Long-read sequence assembly of the gorilla genome
Open accessAbstract
Improving on the gorilla genome: Access to complete, high-quality genomes of nonhuman primates will also help us understand human biology. Gordon et al. used long-read sequencing technology to improve genome data on our close relative the gorilla. Sequencing from a single individual decreased assembly fragmentation and recovered previously missed genes and noncoding loci. Mapping short-read sequences from additional gorillas helped reconstruct a “pan” gorilla sequence documenting genetic variation. Comparison with human genomes revealed species-specific differences ranging in size from one to thousands of bases in length, including some that are likely to affect gene regulation. Science , this issue p. 10.1126/science.aae0344
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Progressive Cactus has been developed over several years and has already been successfully used as an integral component of high-profile comparative genomics projects.
“Progressive Cactus has been developed over several years, and has already been successfully used as an integral component of high-profile comparative genomics projects16–20.”
From Progressive Cactus is a multiple-genome aligner for the thousand-genome era (2020) · cites this paper as [18]
The Abstract and Comparative analyses section describe a gorilla-genome assembly and comparisons with human, but do not identify Progressive Cactus as a component. Searches for “Progressive Cactus” and Cactus genome alignment found no passage addressing its use in this project or its development over several years. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.70)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
STAR: ultrafast universal RNA-seq aligner
Dobin, A., Davis, C. A., Schlesinger, F., Drenkow, J., Zaleski, C., Jha, S., Batut, P., Chaisson, M., & Gingeras, T. R. (2013) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/bts635 · Cited by 51,709 · see citing works
Self-citationTandem repeats finder: a program to analyze DNA sequences
Benson, G. (1999) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/27.2.573 · Cited by 9,374 · see citing works
O'Leary, N. A., Wright, M. W., Brister, J. R., Ciufo, S., Haddad, D., McVeigh, R., Rajput, B., Robbertse, B., Smith-White, B., Ako-Adjei, D., et al. (2016) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkv1189 · Cited by 6,357 · see citing works
Initial sequence of the chimpanzee genome and comparison with the human genome
The Chimpanzee Sequencing and Analysis Consortium (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04072 · Cited by 2,459 · see citing works
The evolution of lncRNA repertoires and expression patterns in tetrapods
Necsulea, A., Soumillon, M., Warnefors, M., Liechti, A., Daish, T., Zeller, U., Baker, J. C., Grützner, F., & Kaessmann, H. (2014) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature12943 · Cited by 984 · see citing works
Genic Intolerance to Functional Variation and the Interpretation of Personal Genomes
Petrovski, S., Wang, Q., Heinzen, E. L., Allen, A. S., & Goldstein, D. B. (2013) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003709 · Cited by 901 · see citing works
Identification, characterization and comparative genomics of chimpanzee endogenous retroviruses
Polavarapu, N., Bowen, N. J., & McDonald, J. F. (2006) · Genome Biology · doi:10.1186/gb-2006-7-6-r51 · Cited by 60 · cited 1× · see citing works
“PTERV1 is particularly notable in this regard because its 9- to 10-kbp fulllength insertions are specific to the gorilla lineage (18, 19); we found a 4.”
