CO 2 electroreduction to ethylene via hydroxide-mediated copper catalysis at an abrupt interface
Abstract
A very basic pathway from CO 2 to ethylene: Ethylene is an important commodity chemical for plastics. It is considered a tractable target for synthesizing renewably from carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). The challenge is that the performance of the copper electrocatalysts used for this conversion under the required basic reaction conditions suffers from the competing reaction of CO 2 with the base to form bicarbonate. Dinh et al. designed an electrode that tolerates the base by optimizing CO 2 diffusion to the catalytic sites (see the Perspective by Ager and Lapkin). This catalyst design delivers 70% efficiency for 150 hours. Science , this issue p. 783 ; see also p. 707
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Klinkova et al. synthesized Pd nanoparticles containing an abundance of high-index facets and surface kinks to weaken CO binding affinity.
“To circumvent the CO poisoning effect, Klinkova et al. synthesized Pd nanoparticles containing an abundance of high-index facets and surface kinks to weaken the CO binding affinity.[74]”
From Electrochemical CO <sub>2</sub> Reduction into Chemical Feedstocks: From Mechanistic Electrocatalysis Models to System Design (2019) · cites this paper as [74]
The Klinkova Pd catalyst was stable for over six hours and achieved a FE > 90% at -0.2 V vs RHE.
“This catalyst was stable for over six hours and was able to achieve a FE > 90% at -0.2 V vs RHE.”
From Electrochemical CO <sub>2</sub> Reduction into Chemical Feedstocks: From Mechanistic Electrocatalysis Models to System Design (2019) · cites this paper as [74]
Cites
Generalized Gradient Approximation Made Simple
Perdew, J. P., Burke, K., & Ernzerhof, M. (1996) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.77.3865 · Cited by 215,824 · see citing works
Kresse, G., & Furthmüller, J. (1996) · Physical Review B · doi:10.1103/physrevb.54.11169 · Cited by 123,652 · see citing works
From ultrasoft pseudopotentials to the projector augmented-wave method
Kresse, G., & Joubert, D. (1999) · Physical Review B · doi:10.1103/physrevb.59.1758 · Cited by 85,307 · see citing works
Henkelman, G., & Jónsson, H. (2000) · The Journal of Chemical Physics · doi:10.1063/1.1323224 · Cited by 9,496 · see citing works
A grid-based Bader analysis algorithm without lattice bias
Tang, W., Sanville, E., & Henkelman, G. (2009) · Journal of Physics Condensed Matter · doi:10.1088/0953-8984/21/8/084204 · Cited by 7,595 · see citing works
Subbaraman, R., Tripkovic, D., Strmcnik, D., Chang, K.-C., Uchimura, M., Paulikas, A. P., Stamenkovic, V., & Markovic, N. M. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1211934 · Cited by 3,135 · see citing works
Covalent organic frameworks comprising cobalt porphyrins for catalytic CO 2 reduction in water
Lin, S., Diercks, C. S., Zhang, Y., Kornienko, N., Nichols, E. M., Zhao, Y., Paris, A. R., Kim, D., Yang, P., Yaghi, O. M., et al. (2015) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aac8343 · Cited by 2,644 · see citing works
Energy and fuels from electrochemical interfaces
Stamenković, V. R., Strmcnik, D. S., Lopes, P. P., & Marković, N. M. (2016) · Nature Materials · doi:10.1038/nmat4738 · Cited by 2,025 · see citing works
Enhanced electrocatalytic CO2 reduction via field-induced reagent concentration
Liu, M., Pang, Y., Zhang, B., De Luna, P., Voznyy, O., Xu, J., Zheng, X., Dinh, C. T., Fan, F., Cao, C., et al. (2016) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature19060 · Cited by 2,000 · see citing works
Self-citationPartially oxidized atomic cobalt layers for carbon dioxide electroreduction to liquid fuel
Gao, S., Lin, Y., Jiao, X., Sun, Y., Luo, Q., Zhang, W., Li, D., Yang, J., & Xie, Y. (2016) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature16455 · Cited by 1,865 · see citing works
Lu, X.-Y., & Zhao, C. (2015) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms7616 · Cited by 1,754 · see citing works
Electroreduction of carbon monoxide to liquid fuel on oxide-derived nanocrystalline copper
Li, C. W., Ciston, J., & Kanan, M. W. (2014) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature13249 · Cited by 1,728 · see citing works
