Cited by 642Marine Plankton and BiogeochemistryOceanographic and Atmospheric ProcessesClimate variability and models

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Biological and Chemical Response of the Equatorial Pacific Ocean to the 1997-98 El Niño

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Chavez, F. P., Strutton, P. G., Friederich, G. E., Feely, R. A., Feldman, G. C., Foley, D. G., McPhaden, M. J.·1999·Science

DOI 10.1126/science.286.5447.2126

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Abstract

During the 1997–98 El Niño, the equatorial Pacific Ocean retained 0.7 × 10 15 grams of carbon that normally would have been lost to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. The surface ocean became impoverished in plant nutrients, and chlorophyll concentrations were the lowest on record. A dramatic recovery occurred in mid-1998, the system became highly productive, analogous to coastal environments, and carbon dioxide flux out of the ocean was again high. The spatial extent of the phytoplankton bloom that followed recovery from El Niño was the largest ever observed for the equatorial Pacific. These chemical and ecological perturbations were linked to changes in the upwelling of nutrient-enriched waters. The description and explanation of these dynamic changes would not have been possible without an observing system that combines biological, chemical, and physical sensors on moorings with remote sensing of chlorophyll.

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Wolanin, A., Rozanov, V. V., Dinter, T., Noël, S., Vountas, M., Burrows, J. P., & Bracher, A. U. (2015) · Remote Sensing of Environment · doi:10.1016/j.rse.2015.05.018 · Cited by 71
“The evident link between biology and the physical environment related to climate variability expressed by MEI has been shown for the Equatorial Pacific in the study by Rousseaux and Gregg (2012).”
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Modelling the effect of El Niño on the persistence of small populations: The Galápagos penguin as a case study
Vargas, F. H., Lacy, R., Johnson, P., Steinfurth, A., Crawford, R., Boersma, P., & Macdonald, D. W. (2007) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2007.02.005 · Cited by 64
“The two most extreme El Niño events in the past century occurred in 1982–1983 and 1997–1998 (Chavez et al., 1999; McPhaden, 1999), and it is thought that such severe events are now more common than was previously (before mid1970s) the case (Trenberth and Hoar, 1996).”
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Oceanic and atmospheric anomalies of tropical instability waves
Polito, P. S., Ryan, J. P., Liu, W. T., & Chávez, F. P. (2001) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2000gl012400 · Cited by 59
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The Impact of Climate Change and Feedback Processes on the Ocean Carbon Cycle
Boyd, P. W., & Doney, S. C. (2003) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-55844-3_8 · Cited by 54
“Phytoplankton – pico to large diatoms Equatorial Pacific Chavez et al. (1999)”
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Coupling between subtidal prey and consumers along a mesoscale upwelling gradient in the Galápagos Islands
Witman, J., Brandt, M., & Smith, F. (2010) · doi:10.1890/08-1922.1 · Cited by 63
A critical review of marine sedimentaryδ13Corg‐pCO2 estimates: New palaeorecords from the South China Sea and a revisit of other low‐latitude δ13Corg‐pCO2 records
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El Niño induced changes to the Bolivar Channel ecosystem (Galapagos): Comparing model simulations with historical biomass time series
Wolff, M., Ruiz, D., & Taylor, M. (2012) · Marine Ecology Progress Series · doi:10.3354/meps09542 · Cited by 61
“…which brought extended periods (of about 8 mo) of unusually warm (>26°C, occasionally up to 29°C) and nutrient-depleted waters to the surface layer (Chavez et al. 1999, Enfield 2001, Glynn et al. 2001, Wellington et al. 2001), and phytoplankton biomass that was reduced by 50 to 70% of the mean…”
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Jellyfish bycatch diminishes profit in an anchovy fishery off Peru
Quiñones, J., Monroy, A., Acha, E. M., & Mianzan, H. (2013) · doi:10.1016/j.fishres.2012.04.014 · Cited by 61
Seasonal and interannual CO2 fluxes for the central and eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean as determined from fCO2‐SST relationships
Cosca, C., Feely, R., Boutin, J., Etcheto, J., McPhaden, M., Chavez, F., & Strutton, P. (2003) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2000jc000677 · Cited by 61
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Modulation of El Niño-Southern Oscillation by freshwater flux and salinity variability in the tropical Pacific
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Surface Mooring Network in the Kuroshio Extension
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Geoarchaeological evidence for multidecadal natural climatic variability and ancient Peruvian fisheries
Sandweiss, D., Maasch, K., Chai, F., Andrus, C., & Reitz, E. (2004) · Quaternary Research · doi:10.1016/j.yqres.2004.02.008 · Cited by 60
“During El Niño, reduced nutrient flux dramatically reduces productivity and disrupts the food web across the equatorial and coastal environments of the eastern tropical Pacific (Barber and Chavez, 1983; Chavez et al., 1999).”
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Effects of Spectral Bandpass on SeaWiFS-Retrieved Near-Surface Optical Properties of the Ocean.
