Translational control by 5′-untranslated regions of eukaryotic mRNAs
Open accessAbstract
The eukaryotic 5′ untranslated region (UTR) is critical for ribosome recruitment to the messenger RNA (mRNA) and start codon choice and plays a major role in the control of translation efficiency and shaping the cellular proteome. The ribosomal initiation complex is assembled on the mRNA via a cap-dependent or cap-independent mechanism. We describe various mechanisms controlling ribosome scanning and initiation codon selection by 5′ upstream open reading frames, translation initiation factors, and primary and secondary structures of the 5′UTR, including particular sequence motifs. We also discuss translational control via phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2, which is implicated in learning and memory, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The translation initiation efficiency of mRNA is affected by the sequence and structure of the 5′ UTR region.
“The translation initiation efficiency of mRNA is affected by the sequence and structure of the 5′ UTR region.5”
From Evaluation of synthetic mRNA with selected UTR sequences and alternative poly(A) tail, in vitro and in vivo (2025) · cites this paper as [5]
The paper's data captured and quantitated the repressive effect of secondary structure on ribosome load.
“By calculating UTR minimum free energies (MFE)26 and comparing them to UTR MRLs, we captured and quantitated this repressive effect of secondary structure on ribosome load (Supplementary Fig. 2c)17,25.”
From Human 5′ UTR design and variant effect prediction from a massively parallel translation assay (2019) · cites this paper as [17]
Translation initiation is largely dependent on start codons and their context and position relative to a CDS.
“Translation initiation is largely dependent on start codons and their context and position relative to a CDS12,17.”
From Human 5′ UTR design and variant effect prediction from a massively parallel translation assay (2019) · cites this paper as [17]
Translation initiation and elongation is affected by RNA secondary structure that forms within 5′ UTRs and coding sequences, with strong structures showing the most negative effect on translation.
“Translation initiation and elongation is also affected by RNA secondary structure that forms within 5′ UTRs and coding sequences, with strong structures showing the most negative effect on translation17,25.”
From Human 5′ UTR design and variant effect prediction from a massively parallel translation assay (2019) · cites this paper as [17]
The 5′ UTR plays a key role in translation initiation and pre-initiation complex assembly.
“In this context, the 5′ UTR is of particular interest, as it plays a key role in translation initiation and pre-initiation complex assembly [17].”
From Identification of novel 5’ UTR variants for enhanced mRNA translation and vaccine immunogenicity (2026) · cites this paper as [17]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Translation inhibitors cause abnormalities in ribosome profiling experiments
Gerashchenko, M. V., & Gladyshev, V. N. (2014) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gku671 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Rubio, C. A., Weisburd, B., Holderfield, M., Arias, C., Fang, E., DeRisi, J. L., & Fanidi, A. (2014) · Genome Biology · doi:10.1186/s13059-014-0476-1 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 58
- [1]Hinnebusch AG, Molecular mechanism of scanning and start codon selection in eukaryotes. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 75, 434– 467 (2011). 21885680 PMC3165540
- [2]Kozak M, Point mutations define a sequence flanking the AUG initiator codon that modulates translation by eukaryotic ribosomes. Cell 44, 283– 292 (1986). 3943125
- [3]Starck SR, Leucine-tRNA initiates at CUG start codons for protein synthesis and presentation by MHC class I. Science 336, 1719– 1723 (2012). 22745432
- [4]Loughran G, Sachs MS, Atkins JF, Ivanov IP, Stringency of start codon selection modulates autoregulation of translation initiation factor eIF5. Nucleic Acids Res 40, 2898– 2906 (2012). 22156057 PMC3326321
- [5]Ivanov IP, Loughran G, Sachs MS, Atkins JF, Initiation context modulates autoregulation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 1 (eIF1). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107, 18056– 18060 (2010). 20921384 PMC2964218