Aqueous CO 2 Reduction at Very Low Overpotential on Oxide-Derived Au Nanoparticles
Chen, Y., Li, C. W., & Kanan, M. W. (2012) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja309317u · Cited by 1,661 · see citing works
An object-oriented scripting interface to a legacy electronic structure code
Bahn, S. R., & Jacobsen, K. W. (2002) · Computing in Science & Engineering · doi:10.1109/5992.998641 · Cited by 1,382 · see citing works
Highly selective plasma-activated copper catalysts for carbon dioxide reduction to ethylene
Mistry, H., Varela, A. S., Bonifacio, C. S., Zegkinoglou, I., Sinev, I., Choi, Y.-W., Kisslinger, K., Stach, E. A., Yang, J. C., Strasser, P., et al. (2016) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms12123 · Cited by 1,214 · see citing works
Sheng, W., Myint, M., Chen, J. G., & Yan, Y. (2013) · Energy & Environmental Science · doi:10.1039/c3ee00045a · Cited by 1,202 · see citing works
De Luna, P., Quintero-Bermudez, R., Dinh, C.-T., Ross, M. B., Bushuyev, O. S., Todorović, P., Regier, T., Kelley, S. O., Yang, P., & Sargent, E. H. (2018) · Nature Catalysis · doi:10.1038/s41929-017-0018-9 · Cited by 1,046 · see citing works
Self-citationRen, D., Deng, Y., Handoko, A. D., Chen, C. S., Malkhandi, S., & Yeo, B. S. (2015) · ACS Catalysis · doi:10.1021/cs502128q · Cited by 930 · see citing works
Two Pathways for the Formation of Ethylene in CO Reduction on Single-Crystal Copper Electrodes
Schouten, K. J. P., Qin, Z., Pérez‐Gallent, E., & Koper, M. T. M. (2012) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja302668n · Cited by 898 · see citing works
Tailoring Copper Nanocrystals towards C2 Products in Electrochemical CO2 Reduction
Loiudice, A., Lobaccaro, P., Kamali, E. A., Thao, T., Huang, B. H., Ager, J. W., & Buonsanti, R. (2016) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.201601582 · Cited by 896 · see citing works
Theoretical Insights into a CO Dimerization Mechanism in CO 2 Electroreduction
Montoya, J. H., Shi, C., Chan, K., & Nørskov, J. K. (2015) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b00722 · Cited by 861 · see citing works
Ma, S., Sadakiyo, M., Heima, M., Luo, R., Haasch, R. T., Gold, J. I., Yamauchi, M., & Kenis, P. J. A. (2016) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/jacs.6b10740 · Cited by 855 · see citing works
Ren, D., Ang, B. S.-H., & Yeo, B. S. (2016) · ACS Catalysis · doi:10.1021/acscatal.6b02162 · Cited by 724 · see citing works
Goodpaster, J. D., Bell, A. T., & Head-Gordon, M. (2016) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b00358 · Cited by 702 · see citing works
Huang, Y., Handoko, A. D., Hirunsit, P., & Yeo, B. S. (2017) · ACS Catalysis · doi:10.1021/acscatal.6b03147 · Cited by 689 · see citing works
Electrochemical Activation of CO2 through Atomic Ordering Transformations of AuCu Nanoparticles
Kim, D., Xie, C., Becknell, N., Yu, Y., Karamad, M., Chan, K., Crumlin, E. J., Nørskov, J. K., & Yang, P. (2017) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/jacs.7b03516 · Cited by 677 · see citing works
Wu, J., Ma, S., Sun, J., Gold, J. I., Tiwary, C., Kim, B., Zhu, L., Chopra, N., Odeh, I. N., Vajtai, R., et al. (2016) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms13869 · Cited by 658 · see citing works
Wu, J., Yadav, R. M., Liu, M., Sharma, P. P., Tiwary, C. S., Ma, L., Zou, X., Zhou, X.-D., Yakobson, B. I., Lou, J., et al. (2015) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/acsnano.5b01079 · Cited by 652 · see citing works
Copper nanoparticle ensembles for selective electroreduction of CO 2 to C 2 –C 3 products
Kim, D., Kley, C. S., Li, Y., & Yang, P. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1711493114 · Cited by 645 · see citing works
Gupta, N., Gattrell, M., & MacDougall, B. (2006) · Journal of Applied Electrochemistry · doi:10.1007/s10800-005-9058-y · Cited by 558 · see citing works
Schreier, M., Héroguel, F., Steier, L., Ahmad, S., Luterbacher, J. S., Mayer, M. T., Luo, J., & Grätzel, M. (2017) · Nature Energy · doi:10.1038/nenergy.2017.87 · Cited by 543 · see citing works
Xiao, H. Y., Cheng, T., Goddard, W. A., & Sundararaman, R. (2015) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/jacs.5b11390 · Cited by 527 · see citing works
