin, V. S., & Korolev, S. (2018) · Physical Oceanography · doi:10.22449/1573-160x-2018-4-330-340 · Cited by 5
The 1997–1998 El Niño event recorded by a stalagmite from central China
Liu, S.-H., Peng, X.-T., Chen, Q., Qin, S., Zhao, J.-X., Feng, Y.-X., Luo, S.-D., & Zhou, H.-Y. (2017) · Quaternary International · doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2017.11.026 · Cited by 5
Biogeochemistry: Ocean hotspots of nitrogen loss
Fennel, K. (2017) · Nature · doi:10.1038/551305a · Cited by 5
Spatial and temporal variability in nutrients and carbon uptake during 2004 and 2005 in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean
Palacz, A., & Chai, F. (2012) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-9-4369-2012 · Cited by 5
Sea Surface Temperatures Mediated by the El Niño-Southern Oscillation Affect Birds Breeding in Temperate Coastal Rain Forests
Gaston, A., Martin, J.-L., & Allombert, S. (2005) · doi:10.5751/ace-00031-010104 · Cited by 5
“Our study coincided with a relatively strong El Niño event that began in 1997 and continued through the spring of 1998 (Chavez et al. 1999).”
BackgroundResult
Modulation of Equatorial Currents and Tropical Instability Waves During the 2021 Atlantic Niño
Tuchen, F. P., Perez, R. C., Foltz, G. R., Brandt, P. N., Subramaniam, A., Lee, S., Lumpkin, R., & Hummels, R. (2023) · Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans · doi:10.1029/2023jc020431 · Cited by 10
Variability of pCO2 and FCO2 in the Mexican Pacific during 25 years
Aurora, C.-Á. L. D. L., Martin, H., Antonio, D., Reginaldo, D., Leticia, E.-C. T., Orión, N.-L., Ramón, S.-Á., & Cecilia, C.-B. (2022) · Journal of Marine Systems · doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2022.103853 · Cited by 4
The Particulate Organic Carbon-to-Nitrogen Ratio Varies With Ocean Currents
Xiao, S.-J., Zhang, L., Teng, Y., Huang, T., & Luo, W. (2021) · Frontiers in Environmental Science · doi:10.3389/fenvs.2021.757471 · Cited by 4
“As for the North Pacific Current, the increased ratio is probably because of the missing water from the Equatorial Countercurrent which leans toward north and is influenced by the El Nino phenomenon (Chavez et al., 1999).”
Background
Molecular identification of the first Galapagos fur seal (Arctocephalus galapagoensis) reported on the central coast of Oaxaca
Tamayo-Millán, C., Ahumada-Sempoal, M., Cortés-Gómez, A. A., Leroux, I. M. C.-R., Bermúdez-Díaz, D., & Islas-Villanueva, V. (2021) · Ciencias Marinas · doi:10.7773/cm.v47i3.3184 · Cited by 4
“2014), lo cual lleva a una disminución en la productividad primaria y, consecuentemente, en el número de peces (Chavez et al. 1999).”
Background
Relationship between sea surface temperature and the nesting of the Olive Ridley sea turtle Lepidochelys olivacea (Testudines: Cheloniidae) in Gorgona Island, Colombian Pacific
Gallego, M. A. A., Carmona, J. C. H., Payán, L. F., & Giraldo, A. (2020) · Revista de Biología Tropical · doi:10.15517/rbt.v68i2.38642 · Cited by 4
Population Dynamics of the Galápagos Flightless Cormorant Phalacrocorax Harrisi in Relation to Sea Temperature
Tindle, R., Tindle, L., Vagenas, D., & Harris, M. (2013) · Marine Ornithology · doi:10.5038/2074-1235.41.2.1027 · Cited by 4
Systematic ENSO‐driven nutrient variability recorded by central equatorial Pacific corals
LaVigne, M., Nurhati, I. S., Cobb, K. M., McGregor, H. V., Sinclair, D. J., & Sherrell, R. M. (2013) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1002/grl.50765 · Cited by 4
Modeling the effect of ENSO on the lower trophic level ecosystem of the Cold Tongue and the Warm Pool regions in the equatorial Pacific
Salihoğlu, B. (2009) · Journal of Marine Systems · doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2008.12.004 · Cited by 4
“The vertical distribution of the velocity and temperature measurements is sufficient to resolve variations in the upper water column environmental structure caused by highfrequency events, such as Tropical Instability Waves (TIWs) and Internal Gravity Waves (IGWs), and low frequency events such as ENSO.”
BackgroundInfluential
Environmental forcing on life history strategies: Evidence for multi-trophic level responses at ocean basin scales
Suryan, R., Saba, V. S., Wallace, B. P., Hatch, S. A., Frederiksen, M., & Wanless, S. (2009) · doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2009.04.012 · Cited by 4
“Within a region, food-web structure can also respond to climate oscillations as demonstrated in the Eastern Pacific during ENSO events and multi-decadal regime shifts ( Chavez et al., 1999, 2003 ).”