Wang, M.-H., Franz, B., Barnes, R. A., & McClain, C. R. (2001) · Applied Optics · doi:10.1364/ao.40.000343 · Cited by 60
El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) impact on tuna fisheries in Indian Ocean
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“…(SST), SST anomalies, dissolved oxygen concentration, illumination, wind speed, current movements, depth of mixing layer, upwelling and food availability are major factors which are influencing the growth, and convergence zone (Diaz and Markgraf 1992; Lehodey et al. 1997, 2003; Chavez et al. 1999).”
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Productivity patterns in the equatorial Pacific over the last 30,000 years
Costa, K. M., Jacobel, A. W., McManus, J. F., Anderson, R. F., Winckler, G., & Thiagarajan, N. (2017) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1002/2016gb005579 · Cited by 77
The influence of Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) on biogeochemistry of carbon in the Arabian Sea during 1997–1998
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“…chlorophyll a (Chl a), and primary production decreased by > 50–60% during El Niño compared to the normal period due to deepening of thermocline and nitracline that results in decreased supply of nutrients to the photic zone in the eastern equatorial Pacific (Feely et al 2002; Chavez et al 1999).”
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Population dynamics of the exploited sea cucumber Isostichopus fuscus in the western Galapagos Islands, Ecuador
Hearn, A., Martínez, P., Toral-Granda, M. V., Murillo, J., & Polovina, J. (2005) · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2419.2005.00342.x · Cited by 59
Influence of coastal upwelling and El Niño-Southern Oscillation on nearshore water along Baja California and Chile: shore-based monitoring during 1997-2000
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“[3] On interannual and decadal timescales, dramatic shifts in nearshore productivity and ecosystems, many of which have significant biological, social, and economic consequences [FAO, 1998], have been linked to changes in atmospheric and oceanic circulation (e.g., the El Nin˜o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) [Chavez, 1996…”
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The History of Climate Dynamics in the Late Quaternary
Labeyrie, L. D., Cole, J. E., Alverson, K., & Stocker, T. F. (2003) · Global change - the IGBP series · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-55828-3_3 · Cited by 71
“…in the rates of atmospheric pCO2 increase are attributable to ENSO variability, through changes in surface ocean temperature and upwelling patterns (Chavez et al. 1999, Feely et al. 1999) together with the response of terrestrial productivity to changes in water balance and nutrient feedbacks…”
Background
Effects of wind speed and gas exchange parameterizations on the air‐sea CO2 fluxes in the equatorial Pacific Ocean
Feely, R., Wanninkhof, R., McGillis, W., Carr, M., & Cosca, C. (2004) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2003jc001896 · Cited by 58
“This region, particularly the central and eastern equatorial Pacific, exhibits a large amount of spatial and temporal variability in surface water carbon dioxide fugacity (fCO2) due to El Nin˜o–Southern Oscillation (ENSO)-driven physical and biological changes [ Chavez et al., 1999; Feely et al., 2002].”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Antibiofouling Coatings For Marine Sensors: Progress and Perspectives on Materials, Methods, Impacts, and Field Trial Studies
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“Deep-S the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), can be of similar magnitude or larger than local seasonal cycles (e.g., Chavez et al., 1999; Martinez et al., 2009; Vantrepotte and Mélin, 2011; Yoder and Kennelly, 2003), transmitted through atmospheric teleconnections (e.g., Chhak and DiLorenzo,…”
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Ecosystem dynamics and export production in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific: A modeling study of impact of ENSO
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“[7] In contrast to the impact of climatic variability on the marine ecosystem, another line of studies argued that phytoplankton can also provide biological feedback in the climate system [Lewis et al., 1990; Arrigo et al., 1999; Chavez et al., 1999; Nakamoto et al., 2000; Timmermann and Jin, 2002; Lengaigne et al., 2…”
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Primary production, new production, and growth rate in the equatorial Pacific: Changes from mesotrophic to oligotrophic regime : A JGOFS investigation of plankton variability and trophic interactions in the central equatorial Pacific (EBENE)
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Seasonal and inter-annual variability of chlorophyll-a concentration in the Mauritanian upwelling: Observation of an anomalous event during 1998–1999
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“ENSO-related hydrographic and phytoplankton anomalies have been reported extensively for Pacific EBCs (Chavez et al., 1999; Thomas et al., 2001a; Thomas et al., 2004).”
Background
Distribution and structure of heterotrophic protist communities in the northeast equatorial Pacific Ocean
Yang, E. J., Choi, J. K., & Hyun, J. (2004) · Marine Biology · doi:10.1007/s00227-004-1412-9 · Cited by 54