Favaro, M., Xiao, H. Y., Cheng, T., Goddard, W. A., Yano, J., & Crumlin, E. J. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1701405114 · Cited by 519 · see citing works
High Selectivity for Ethylene from Carbon Dioxide Reduction over Copper Nanocube Electrocatalysts
Roberts, F. S., Kuhl, K. P., & Nilsson, A. (2015) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.201412214 · Cited by 517 · see citing works
High Selectivity for Ethylene from Carbon Dioxide Reduction over Copper Nanocube Electrocatalysts
Roberts, F. S., Kuhl, K. P., & Nilsson, A. (2015) · Angewandte Chemie · doi:10.1002/ange.201412214 · Cited by 491 · see citing works
Varela, A. S., Ju, W., Reier, T., & Strasser, P. (2016) · ACS Catalysis · doi:10.1021/acscatal.5b02550 · Cited by 489 · see citing works
One-step electrosynthesis of ethylene and ethanol from CO2 in an alkaline electrolyzer
Ma, S., Sadakiyo, M., Luo, R., Heima, M., Yamauchi, M., & Kenis, P. J. A. (2016) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.09.124 · Cited by 488 · see citing works
Li, Y., Cui, F., Ross, M. B., Kim, D., Sun, Y., & Yang, P. (2017) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b05287 · Cited by 465 · see citing works
Kas, R., Kortlever, R., Yılmaz, H., Koper, M. T. M., & Mul, G. (2015) · ChemElectroChem · doi:10.1002/celc.201402373 · Cited by 464 · see citing works
Gao, D., Zegkinoglou, I., Divins, N. J., Scholten, F., Sinev, I., Grosse, P., & Cuenya, B. R. (2017) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/acsnano.7b01257 · Cited by 455 · see citing works
Ooka, H., Figueiredo, M. C., & Koper, M. T. M. (2017) · Langmuir · doi:10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b00696 · Cited by 421 · see citing works
Singh, M. R., Clark, E. L., & Bell, A. T. (2015) · Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics · doi:10.1039/c5cp03283k · Cited by 416 · see citing works
The influence of pH on the reduction of CO and CO2 to hydrocarbons on copper electrodes
Schouten, K. J. P., Pérez‐Gallent, E., & Koper, M. T. M. (2013) · Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jelechem.2013.08.033 · Cited by 402 · see citing works
Estimation of gas solubilities in salt solutions at temperatures from 273 K to 363 K
Weisenberger, S., & Schumpe, A. (1996) · AIChE Journal · doi:10.1002/aic.690420130 · Cited by 400 · see citing works
Kaş, R., Hummadi, K. K., Kortlever, R., de Wit, P., Milbrat, A., Luiten-Olieman, M. W. J., Benes, N. E., Koper, M. T. M., & Mul, G. (2016) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms10748 · Cited by 366 · see citing works
Morphology‐Directed Selective Production of Ethylene or Ethane from CO2 on a Cu Mesopore Electrode
Yang, K. D., Ko, W. R., Lee, J., Kim, S. J., Lee, H., Lee, M. H., & Nam, K. T. (2016) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.201610432 · Cited by 354 · see citing works
Stable and selective electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to ethylene on copper mesocrystals
Chen, C. S., Handoko, A. D., Wan, J. H., Ma, L., Ren, D., & Yeo, B. S. (2014) · Catalysis Science & Technology · doi:10.1039/c4cy00906a · Cited by 348 · see citing works
Optimizing C–C Coupling on Oxide-Derived Copper Catalysts for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction
Lum, Y., Yue, B., Lobaccaro, P., Bell, A. T., & Ager, J. W. (2017) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry C · doi:10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b03673 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
Nanoporous Copper Films by Additive-Controlled Electrodeposition: CO<sub>2</sub> Reduction Catalysis
Hoang, T. T. H., Ma, S., Gold, J. I., Kenis, P. J. A., & Gewirth, A. A. (2017) · ACS Catalysis · doi:10.1021/acscatal.6b03613 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Reller, C., Krause, R. K., Volkova, E., Schmid, B., Neubauer, S., Rucki, A., Schuster, M. E., & Schmid, G. (2017) · Advanced Energy Materials · doi:10.1002/aenm.201602114 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
The Importance of Cannizzaro-Type Reactions during Electrocatalytic Reduction of Carbon Dioxide