Background
Larval abundance variation of Bregmaceros cantori Milliken & Houde, 1984, related to the El Niño events (1987-1996), southern Gulf of Mexico
Flores-Coto, C., Zavala-García, F., Funes-Rodríguez, R., Espinosa-Fuentes, M. D. L. L., & Zavala-Hidalgo, J. (2008) · doi:10.4067/s0718-19572008000100009 · Cited by 4
“This phenomenon is called El Niño (Philander 1990, Chavez et al. 1999, Schwing et al. 2002), and this event together with the Southern Oscillation is called ENSO.”
Background
Sensitivity of equatorial Pacific Ocean circulation to solar radiation absorbed by phytoplankton
Ueyoshi, K., Frouin, R., Nakamoto, S., & Subrahmanyam, B. (2005) · SPIE Optics + Photonics · doi:10.1117/12.621424 · Cited by 4
Scales of Biological–Physical Coupling in the Equatorial Pacific
Strutton, P., & Chavez, F. (2003) · doi:10.1201/9780203489550.ch4 · Cited by 4
“This phenomenon has been described for thermocline variability induced by Kelvin waves [Chavez et al., 1998; Dunne et al., 2000], tropical instability waves [Foley et al., 1997; Strutton et al., 2001] and the El Nino / La Nina cycle [Ryan et al., 2002; Chavez et al., 1999; Strutton and Chavez, 2000; Wilson and Adamec,…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
Latitude versus Depth Simulations of Ecodynamics and Dissolved Gas Chemistry Relationships in the Central Pacific
Chu, S. P., & Elliott, S. (2001) · Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry · doi:10.1023/a:1012221731503 · Cited by 4
Emerging Applications of Longstanding Autonomous Ocean Carbon Observations
Sutton, A. J., & Sabine, C. (2023) · Oceanography · doi:10.5670/oceanog.2023.209 · Cited by 4
“Advancements in buoy-based ocean carbon technology were already leveraging the Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TAO) array by deploying and testing new autonomous CO 2 sensors (Friederich et al., 1995; Chavez et al., 1999).”
Background
Modeling the Effect of Environmental Factors on the Ricker Stock-Recruitment Relationship for North Pacific Albacore Using Generalized Additive Models
Shih, C.-L., Chen, Y.-H., & Hsu, C.-C. (2014) · Terrestrial Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences · doi:10.3319/tao.2014.01.27.01(oc · Cited by 6
Spatial Heterogeneity-Based Explainable Machine Learning Methods—Modeling the Relationship Between Yellowfin Tuna Fishery Resources and the Environment in the Pacific Ocean
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Estimating Primary Production in the California Current System Using Machine Learning Methods
Ye, Z., Jiang, L., Wang, Q., Li, Q., Wang, L., Gao, S., & Jiang, Z. (2025) · Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science · doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2025.109243 · Cited by 3
Scale‐Dependent Drivers of Air‐Sea CO2 Flux Variability
Fay, A. R., Carroll, D., McKinley, G., Menemenlis, D., & Zhang, H. (2024) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2024gl111911 · Cited by 3
“…of CO 2 outgassing (ocean‐ to‐atmosphere) and during El Niño events, less CO 2 is outgassed as equatorial upwelling of carbon‐rich waters and biological uptake is reduced (Chavez et al., 1999; McKinley et al., 2017) — these bio‐physical dynamics are captured by ECCO‐Darwin (Carroll et al., 2022).”
Inter-annual variability in forage fish population size structure: Comparison of selectivity of traditional vs. non-traditional sampling devices
Thayer, J., Burr, Z., Field, J., Carle, R., & Warzybok, P. (2021) · Fisheries Research · doi:10.1016/j.fishres.2020.105801 · Cited by 3
Implications of ocean color in the upper water thermal structure at NINO3.4 region: a sensitivity study for optical algorithms and ocean color variabilities
Kim, H.-C., Nadiga, S., Son, S., Mehra, A., Garraffo, Z., Bayler, E., & Behringer, D. (2018) · doi:10.1080/15481603.2017.1417697 · Cited by 3
“There have been scientific efforts to investigate ocean-biology-induced effects on ocean physics (Lewis et al. 1990; Chavez et al. 1998, 1999; Strutton and Chavez 2004; Manizza et al. 2005; Sweeney et al. 2005; Zhang 2015).”
Background
Biophysical Effects Simulated by an Ocean General Circulation Model Coupled with a Biogeochemical Model in the Tropical Pacific
Park, H., Moon, B., Wie, J., Kim, K.-Y., Lee, J., & Byun, Y. (2017) · doi:10.5467/jkess.2017.38.7.469 · Cited by 3
“The model reasonably reproduces the observed chlorophyll patterns with low concentrations at subtropical gyres and high concentrations in the tropical oceans, which are related to inactive subtropical vertical mixing and strong equatorial upwelling, respectively (Chavez et al., 1999).”
