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Epigenetic stability of exhausted T cells limits durability of reinvigoration by PD-1 blockade
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epigenetic landscape. These data indicate that epigenetic fate inflexibility may limit current immunotherapies.
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“However, whether the epigenetic landscape of the tumor cells or T cell exhaustion is contributing to resistance is not well understood, leaving much room for further understanding of how epigenetics can lead to nonresponse to ICIs (108, 109).”
From Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors for the Treatment of Cancer: Clinical Impact and Mechanisms of Response and Resistance (2021) · cites this paper as [109]
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CAR T cells need a pitstop to win the race
Zebley, C. C., & Youngblood, B. (2021) · Cancer Cell · doi:10.1016/j.ccell.2021.05.011 · Cited by 5
Pembrolizumab and Ipilimumab as Second-Line Therapy for Advanced Melanoma
Huppert, L. A., & DAUD, A. I. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.21.00943 · Cited by 5
Vaccination generates functional progenitor tumor-specific CD8 T cells and long-term tumor control
Román, C. R. D., Erwin, M. M., Rudloff, M. W., Revetta, F. L., Murray, K. A., Favret, N. R., Roetman, J. J., Roland, J. T., Washington, M. K., & Philip, M. (2024) · Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer · doi:10.1136/jitc-2024-009129 · Cited by 4
Targeting tumor-draining lymph node to overcome resistance to cancer immunotherapy: an update
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Acquired resistance of cancer therapies: Mechanisms and perspectives
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“[87] Therefore, T cell exhaustion is not only a core in tumour immune escape but also a major obstacle to achieving long-term efficacy with current immunotherapies.”
DGAT1 mediates sex-specific CD8+ T cell antitumour responses
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Simulating CD8 T cell exhaustion: A comprehensive approach
Manrique-Rincón, A., Foster, B., Horswell, S. D., Goulding, D., Adams, D. J., & Speak, A. O. (2025) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2025.112897 · Cited by 5
“Interestingly, HOXA2 was previously shown to be enriched in exhausted T cells from the LCMV model 43 .”
BackgroundInterleukin-21 as an adjuvant in cancer immunotherapy: Current advances and future directions
Li, X., Wu, M., Lu, J., Yu, J., & Chen, D. (2024) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.bbcan.2024.189084 · Cited by 4
T Cell Exhaustion in Allergic Diseases and Allergen Immunotherapy: A Novel Biomarker?
Xu, Q., Li, L., & Zhu, R. (2025) · Current Allergy and Asthma Reports · doi:10.1007/s11882-025-01199-5 · Cited by 7
“Notably, exhausted T cells exhibit stable epigenetic profiles minimally affected by checkpoint blockade [34, 35], although recent research by Kissick H et al. [36] suggests that Arid1a was associated with epigenetic modification, and eliminating Arid1a could restore proliferative and cytotoxic…”
Prevention of CAR-T-cell dysfunction
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A Review of Proteomics Strategies to Study T-Cell Activation and Function in Cancer Disease
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Nanotechnology and Immunomodulators in Cancer
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“32,33,49 PD-1 expressed by follicular T helper cells is also permanent and critical for their function in germinal centers.”
Immunoediting is not a primary transformation event in a murine model of MLL-ENL AML
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“This reflected mainly an expansion of leukemic cells (Fig S2) but coincided also with an increase in CD8+ effector cells (Fig 2C), of which many expressed PD-1, an indicator of CD8+ T cell exhaustion (Pauken et al, 2016).”
A unique epigenomic landscape defines CD8 + tissue-resident memory T cellsPreprint
Buquicchio, F. A., Fonseca, R., Belk, J. A., Evrard, M., Obers, A., Qi, Y., Dániel, B., Yost, K. E., Satpathy, A. T., & Mackay, L. K. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.05.04.490680 · Cited by 4
UFL1 promotes survival and function of virtual memory CD8 T cells
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The Role and Research Progress of CD8+ T Cells in Sepsis
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“…particular shapes the exhausted CD8 + T cell program by methylating promoters and regulatory regions of effector and memory-associated genes such as transcription factor 7 (Tcf7), while demethylation at loci encoding inhibitory receptors (e.g., PD-1) stabilizes their high-level expression [64–69].”
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“…on survival and bulk transcriptomic data and require mechanistic evaluation, they still suggest a dual role of CD36, which is consistent with emerging evidence that progenitor-like exhausted T cells (TCF1 + PD-1 + ) can sustain ICB responsiveness in otherwise dysfunctional T-cell contexts [48].”
Zhang, X., Aimaiti, G., Guan, Y., Sha, Y., Zhou, W., Shen, J., Zhao, B., & Yuan, W. (2026) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202518547 · Cited by 3
“[ 137 ] More detailed applications of orthogonal IL-2/IL-2R systems are discussed in “ 4.”
T Cell Exhaustion in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Substantial Barrier in Immunotherapy
Nouri, K., Aasadollahei, N., Haghir-Sharif-Zamini, Y., Seydi, H., Salehi, M., Mesdaghi, M., Najimi, M., & Vosough, M. (2026) · Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1111/jcmm.71044 · Cited by 5
“Among 6000 unique open chromatin regions (OCRs) distinguishing T EX from T EFF or T MEM state, only 650 OCRs were altered by PD-1 blockade, reflecting the stability of exhaustion-associated epigenetic programs [27, 40, 41].”
Metadata
- Authors
- Pauken, K. E., Sammons, M. A., Odorizzi, P. M., Manne, S., Godec, J., Khan, O., Drake, A. M., Chen, Z., Sen, D. R., Kurachi, M., Barnitz, R. A., Bartman, C., Bengsch, B., Huang, A. C., Schenkel, J. M., Vahedi, G., Haining, W. N., Berger, S. L., & Wherry, E. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (US)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Broad Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wherry, E. John
- ORCID
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2016-12-02
- Volume
- 354
- Issue
- 6316
- Pages
- 1160-1165
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- PMC
- PMC5484795
- OpenAlex
- W2541574334
- Cited by
- 1,348
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 162 · 2025: 128 · 2024: 122 · 2023: 160 · 2022: 145 · 2021: 166 · 2020: 162 · 2019: 129 · 2018: 106 · 2017: 66 · 2016: 2
- FWCI
- 54.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Robertson Foundation–Cancer Research Institute Irvington Fellowship
- American Cancer Society Postdoctoral Fellowship
- German Research Foundation Fellowship (BE5496/1-1)
- National Institutes of Health (F30DK100159, T32 2T32CA009615-26, CA78831, AI105343, AI112521, AI082630, AI115712, AI117950, AI108545)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
- Keywords
- exhausted T cells, epigenetic stability, anti-PD-1 therapy, T cell reinvigoration, T cell exhaustion
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Female, Immunologic Memory, Immunotherapy, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Transcription, Genetic, Interleukin-7, CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes, Cell Lineage, Epigenesis, Genetic, Mice, Gene Regulatory Networks, B7-H1 Antigen, Cellular Reprogramming
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