Background
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 24
- [1]Lam HYK Performance comparison of whole-genome sequencing platforms Nat. Biotechnol 2012 30 78 82 pmid: 22178993 22178993 PMC4076012
- [2]Rogers J Gibbs RA Comparative primate genomics: Emerging patterns of genome content and dynamics Nat. Rev. Genet 2014 15 347 359 pmid: 24709753 24709753 PMC4113315
- [3]Chaisson MJP Wilson RK Eichler EE Genetic variation and the de novo assembly of human genomes Nat. Rev. Genet 2015 16 627 640 pmid: 26442640 26442640 PMC4745987
- [4]Scally A Insights into hominid evolution from the gorilla genome sequence Nature 2012 483 169 175 pmid: 22398555 22398555 PMC3303130
- [5]Carbone L Gibbon genome and the fast karyotype evolution of small apes Nature 2014 513 195 201 pmid: 25209798 25209798 PMC4249732
- [6]Berlin K Assembling large genomes with single-molecule sequencing and locality-sensitive hashing Nat. Biotechnol 2015 33 623 630 pmid: 26006009 26006009
- [7]Pendleton M Assembly and diploid architecture of an individual human genome via single-molecule technologies Nat. Methods 2015 12 780 786 pmid: 26121404 26121404 PMC4646949
- [8]Chin C-S Nonhybrid, finished microbial genome assemblies from long-read SMRT sequencing data Nat. Methods 2013 10 563 569 pmid: 23644548 23644548
- [9]Royle NJ Baird DM Jeffreys AJ A subterminal satellite located adjacent to telomeres in chimpanzees is absent from the human genome Nat. Genet 1994 6 52 56 pmid: 8136835 8136835
- [10]Prado-Martinez J Great ape genetic diversity and population history Nature 2013 499 471 475 pmid: 23823723 23823723 PMC3822165
- [12]Harrow J GENCODE: The reference human genome annotation for The ENCODE Project Genome Res 2012 22 1760 1774 pmid: 22955987 22955987 PMC3431492
- [13]Stanke M Diekhans M Baertsch R Haussler D Using native and syntenically mapped cDNA alignments to improve de novo gene finding Bioinformatics 2008 24 637 644 pmid: 18218656 18218656
- [14]Siepel A Targeted discovery of novel human exons by comparative genomics Genome Res 2007 17 1763 1773 pmid: 17989246 17989246 PMC2099585
- [15]Zhu J Comparative genomics search for losses of long-established genes on the human lineage PLOS Comput. Biol 2007 3 e247 pmid: 18085818 18085818 PMC2134963
- [16]Ventura M Gorilla genome structural variation reveals evolutionary parallelisms with chimpanzee Genome Res 2011 21 1640 1649 pmid: 21685127 21685127 PMC3202281
- [17]Sudmant PH Evolution and diversity of copy number variation in the great ape lineage Genome Res 2013 23 1373 1382 pmid: 23825009 23825009 PMC3759715
- [18]Yohn CT Lineage-specific expansions of retroviral insertions within the genomes of African great apes but not humans and orangutans PLOS Biol 2005 3 e110 pmid: 15737067 15737067 PMC1054887
- [20]Xue Y Mountain gorilla genomes reveal the impact of long-term population decline and inbreeding Science 2015 348 242 245 pmid: 25859046 25859046 PMC4668944
- [22]Little AM Parham P Polymorphism and evolution of HLA class I and II genes and molecules Rev. Immunogenet 1999 1 105 123 pmid: 11256568 11256568
- [24]Myers EW The fragment assembly string graph Bioinformatics 2005 21 suppl. 2 ii79 ii85 pmid: 16204131 16204131
- [25]Pevzner PA Tang H Tesler G De novo repeat classification and fragment assembly Genome Res 2004 14 1786 1796 pmid: 15342561 15342561 PMC515325
- [26]Brawand D The evolution of gene expression levels in mammalian organs Nature 2011 478 343 348 pmid: 22012392 22012392
- [30]Chaisson MJ Tesler G Mapping single molecule sequencing reads using basic local alignment with successive refinement (BLASR): Application and theory BMC Bioinformatics 2012 13 238 pmid: 22988817 22988817 PMC3572422
- [31]Parsons JD Miropeats: Graphical DNA sequence comparisons Comput. Appl. Biosci 1995 11 615 619 pmid: 8808577 8808577
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Opportunities and challenges in long-read sequencing data analysis
Amarasinghe, S. L., Su, S., Dong, X., Zappia, L., Ritchie, M. E., & Gouil, Q. (2020) · Genome Biology · doi:10.1186/s13059-020-1935-5 · Cited by 2,530 · see citing works
Nanopore sequencing and assembly of a human genome with ultra-long reads
Jain, M., Koren, S., Miga, K. H., Quick, J., Rand, A. C., Sasani, T. A., Tyson, J. R., Beggs, A. D., Dilthey, A. T., Fiddes, I. T., et al. (2018) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.4060 · Cited by 1,892 · see citing works
Self-citationHaplotype-resolved diverse human genomes and integrated analysis of structural variation