“A dramatic recovery, which led to La Nin˜ a conditions after the El Nin˜ o event of 1997, began in mid-1998 ( Chavez et al. 1999 ).”
Background
The impact of El Niño events on populations of mesopelagic hydromedusae
Raskoff, K. A. (2001) · Hydrobiologia · doi:10.1023/a:1011812812662 · Cited by 34
Hydrographic and fish larvae distribution during the “Godzilla El Niño 2015–2016” in the northern end of the shallow oxygen minimum zone of the E astern T ropical P acific O cean
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The current status of the real-time in situ Global Ocean Observing System for operational oceanography
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“Chavez et al. (1999) also took advantage of data from the array and other satellite and in situ data sources to comprehensively describe the marine biological and chemical consequences of the 1997/ 1998 El Niño.”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Atmospheric forcing on chlorophyll concentration in the Mediterranean
Katara, I., Illian, J., Pierce, G., Scott, B., & Wang, J. (2008) · Hydrobiologia · doi:10.1007/s10750-008-9492-z · Cited by 54
“On a less extensive scale, the most profound and best-studied large-scale, oceanic-atmospheric phenomenon, affecting phytoplankton concentration, is El Nin ˜o. The mechanisms proposed to link changes in the atmosphere to primary productivity during these events include the presence of upwelling favourable winds, the p…”
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“The 1997–1998 El Niño event was the strongest in the 20th century (Chavez et al., 1999; Kahru and Mitchell, 2000; McPhaden, 1999).”
Background
CCE IV: El Niño-related zooplankton variability in the southern California Current System
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Large-scale shifts in phytoplankton groups in the Equatorial Pacific during ENSO cycles
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Warming increases the top-down effects and metabolism of a subtidal herbivore
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“This annual cycle is interrupted during ENSO events (Barber & Chavez, 1983; Chavez et al., 1999).”
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Environmental and anthropogenic impacts on intra-specific variation in leatherback turtles: opportunities for targeted research and conservation
Wallace, B. P., & Saba, V. (2009) · doi:10.3354/esr00177 · Cited by 50
“…productivity (NPP), the base of the marine food web, in the foraging areas of EP leatherbacks (Morreale et al. 1996, Eckert & Sarti 1997, Shillinger et al. 2008) is affected by ENSO events every 3 to 7 yr (Chavez et al. 1999) and by multi-decadal variability every 20 to 30 yr (Chavez et al. 2003).”
Background
Role of ocean biology‐induced climate feedback in the modulation of El Niño‐Southern Oscillation
Zhang, R.-H., Busalacchi, A., Wang, X.-J., Ballabrera-Poy, J., Murtugudde, R., Hackert, E., & Chen, D.-K. (2009) · doi:10.1029/2008gl036568 · Cited by 50
Spatial and temporal patterns in summer ichthyoplankton assemblages on the eastern Bering Sea shelf 1996-2000
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“While not all El Nin˜o events manifest Nin˜o North effects, the El Nin˜o event of 1997‐98 was particularly intense ( Chavez et al., 1999, 2002 ) and unusual conditions occurred in the EBS in 1997.”
Background
Distribution of diatoms along the equatorial transect in the western and central Pacific during the 1999 La Niña conditions
Kobayashi, F., & Takahashi, K. (2002) · doi:10.1016/s0967-0645(02)00059-0 · Cited by 50
Seasonal Synechococcus and Thaumarchaeal population dynamics examined with high resolution with remote in situ instrumentation
Robidart, J., Preston, C., Paerl, R. W., Turk, K., Mosier, A., Francis, C. A., Scholin, C., & Zehr, J. (2011) · The ISME Journal · doi:10.1038/ismej.2011.127 · Cited by 49

Authors: Chavez, F. P., Strutton, P. G., Friederich, G. E., Feely, R. A., Feldman, G. C., Foley, D. G., & McPhaden, M. J.
Affiliations: Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, 7700 Sandholdt Road, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA..
Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (US)
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (US)
Goddard Space Flight Center (US)
NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service (US)
ORCID: Strutton, P. G.
Feely, R. A.
McPhaden, M. J.
Venue: Science
Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Published: 1999-12-10
Volume: 286
Issue: 5447
Pages: 2126-2131
ISSN: 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
1095-9203
DOI: 10.1126/science.286.5447.2126
OpenAlex: W1980051345
Cited by: 642
References: 41
Citations by year: 2026: 18 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 35 · 2013: 29 · 2012: 25
FWCI: 23.27
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
figshare.com
Licence: cc-by
Locations: Science (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Marine Plankton and Biogeochemistry
Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Oceanographic and Atmospheric Processes
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Climate variability and models
Keywords: 1997-1998 El Niño, equatorial Pacific, ocean carbon uptake, phytoplankton blooms, chlorophyll content, nutrient depletion, upwelling, ocean productivity, ocean observing systems

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Biological and Chemical Response of the Equatorial Pacific Ocean to the 1997-98 El Niño

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