- [6]Donahue TF, Cigan AM, Pabich EK, Castilho-Valavicius B, Mutations at a Zn(II) finger motif in the yeast elF-2β gene alter ribosomal start-site selection during the scanning process. Cell 54, 621– 632 (1988). 3136928
- [7]Berthelot K, Muldoon M, Rajkowitsch L, Hughes J, McCarthy JE, Dynamics and processivity of 40S ribosome scanning on mRNA in yeast. Mol Microbiol 51, 987– 1001 (2004). 14763975
- [8]Pestova TV, Kolupaeva VG, The roles of individual eukaryotic translation initiation factors in ribosomal scanning and initiation codon selection. Genes Dev 16, 2906– 2922. (2002). 12435632 PMC187480
- [9]Arribere JA, Gilbert WV, Roles for transcript leaders in translation and mRNA decay revealed by transcript leader sequencing. Genome Res 23, 977– 987 (2013). 23580730 PMC3668365
- [10]Sedman SA, Gelembiuk GW, Mertz JE, Translation initiation at a downstream AUG occurs with increased efficiency when the upstream AUG is located very close to the 5’ cap. J Virol 64, 453– 457 (1990). 2152833 PMC249126
- [11]Sinvani H, Translational tolerance of mitochondrial genes to metabolic energy stress involves TISU and eIF1-eIF4GI cooperation in start codon selection. Cell Metab 21, 479– 492 (2015). 25738462
- [12]Kozak M, Downstream secondary structure facilitates recognition of initiator codons by eukaryotic ribosomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 87, 8301– 8305 (1990). 2236042 PMC54943
- [13]Koromilas AE, Lazaris-Karatzas A, Sonenberg N, mRNAs containing extensive secondary structure in their 5’ non-coding region translate efficiently in cells overexpressing initiation factor eIF-4E. EMBO J. 11, 4153– 4158 (1992). 1396596 PMC556925
- [14]Abaeva IS, Marintchev A, Pisareva VP, Hellen CU, Pestova TV, Bypassing of stems versus linear base-by-base inspection of mammalian mRNAs during ribosomal scanning. Embo J 30, 115– 129 (2011). 21113134 PMC3020121
- [15]Sen ND, Zhou F, Ingolia NT, Hinnebusch AG, Genome-wide analysis of translational efficiency reveals distinct but overlapping functions of yeast DEAD-box RNA helicases Ded1 and eIF4A. Genome Res 25, 1196– 1205 (2015). 26122911 PMC4510003
- [17]Wolfe AL, RNA G-quadruplexes cause eIF4A-dependent oncogene translation in cancer. Nature 513, 65– 70 (2014). 25079319 PMC4492470
- [18]Svitkin Y, The requirement for eukaryotic initiation factor 4A (eIF4A) in translation is in direct proportion to the degree of mRNA 5’ secondary structure. RNA 7, 382– 394 (2001). 11333019 PMC1370095
- [19]Pelletier J, Sonenberg N, Photochemical cross-linking of cap binding proteins to eucaryotic mRNAs: effect of mRNA 5’ secondary structure. Mol Cell Biol 5, 3222– 3230 (1985). 3837842 PMC369138
- [20]Soto-Rifo R, DEAD-box protein DDX3 associates with eIF4F to promote translation of selected mRNAs. EMBO J 31, 3745– 3756 (2012). 22872150 PMC3442272
- [21]Hentze M, Gebauer F, Preiss T, cis-Regulatory Sequences and trans-Acting Factors in Translational Control. Translational Control in Biology and Medicine (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 2007), pp. 269– 295.
- [22]Ingolia NT, Ghaemmaghami S, Newman JR, Weissman JS, Genome-wide analysis in vivo of translation with nucleotide resolution using ribosome profiling. Science 324, 218– 223 (2009). 19213877 PMC2746483
- [23]Lee S, Global mapping of translation initiation sites in mammalian cells at single-nucleotide resolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109, E2424– 2432 (2012). 22927429 PMC3443142
- [24]Johnstone TG, Bazzini AA, Giraldez AJ, Upstream ORFs are prevalent translational repressors in vertebrates. EMBO J 35, 706– 723 (2016). 26896445 PMC4818764
- [25]Vanderperre B, Direct detection of alternative open reading frames translation products in human significantly expands the proteome. PLoS One 8, e70698 (2013). 23950983 PMC3741303
- [26]Zhang F, Hinnebusch AG, An upstream ORF with non-AUG start codon is translated in vivo but dispensable for translational control of GCN4 mRNA. Nucleic Acids Res 39, 68– 86 (2011). PMC3082883 21227927
- [28]Calvo SE, Pagliarini DJ, Mootha VK, Upstream open reading frames cause widespread reduction of protein expression and are polymorphic among humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106, 7507– 7512 (2009). 19372376 PMC2669787
- [29]Brar GA, High-resolution view of the yeast meiotic program revealed by ribosome profiling. Science 335, 552– 557 (2012). 22194413 PMC3414261