Background
The distribution of chlorophyll a in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean in boreal autumn
Hong, L.-C., Zhou, Y.-D., Zhang, D., Du, M.-M., Wang, Y., & Wang, C. (2014) · doi:10.1016/j.chnaes.2014.03.004 · Cited by 3
Ocean iron cycle
Boyd, P. W. (2009) · Geophysical monograph · doi:10.1029/2008gm000775 · Cited by 5
Organismal biology joins climate research: the example of ENSO
Thatje, S. (2008) · Helgoland Marine Research · doi:10.1007/s10152-007-0098-z · Cited by 3
“Some of the best data available on the impact of EN resulted from the EN 1982–83 (Barber and Chavez 1983; Arntz and Fahrbach 1991; Chavez et al. 1999; Tarazona et al. 2001).”
Background
Exploration of Biogeochemical Temporal Variability
Dickey, T. (2004) · doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-2087-2_5 · Cited by 3
Climate-driven population size fluctuations of jellyfish (Chrysaora plocamia) off Peru
Quiñones, J., Mianzan, H., Purca, S., Robinson, K., Adams, G., & Acha, E. M. (2015) · Marine Biology · doi:10.1007/s00227-015-2751-4 · Cited by 2
Beyond the surface: machine learning uncovers ENSO’s hidden and contrasting impacts on phytoplankton vertical structure
Yang, J., Wen, Y., Chen, P., Zhang, Z.-H., & Pan, D.-L. (2026) · Isprs Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing · doi:10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2026.01.002 · Cited by 2
Interannual variation in breeding performance, chick growth, and feeding parameters in a small pelagic seabird (Hydrobates melania, Hydrobatidae)
Bedolla-Guzmán, Y. R., Masello, J. F., Aguirre‐Muñoz, A., Rojas-Mayoral, E., Olvera-Guerrero, G., Villasante-Barahona, M., & Quillfeldt, P. (2025) · Marine Biology · doi:10.1007/s00227-025-04747-9 · Cited by 1
“…phenomena such as the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), characterized by warmer ocean temperatures and a deeper thermocline, disrupt normal upwelling patterns, reducing nutrient availability and productivity in the food web (Barber and Chavez 1983 ; Chavez et al. 1999; McPhaden et al. 2020).”
Seasonal and Interannual Variability of the Aragonite Saturation Horizon in the California Current System of Baja California
Oliva-Méndez, N. L., Hernández-Ayón, J., Valencia-Gasti, J. A., Durazo, R., Santamaría-del-Ángel, E., Alin, S., & Feely, R. (2025) · Journal of Geophysical Research - Oceans · doi:10.1029/2024jc021653 · Cited by 2
Self-citation
Optimizing observational arrays for biogeochemistry in the tropical Pacific by estimating correlation lengths
Chu, W. U., Mazloff, M., Verdy, A., Purkey, S., & Cornuelle, B. (2024) · Limnology and Oceanography: Methods · doi:10.1002/lom3.10641 · Cited by 2
“The tropical Paci ﬁ c Ocean is an especially critical location to constrain carbon dioxide measurements because it is one of the largest sources of regional CO 2 outgassing (Chavez et al. 1999).”
Spatial and temporal variation of biomass density beneath drifting fish‐aggregating devices in the western and central Pacific Ocean
Zhang, T.-J., Xin, J., Song, L.-M., & Yuan, H.-C. (2024) · Fisheries Management and Ecology · doi:10.1111/fme.12711 · Cited by 2

Authors: Chavez, F. P., Strutton, P. G., Friederich, G. E., Feely, R. A., Feldman, G. C., Foley, D. G., & McPhaden, M. J.
Affiliations: Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, 7700 Sandholdt Road, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA..
Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (US)
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (US)
Goddard Space Flight Center (US)
NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service (US)
ORCID: Strutton, P. G.
Feely, R. A.
McPhaden, M. J.
Venue: Science
Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Published: 1999-12-10
Volume: 286
Issue: 5447
Pages: 2126-2131
ISSN: 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
1095-9203
DOI: 10.1126/science.286.5447.2126
OpenAlex: W1980051345
Cited by: 642
References: 41
Citations by year: 2026: 18 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 35 · 2013: 29 · 2012: 25
FWCI: 23.27
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
figshare.com
Licence: cc-by
Locations: Science (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Marine Plankton and Biogeochemistry
Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Oceanographic and Atmospheric Processes
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Climate variability and models
Keywords: 1997-1998 El Niño, equatorial Pacific, ocean carbon uptake, phytoplankton blooms, chlorophyll content, nutrient depletion, upwelling, ocean productivity, ocean observing systems

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Biological and Chemical Response of the Equatorial Pacific Ocean to the 1997-98 El Niño

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