Cited by 725Genomic variations and chromosomal abnormalitiesGenomics and Phylogenetic StudiesGenome Rearrangement Algorithms

Haplotype-resolved diverse human genomes and integrated analysis of structural variation

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Ebert, Peter, Audano, Peter A., Zhu, Qihui, Rodriguez-Martin, Bernardo, Porubsky, David, Bonder, Marc Jan, Sulovari, Arvis, Ebler, Jana +57 more·2021·Science

Published version of a preprint

Abstract

Resolving genomic structural variation: Many human genomes have been reported using short-read technology, but it is difficult to resolve structural variants (SVs) using these data. These genomes thus lack comprehensive comparisons among individuals and populations. Ebert et al. used long-read structural variation calling across 64 human genomes representing diverse populations and developed new methods for variant discovery. This approach allowed the authors to increase the number of confirmed SVs and to describe the patterns of variation across populations. From this dataset, they identified quantitative trait loci affected by these SVs and determined how they may affect gene expression and potentially explain genome-wide association study hits. This information provides insights into patterns of normal human genetic variation and generates reference genomes that better represent the diversity of our species. Science , this issue p. eabf7117

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Crossref · 10.1126/science.abf7117

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  • Previous studies have identified tens of megabases of sequence contained within structural variants that are polymorphic within the population.

    “Previous studies have identified tens of megabases of sequence contained within structural variants (SVs) that are polymorphic within the population5.”

    From A draft human pangenome reference. (2023) · cites this paper as [5]

    The Results sections on structural variant distribution and complex structural variation document SVs and distinct structural haplotypes in human populations. But the reported ~279 Mbp is the genomic span of SV hotspots, not the amount of sequence contained within polymorphic SVs; the passages do not establish the claimed tens-of-megabases total. (LLM, conf=0.82)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • The released assemblies provide a large set of fully phased human genome assemblies and outperform earlier efforts on many levels of assembly quality.

    “This provides a large set of fully phased human genome assemblies and outperforms earlier efforts on many levels of assembly quality5,16,60.”

    From A draft human pangenome reference. (2023) · cites this paper as [5]

    The Results section (“Sequencing and phased assembly of human genomes”; page unavailable) reports 70 phased human haplotypes and gives measures of their accuracy, contiguity, and phasing. The copy does not establish that these assemblies outperform earlier efforts across multiple measures of assembly quality; its comparison of assembly-quality measures is between HiFi and CLR assemblies in this study. (LLM, conf=0.85)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • PanGenie genotyping in a leave-one-out experiment obtained high genotype concordance across all variant types and genomic contexts.

    “In line with previous results5,54, we obtained high genotype concordance across all variant types and genomic contexts (Extended Data Fig. 9).”

    From A draft human pangenome reference. (2023) · cites this paper as [5]

    The Results > Genotyping section (page unavailable) says PanGenie used concordance with assembly-based calls in a leave-out-one experiment to help filter SVs. It reports high allele-frequency correlations for SNVs, indels, and SVs, but those are not genotype-concordance results, and it does not report high genotype concordance across all variant types and genomic contexts. (LLM, conf=0.85)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Ebert et al. showed that using PanGenie with 32 samples, about 13,000 SVs on average (ranging from 12,000 to 15,000 per sample) could be genotyped in short-read genomes.

    “Ebert et al.5 showed that using PanGenie, a pangenomic approach, with 32 samples, a subset of these variants could be genotyped in short-read genomes (about 13,000 genotyped on average, ranging from 12,000 to 15,000 per sample).”

    From A draft human pangenome reference. (2023) · cites this paper as [5]

    The Results (Genotyping) and Methods (short) support that the authors used PanGenie to genotype a subset of SVs in short-read genomes. The Discussion identifies 32 genomes as the long-read assembly panel, while the Methods say PanGenie was applied to 3,202 short-read genomes. The copy reports 24,107 strict or 50,340 lenient genotypable SVs, but does not substantiate an average of 13,000 or a range of 12,000–15,000 per sample. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • The HGSVC and HPRC call sets are based on variant calls produced from haplotype-resolved assemblies of 32 and 44 samples, respectively.

    “The HGSVC and HPRC call sets are based on variant calls produced from haplotype-resolved assemblies of 32 and 44 samples, respectively5.”

    From A draft human pangenome reference. (2023) · cites this paper as [5]

    The Methods (short; page unavailable) describe 32 samples, and the Results (‘Phased variant discovery’; page unavailable) say variants were called by comparing haplotype-resolved assemblies with the reference genome. The cited paper does not establish the claim about an HPRC call set based on 44 samples. (LLM, conf=0.87)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 8