- [30]Gaba A, Jacobson A, Sachs MS, Ribosome occupancy of the yeast CPA1 upstream open reading frame termination codon modulates nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. Mol Cell 20, 449– 460 (2005). 16285926
- [31]Werner M, Feller A, Messenguy F, Pierard A, The leader peptide of yeast gene CPA1 is essential for the translational repression of its expression. Cell 49, 805– 813 (1987). 3555844
- [32]Wei J, Wu C, Sachs MS, The arginine attenuator peptide interferes with the ribosome peptidyl transferase center. Mol Cell Biol 32, 2396– 2406 (2012). 22508989 PMC3434499
- [33]Raney A, Law GL, Mize GJ, Morris DR, Regulated translation termination at the upstream open reading frame in s-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase mRNA. J Biol Chem 277, 5988– 5994 (2002). 11741992
- [34]Ivanov IP, Atkins JF, Michael AJ, A profusion of upstream open reading frame mechanisms in polyamine-responsive translational regulation. Nucleic Acids Res 38, 353– 359 (2010). 19920120 PMC2811004
- [35]Andreev DE, Translation of 5’ leaders is pervasive in genes resistant to eIF2 repression. Elife 4, e03971 (2015). 25621764 PMC4383229
- [36]Young SK, Willy JA, Wu C, Sachs MS, Wek RC, Ribosome Reinitiation Directs Gene-specific Translation and Regulates the Integrated Stress Response. J Biol Chem 290, 28257– 28271 (2015). 26446796 PMC4653682
- [37]Hinnebusch AG, Translational regulation of GCN4 and the general amino acid control of yeast. Annu Rev Microbiol 59, 407– 450 (2005). 16153175
- [38]Lu PD, Harding HP, Ron D, Translation reinitiation at alternative open reading frames regulates gene expression in an integrated stress response. J Cell Biol 167, 27– 33 (2004). 15479734 PMC2172506
- [39]Vattem KM, Wek RC, Reinitiation involving upstream ORFs regulates ATF4 mRNA translation in mammalian cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101, 11269– 11274 (2004). 15277680 PMC509193
- [40]Szamecz B, eIF3a cooperates with sequences 5’ of uORF1 to promote resumption of scanning by post-termination ribosomes for reinitiation on GCN4 mRNA. Genes Dev 22, 2414– 2425 (2008). 18765792 PMC2532924
- [41]Luttermann C, Meyers G, The importance of inter- and intramolecular base pairing for translation reinitiation on a eukaryotic bicistronic mRNA. Genes Dev 23, 331– 344 (2009). 19204118 PMC2648545
- [42]Zinoviev A, Hellen CU, Pestova TV, Multiple mechanisms of reinitiation on bicistronic calicivirus mRNAs. Mol Cell 57, 1059– 1073 (2015). 25794616 PMC4521216
- [43]Chappell SA, Dresios J, Edelman GM, Mauro VP, Ribosomal shunting mediated by a translational enhancer element that base pairs to 18S rRNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103, 9488– 9493 (2006). 16769881 PMC1480434
- [44]Weingarten-Gabbay S, Comparative genetics. Systematic discovery of cap-independent translation sequences in human and viral genomes. Science 351, (2016). 26816383
- [45]Park HS, Himmelbach A, Browning KS, Hohn T, Ryabova LA, A plant viral “reinitiation” factor interacts with the host translational machinery. Cell 106, 723– 733 (2001). 11572778
- [46]Roy B, The h subunit of eIF3 promotes reinitiation competence during translation of mRNAs harboring upstream open reading frames. RNA 16, 748– 761 (2010). 20179149 PMC2844622
- [47]Schleich S, DENR-MCT-1 promotes translation re-initiation downstream of uORFs to control tissue growth. Nature 512, 208– 212 (2014). 25043021 PMC4134322
- [48]Costa-Mattioli M, Translational control of hippocampal synaptic plasticity and memory by the eIF2alpha kinase GCN2. Nature 436, 1166– 1173 (2005). 16121183 PMC1464117
- [49]Wethmar K, C/EBPbetaDeltauORF mice--a genetic model for uORF-mediated translational control in mammals. Genes Dev 24, 15– 20 (2010). 20047998 PMC2802187
- [50]Medenbach J, Seiler M, Hentze MW, Translational control via protein-regulated upstream open reading frames. Cell 145, 902– 913 (2011). 21663794
- [51]Somers J, A common polymorphism in the 5’ UTR of ERCC5 creates an upstream ORF that confers resistance to platinum-based chemotherapy. Genes Dev 29, 1891– 1896 (2015). 26338418 PMC4579346
- [52]Tcherkezian J, Proteomic analysis of cap-dependent translation identifies LARP1 as a key regulator of 5’TOP mRNA translation. Genes Dev 28, 357– 371 (2014). 24532714 PMC3937514
- [53]Gandin V, nanoCAGE reveals 5’ UTR features that define specific modes of translation of functionally related MTOR-sensitive mRNAs. Genome Res, (2016). PMC4864462 26984228