Ebert, P., Audano, P. A., Zhu, Q., Rodriguez-Martin, B., Porubsky, D., Bonder, M. J., Sulovari, A., Ebler, J., Zhou, W., Serra Mari, R., et al. (2021) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abf7117 · Cited by 702 · see citing works
Self-citationCharacterizing the Major Structural Variant Alleles of the Human Genome
Audano, P. A., Sulovari, A., Graves-Lindsay, T. A., Cantsilieris, S., Sorensen, M., Welch, A. E., Dougherty, M. L., Nelson, B. J., Shah, A., Dutcher, S. K., et al. (2019) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2018.12.019 · Cited by 492 · see citing works
Self-citationProgressive Cactus is a multiple-genome aligner for the thousand-genome era
Armstrong, J., Hickey, G., Diekhans, M., Fiddes, I. T., Novak, A. M., Deran, A., Fang, Q., Xie, D., Feng, S., Stiller, J., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2871-y · Cited by 586 · see citing works
Self-citationThe design and construction of reference pangenome graphs with minigraph
Li, H., Feng, X., & Chu, C. (2020) · Genome Biology · doi:10.1186/s13059-020-02168-z · Cited by 455 · see citing works
From telomere to telomere: The transcriptional and epigenetic state of human repeat elements
Hoyt, S. J., Storer, J. M., Hartley, G. A., Grady, P. G. S., Gershman, A., de Lima, L. G., Limouse, C., Halabian, R., Wojenski, L., Rodriguez, M., et al. (2022) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abk3112 · Cited by 411 · see citing works
Self-citationComputational methods for chromosome-scale haplotype reconstruction
Garg, S. (2021) · Genome Biology · doi:10.1186/s13059-021-02328-9 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
A reference genome of the Chinese hamster based on a hybrid assembly strategy
Rupp, O., MacDonald, M. L., Li, S., Dhiman, H., Polson, S., Griep, S., Heffner, K., Hernandez, I., Brinkrolf, K., Jadhav, V., et al. (2018) · Biotechnology and Bioengineering · doi:10.1002/bit.26722 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Neanderthal-Denisovan ancestors interbred with a distantly related hominin
Rogers, A. R., Harris, N. S., & Achenbach, A. A. (2020) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aay5483 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Holloway, J. R., Williams, Z. H., Freeman, M. M., Bulow, U., & Coffin, J. M. (2019) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1814203116 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Mouse protein coding diversity: What’s left to discover?
Lilue, J., Shivalikanjli, A., Adams, D. J., & Keane, T. M. (2019) · PLOS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1008446 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
- Authors
- Gordon, D., Huddleston, J., Chaisson, M. J. P., Hill, C. M., Kronenberg, Z. N., Munson, K. M., Malig, M., Raja, A., Fiddes, I., Hillier, L. W., Dunn, C., Baker, C., Armstrong, J., Diekhans, M., Paten, B., Shendure, J., Wilson, R. K., Haussler, D., Chin, C.-S., & Eichler, E. E.
- Affiliations
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- University of Washington (US)
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Pacific Biosciences (United States) (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gordon, David
- Huddleston, John
- Chaisson, Mark J. P.
- Hill, Christopher M.
- Kronenberg, Zev N.
- Eichler, Evan E.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2016-04
- Volume
- 352
- Issue
- 6281
- Pages
- aae0344-aae0344
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- PMC
- PMC4920363
- OpenAlex
- W2323608404
- Cited by
- 333
- References
- 7
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 50 · 2019: 73 · 2018: 47 · 2017: 49 · 2016: 26
- FWCI
- 27.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. National Institutes of Health (HG002385, HG007635, HG003079, HG007990, HG007234)
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Phylogenetic Studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genomic variations and chromosomal abnormalities
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Chromosomal and Genetic Variations
- Keywords
- long-read sequencing, single-molecule real-time sequencing, de novo genome assembly, segmental duplication, structural variants, gene loss, genetic diversity, primate genomics
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Female, Gorilla gorilla, Humans, Genetic Variation, Genome, Human, Sequence Alignment, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Evolution, Molecular, Expressed Sequence Tags, Contig Mapping, Genomics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review