Birdja, Y. Y., & Koper, M. T. M. (2017) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/jacs.6b12008 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Nanomorphology-Enhanced Gas-Evolution Intensifies CO 2 Reduction Electrochemistry
Burdyny, T., Graham, P. J., Pang, Y., Dinh, C., Liu, M., Sargent, E. H., & Sinton, D. A. (2017) · ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering · doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b00023 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Self-citationKim, Y.-G., Javier, A. C., Baricuatro, J. H., Torelli, D. A., Cummins, K. D., Tsang, C. F., Hemminger, J. C., & Soriaga, M. P. (2016) · Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.09.029 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Liu, C., Lourenço, M. P., Hedström, S., Cavalca, F., Diaz-Morales, O., Duarte, H. A., Nilsson, A., & Pettersson, L. G. M. (2017) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry C · doi:10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b08269 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Wu, K. K., Birgersson, E., Kim, B., Kenis, P. J. A., & Karimi, I. A. (2014) · Journal of The Electrochemical Society · doi:10.1149/2.1021414jes · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Peng, Y., Wu, T., Sun, L., Nsanzimana, J. M. V., Fisher, A. C., & Wang, X. (2017) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.7b10421 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Vassilev, P., Louwerse, M. J., & Baerends, E. J. (2005) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry B · doi:10.1021/jp044751p · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Theoretical Study of Cation/Ether Complexes: The Alkali Metals and Dimethyl Ether
Hill, S. E., Glendening, E. D., & Feller, D. F. (1997) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry A · doi:10.1021/jp971124+ · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Solvation of the Hydroxide Anion: A Combined DFT and Molecular Dynamics Study
Wei, Proynov, E. I., Milet, A., et al. (2000) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry A · doi:10.1021/jp992540s · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Progress and perspectives of electrochemical CO2 reduction on copper in aqueous electrolyte
Nitopi, S., Bertheussen, E., Scott, S. B., Liu, X., Engstfeld, A. K., Horch, S., Seger, B., Stephens, I. E. L., Chan, K., Hahn, C., et al. (2019) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00705 · Cited by 5,223 · see citing works
What would it take for renewably powered electrosynthesis to displace petrochemical processes?
De Luna, P., Hahn, C., Higgins, D., Jaffer, S. A., Jaramillo, T. F., & Sargent, E. H. (2019) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aav3506 · Cited by 3,052 · see citing works
Self-citationAdvances and challenges in understanding the electrocatalytic conversion of carbon dioxide to fuels
Birdja, Y. Y., Pérez-Gallent, E., Figueiredo, M. C., Göttle, A. J., Calle-Vallejo, F., & Koper, M. T. M. (2019) · Nature Energy · doi:10.1038/s41560-019-0450-y · Cited by 2,747 · see citing works
CO <sub>2</sub> electrolysis to multicarbon products at activities greater than 1 A cm <sup>−2</sup>
García de Arquer, F. P., Dinh, C.-T., Ozden, A., Wicks, J., McCallum, C., Kirmani, A. R., Nam, D.-H., Gabardo, C., Seifitokaldani, A., Wang, X., et al. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aay4217 · Cited by 1,517 · see citing works
Self-citationMa, W., Xie, S., Liu, T., Fan, Q., Ye, J., Sun, F., Jiang, Z., Zhang, Q., Cheng, J., & Wang, Y. (2020) · Nature Catalysis · doi:10.1038/s41929-020-0450-0 · Cited by 1,468 · see citing works
CO <sub>2</sub> electrolysis to multicarbon products in strong acid
Huang, J. E., Li, F., Ozden, A., Sedighian Rasouli, A., García de Arquer, F. P., Liu, S., Zhang, S., Luo, M., Wang, X., Lum, Y., et al. (2021) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abg6582 · Cited by 1,359 · see citing works
Self-citationKibria, M. G., Edwards, J. P., Gabardo, C. M., Dinh, C., Seifitokaldani, A., Sinton, D., & Sargent, E. H. (2019) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201807166 · Cited by 1,331 · see citing works