  1. [16]Zody MC, 3,202 Illumina cohort dummy. bioRxiv (2 5., 2021), doi: 10.1101/2021.02.05.000000. · DOI
  2. [107]Seppey M, Manni M, Zdobnov EM, in Gene Prediction: Methods and Protocols, Kollmar M, Ed. (Springer New York, New York, NY, 2019), pp. 227– 245.
  3. [115]Porubsky D, Ebert P, Audano PA, Vollger MR, A fully phased accurate assembly of an individual human genome. bioRxiv (2019) (available at 10.1101/855049v1.abstract). · DOI
  4. [133]Ke G in Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 30, Guyon I, Luxburg UV, Bengio S, Wallach H, Fergus R, Vishwanathan S, Garnett R, Eds. (Curran Associates, Inc., 2017), pp. 3146– 3154.
  5. [134]Collins RL An open resource of structural variation for medical and population genetics. bioRxiv (2019), p. 578674.
  6. [173]Chaisson MJP Multi-platform discovery of haplotype-resolved structural variation in human genomes. bioRxiv (2017), p. 193144. PMC6467913 30992455
  7. [202]Speidel L, Forest M, Shi S, Myers SR, A method for genome-wide genealogy estimation for thousands of samples. Nat. Genet 51, 1321– 1329 (2019). 31477933 PMC7610517
  8. [205]Eichler EE, in Proceedings of the sixth annual international conference on Computational biology (Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 2002), RECOMB ’02, p. 155.

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Authors
Ebert, P., Audano, P. A., Zhu, Q., Rodriguez-Martin, B., Porubsky, D., Bonder, M. J., Sulovari, A., Ebler, J., Zhou, W., Serra Mari, R., Yilmaz, F., Zhao, X., Hsieh, P., Lee, J., Kumar, S., Lin, J., Rausch, T., Chen, Y., Ren, J., Santamarina, M., Höps, W., Ashraf, H., Chuang, N. T., Yang, X., Munson, K. M., Lewis, A. P., Fairley, S., Tallon, L. J., Clarke, W. E., Basile, A. O., Byrska-Bishop, M., Corvelo, A., Evani, U. S., Lu, T.-Y., Chaisson, M. J. P., Chen, J., Li, C., Brand, H., Wenger, A. M., Ghareghani, M., Harvey, W. T., Raeder, B., Hasenfeld, P., Regier, A. A., Abel, H. J., Hall, I. M., Flicek, P., Stegle, O., Gerstein, M. B., Tubio, J. M. C., Mu, Z., Li, Y. I., Shi, X., Hastie, A. R., Ye, K., Chong, Z., Sanders, A. D., Zody, M. C., Talkowski, M. E., Mills, R. E., Devine, S. E., Lee, C., Korbel, J. O., Marschall, T., & Eichler, E. E.
Affiliations
  • Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf (DE)
  • University of Washington (US)
  • The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine (US)
  • European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genome Biology Unit, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
  • Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, 3720 15th Avenue NE, Seattle, WA 98195-5065, USA.
  • German Cancer Research Center (DE)
  • University of Michigan (US)
  • Heinrich Heine University, Medical Faculty, Institute for Medical Biometry and Bioinformatics, Moorenstraße 20, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
  • Broad Institute (US)
  • BioNano Genomics (United States) (US)
  • Yale University (US)
  • Xi'an Jiaotong University (CN)
  • European Molecular Biology Laboratory (DE)
  • University of Alabama at Birmingham (US)
  • University of Southern California (US)
  • Genomes and Disease, Centre for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
  • University of Maryland, Baltimore (US)
  • European Bioinformatics Institute (GB)
  • New York Genome Center (US)
  • New York Genome Center, New York, NY 10013, USA.
  • Temple University (US)
  • Pacific Biosciences (United States) (US)
  • Max Planck Institute for Informatics (DE)
  • Washington University in St. Louis (US)
  • University of Chicago (US)
  • Ewha Womans University (KR)
  • Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
Corresponding author
  • Lee, Charles
  • Korbel, Jan O.
  • Marschall, Tobias
  • Eichler, Evan E.
Venue
Science
Published
2021-04-02
Volume
372
Issue
6537
ISSN
  • 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
  • 1095-9203
OpenAlex
W3130788486
Cited by
702
References
212
Citations by year
2026: 97 · 2025: 143 · 2024: 135 · 2023: 128 · 2022: 134 · 2021: 62 · 2020: 2 · 2017: 1
FWCI
66.01
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by-nd
Locations
  • Science (publishedVersion)
  • bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nd)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
  • MDC Repository (Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine) (submittedVersion)
  • The Mouseion at the JAXlibrary (Jackson Laboratory) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health (U24HG007497, R01HG002898, R01HD081256, 1U01HG010973, R01HG002385, R15HG009565, 1R35GM138212, 1OT3HL147154, 1R01HG007068-01A1, R01MH115957, R01GM130738)
  • National Human Genome Research Institute (3UM1HG008901-03S1, 3UM1HG008901-04S2, K99HG011041, UM1HG008901)
  • National Science Foundation of China (32070663)
  • Wellcome (WT104947/Z/14/Z)
  • Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (031L0184, 031L0181A)
  • Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (391137747, 395192176)
  • European Research Council (773026, 716290)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genomic variations and chromosomal abnormalities
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Phylogenetic Studies
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genome Rearrangement Algorithms
Keywords
haplotype-resolved genome, structural variants, de novo genome assembly, long-read sequencing, strand-specific sequencing, transposable elements, expression quantitative trait loci, positive selection, human genetic variation
MeSH terms
Whole Genome Sequencing, Female, Genotype, Haplotypes, Humans, Male, Genetic Variation, Genome, Human, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Retroelements, Interspersed Repetitive Sequences, Quantitative Trait Loci, Population Groups, INDEL Mutation, Sequence Inversion, High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing

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