- [54]Meyer KD, 5’ UTR m(6)A Promotes Cap-Independent Translation. Cell 163, 999– 1010 (2015). 26593424 PMC4695625
- [55]Shirokikh NE, Spirin AS, Poly(A) leader of eukaryotic mRNA bypasses the dependence of translation on initiation factors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105, 10738– 10743 (2008). 18658239 PMC2485544
- [56]Agalarov S, Sakharov PA, Fattakhova D, Sogorin EA, Spirin AS, Internal translation initiation and eIF4F/ATP-independent scanning of mRNA by eukaryotic ribosomal particles. Sci Rep 4, 4438 (2014). 24657959 PMC3963034
- [57]Algire MA, Development and characterization of a reconstituted yeast translation initiation system. RNA 8, 382– 397 (2002). 12008673 PMC1370259
- [58]Gilbert WV, Zhou K, Butler TK, Doudna JA, Cap-independent translation is required for starvation-induced differentiation in yeast. Science 317, 1224– 1227 (2007). 17761883
- [59]Kieft JS, Viral IRES RNA structures and ribosome interactions. Trends Biochem Sci 33, 274– 283 (2008). 18468443 PMC2706518
- [60]Jackson RJ, The current status of vertebrate cellular mRNA IRESs. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 5, (2013). PMC3552511 23378589
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The integrated stress response: From mechanism to disease
Costa-Mattioli, M., & Walter, P. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aat5314 · Cited by 1,617 · see citing works
Cellular Adaptation to Hypoxia through Hypoxia Inducible Factors and beyond
Lee, P., Chandel, N. S., & Simon, M. C. (2020) · Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/s41580-020-0227-y · Cited by 1,272 · see citing works
Functional 5′ UTR mRNA structures in eukaryotic translation regulation and how to find them
Leppek, K., Das, R., & Barna, M. (2018) · Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/nrm.2017.103 · Cited by 949 · see citing works
mRNA structure regulates protein expression through changes in functional half-life
Mauger, D. M., Cabral, B. J., Presnyak, V., Su, S. V., Reid, D. W., Goodman, B., Link, K., Khatwani, N., Reynders, J., Moore, M. J., et al. (2019) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1908052116 · Cited by 555 · see citing works
Computed structures of core eukaryotic protein complexes
Humphreys, I. R., Pei, J., Baek, M., Krishnakumar, A., Anishchenko, I., Ovchinnikov, S., Zhang, J., Ness, T. J., Banjade, S., Bagde, S. R., et al. (2021) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abm4805 · Cited by 542 · see citing works
Human 5′ UTR design and variant effect prediction from a massively parallel translation assay
Sample, P. J., Wang, B., Reid, D. W., Presnyak, V., McFadyen, I. J., Morris, D. R., & Seelig, G. (2019) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41587-019-0164-5 · Cited by 442 · see citing works
Ribosome Levels Selectively Regulate Translation and Lineage Commitment in Human Hematopoiesis
Khajuria, R. K., Munschauer, M., Ulirsch, J. C., Fiorini, C., Ludwig, L. S., McFarland, S. K., Abdulhay, N. J., Specht, H., Keshishian, H., Mani, D. R., et al. (2018) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2018.02.036 · Cited by 416 · see citing works
Protein synthesis and quality control in aging
Anisimova, A. S., Alexandrov, A. I., Makarova, N. E., Gladyshev, V. N., & Dmitriev, S. E. (2018) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.101721 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Minnaert, A.-K., Vanluchene, H., Verbeke, R., Lentacker, I., De Smedt, S. C., Raemdonck, K., Sanders, N. N., & Remaut, K. (2021) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2021.113900 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Leveraging mRNA Sequences and Nanoparticles to Deliver SARS‐CoV‐2 Antigens In Vivo
Zeng, C., Hou, X., Yan, J., Zhang, C., Li, W., Zhao, W., Du, S., & Dong, Y. (2020) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202004452 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Translational Control in the Brain in Health and Disease
Sossin, W. S., & Costa-Mattioli, M. (2019) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a032912 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Nanomedicine-Based Approaches for mRNA Delivery