Self-citationDesigning materials for electrochemical carbon dioxide recycling
Ross, M. B., De Luna, P., Li, Y., Dinh, C.-T., Kim, D., Yang, P., & Sargent, E. H. (2019) · Nature Catalysis · doi:10.1038/s41929-019-0306-7 · Cited by 1,302 · see citing works
Self-citationElectrocatalysis for CO <sub>2</sub> conversion: from fundamentals to value-added products
Wang, G., Chen, J., Ding, Y., Cai, P., Yi, L., Li, Y., Tu, C., Hou, Y., Wen, Z., & Dai, L. (2021) · Chemical Society Reviews · doi:10.1039/d0cs00071j · Cited by 1,295 · see citing works
Large-Scale and Highly Selective CO2 Electrocatalytic Reduction on Nickel Single-Atom Catalyst
Zheng, T., Jiang, K., Ta, N., Hu, Y., Zeng, J., Liu, J., & Wang, H. (2019) · Joule · doi:10.1016/j.joule.2018.10.015 · Cited by 887 · see citing works
Recent Advances in Design of Electrocatalysts for High‐Current‐Density Water Splitting
Luo, Y., Zhang, Z., Chhowalla, M., & Liu, B. (2022) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202108133 · Cited by 854 · see citing works
Xia, C., Zhu, P., Jiang, Q., Pan, Y., Liang, W., Stavitski, E., Alshareef, H. N., & Wang, H. (2019) · Nature Energy · doi:10.1038/s41560-019-0451-x · Cited by 782 · see citing works
The renaissance of the Sabatier reaction and its applications on Earth and in space.
Vogt, C., Monai, M., Kramer, G. J., & Weckhuysen, B. M. (2019) · Nature Catalysis · doi:10.1038/s41929-019-0244-4 · Cited by 636 · see citing works
Lum, Y., & Ager, J. W. (2018) · Nature Catalysis · doi:10.1038/s41929-018-0201-7 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
Nano-scale control of the ionomer distribution by molecular masking of the Pt surface in PEMFCs
Doo, G., Yuk, S., Lee, J. H., Choi, S., Lee, D.-H., Lee, D. W., Hyun, J., Kwon, S. H., Lee, S. G., & Kim, H.-T. (2020) · Journal of Materials Chemistry A · doi:10.1039/c9ta14002f · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Advanced manufacturing for electrosynthesis of fuels and chemicals from CO <sub>2</sub>
Corral, D., Feaster, J. T., Sobhani, S., DeOtte, J. R., Lee, D. U., Wong, A. A., Hamilton, J., Beck, V. A., Sarkar, A., Hahn, C., et al. (2021) · Energy & Environmental Science · doi:10.1039/d0ee03679j · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Wen, G., Ren, B., Park, M. G., Yang, J., Dou, H., Zhang, Z., Deng, Y., Bai, Z., Yang, L., Gostick, J., et al. (2020) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.202004149 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Catalytic Processes to Accelerate Decarbonization in a Net-Zero Carbon World
Wang, Y., Tian, Y., Pan, S., & Snyder, S. W. (2022) · ChemSusChem · doi:10.1002/cssc.202201290 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
- Authors
- Dinh, C.-T., Burdyny, T., Kibria, M. G., Seifitokaldani, A., Gabardo, C. M., García de Arquer, F. P., Kiani, A., Edwards, J. P., De Luna, P., Bushuyev, O. S., Zou, C., Quintero-Bermudez, R., Pang, Y., Sinton, D., & Sargent, E. H.
- Affiliations
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King’s College Road, Toronto, ON M5S 3G4, Canada.
- Department of Materials Science Engineering, University of Toronto, 184 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E4, Canada.
- Tianjin University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Dinh, Cao-Thang
- Burdyny, Thomas
- Kibria, Md Golam
- Seifitokaldani, Ali
- Sargent, Edward H.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2018-05-18
- Volume
- 360
- Issue
- 6390
- Pages
- 783-787
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W2804235153
- Cited by
- 2,515
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 258 · 2025: 346 · 2024: 356 · 2023: 350 · 2022: 337 · 2021: 332 · 2020: 270 · 2019: 211 · 2018: 55
- FWCI
- 50.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › CO2 Reduction Techniques and Catalysts
- Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Process Chemistry and Technology › Carbon dioxide utilization in catalysis
- Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Catalysis › Catalysts for Methane Reforming
- Keywords
- electrochemical CO2 reduction, ethylene production, copper electrocatalysts, bicarbonate formation, CO2 diffusion, electrode design
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review