Uchida, S., Perche, F., Pichon, C., & Cabral, H. (2020) · Molecular Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00618 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Biomedical applications of mRNA nanomedicine
Xiong, Q., Lee, G. Y., Ding, J., Li, W., & Shi, J. (2018) · Nano Research · doi:10.1007/s12274-018-2146-1 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Molecular Pathways: The eIF4F Translation Initiation Complex—New Opportunities for Cancer Treatment
Malka-Mahieu, H., Newman, M., Désaubry, L., Robert, C., & Vagner, S. (2017) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-2362 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Non-immunotherapy application of LNP-mRNA: Maximizing efficacy and safety
Vlatkovic, I. (2021) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines9050530 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
An overview of rational design of mRNA-based therapeutics and vaccines
To, K. K. W., & Cho, W. C. S. (2021) · Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery · doi:10.1080/17460441.2021.1935859 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Predicting the translation efficiency of messenger RNA in mammalian cells
Zheng, D., Persyn, L., Wang, J., Liu, Y., Ulloa-Montoya, F., Cenik, C., & Agarwal, V. (2026) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41587-025-02712-x · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Estrogen receptor alpha controls gene expression via translational offsetting
Lorent, J., Rebello, R. J., Hoef, V. V., Lawrence, M. G., Szkop, K. J., Kusnadi, E., Samreen, B., Balanathan, P., Scharmann, K., Takizawa, I., et al. (2018) · doi:10.1101/507574 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Canestrari, J. G., Lasek‐Nesselquist, E., Upadhyay, A., Rofaeil, M., Champion, M. M., Wade, J. T., Derbyshire, K. M., & Gray, T. A. (2020) · Molecular Microbiology · doi:10.1111/mmi.14498 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Medjmedj, A., Genon, H., Hezili, D., Loth, A. N., Clemençon, R., Guimpied, C., Mollet, L., Bigot, A., Wien, F., Hamacek, J., et al. (2025) · Molecular Therapy Nucleic Acids · doi:10.1016/j.omtn.2025.102648 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Vitale, L., Caracausi, M., Casadei, R., Pelleri, M. C., & Piovesan, A. (2017) · International Journal of Molecular Medicine · doi:10.3892/ijmm.2017.2942 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Identification of novel 5’ UTR variants for enhanced mRNA translation and vaccine immunogenicity
Mazunina, E. P., Dzharullaeva, A. S., Kleymenov, D. A., Bykonia, E. N., Kozlova, S. R., Usachev, E. V., Panova, E. A., Konopleva, M. V., Telegina, D. V., Kukushkina-Zvezdova, A. A., et al. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-59586-5
- Authors
- Hinnebusch, A. G., Ivanov, I. P., & Sonenberg, N.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- McGill University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Sonenberg, Nahum
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2016-06-17
- Volume
- 352
- Issue
- 6292
- Pages
- 1413-1416
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- PMC
- PMC7422601
- OpenAlex
- W2427010553
- Cited by
- 1,079
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 98 · 2025: 118 · 2024: 120 · 2023: 98 · 2022: 118 · 2021: 97 · 2020: 116 · 2019: 111 · 2018: 96 · 2017: 88 · 2016: 19
- FWCI
- 9.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship@McGill (McGill) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship@McGill (McGill) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (Z01HD001004)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA and protein synthesis mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA Research and Splicing
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling in cancer
- Keywords
- 5' untranslated region, translational regulation, translation initiation, ribosome scanning, start codon selection, upstream open reading frames, translation initiation factors, eIF2α phosphorylation, cap-dependent translation, cap-independent translation, mRNA secondary structure
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Humans, Memory, Neoplasms, Peptide Chain Initiation, Translational, Ribosomes, Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-2, Open Reading Frames, Codon, Initiator, Neurodegenerative Diseases, 5' Untranslated Regions, Regulatory Elements, Transcriptional
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
