The DOI matches its Crossref record; 2 of the 2 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Diverse enzymatic activities mediate antiviral immunity in prokaryotes
Open accessAbstract
Prokaryotic enzymes for viral defense: The arms race between prokaryotes and viruses provides a strong evolutionary force to create diverse enzymatic activities that mediate antiviral immune responses. These immune components often cluster together in the host genomes, leading to expanded defense systems. Taking advantage of the evolutionary modularity of defense systems, Gao et al. bioinformatically predicted defense genes in most available bacterial and archaeal genomes. In addition, they reconstituted the newly identified systems in Escherichia coli and verified their defense functions against specific bacteriophages. In particular, they characterized defense functions for several predicted nucleoside triphosphatases. Science , this issue p. 1077
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Clustering huge protein sequence sets in linear time
Steinegger, M., & Söding, J. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-04964-5 · Cited by 875
Genomically encoded analog memory with precise in vivo DNA writing in living cell populations
Farzadfard, F., & Lu, T. K. (2014) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1256272 · Cited by 298
Cited by
An expanded arsenal of immune systems that protect bacteria from phages
Millman, A., Melamed, S., Leavitt, A., Doron, S., Bernheim, A., Hör, J., Garb, J., Bechon, N., Brandis, A., Lopatina, A., et al. (2022) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2022.09.017 · Cited by 428
Discovery of phage determinants that confer sensitivity to bacterial immune systems
Stokar-Avihail, A., Fedorenko, T., Hör, J., Garb, J., Leavitt, A., Millman, A., Shulman, G., Wojtania, N., Melamed, S., Amitai, G., et al. (2023) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2023.02.029 · Cited by 176
Bacterial retrons encode phage-defending tripartite toxin–antitoxin systems
Bobonis, J., Mitosch, K., Mateus, A., Karcher, N., Kritikos, G., Selkrig, J., Zietek, M., Monzon, V., Pfalz, B., Garcia-Santamarina, S., et al. (2022) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05091-4 · Cited by 165
Structural basis of Gabija anti-phage defence and viral immune evasion
Antine, S. P., Johnson, A. G., Mooney, S. E., Leavitt, A., Mayer, M. L., Yirmiya, E., Amitai, G., Sorek, R., & Kranzusch, P. J. (2024) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06855-2 · Cited by 125
Deep, A., Gu, Y., Gao, Y.-Q., Ego, K. M., Herzik, M. A., Zhou, H., & Corbett, K. D. (2022) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2022.09.008 · Cited by 106
An E1–E2 fusion protein primes antiviral immune signalling in bacteria
Ledvina, H. E., Ye, Q., Gu, Y., Sullivan, A. E., Quan, Y., Lau, R. K., Zhou, H., Corbett, K. D., & Whiteley, A. T. (2023) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05647-4 · Cited by 83
Protein structure-informed bacteriophage genome annotation with Phold
Bouras, G., Grigson, S. R., Mirdita, M., Heinzinger, M., Papudeshi, B., Mallawaarachchi, V., Green, R., Kim, R. S., Mihalia, V., Psaltis, A. J., et al. (2026) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkaf1448 · Cited by 71
De novo gene synthesis by an antiviral reverse transcriptase
Tang, S., Conte, V., Zhang, D. J., Žedaveinytė, R., Lampe, G. D., Wiegand, T., Tang, L. C., Wang, M., Walker, M. W. G., George, J. T., et al. (2024) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.adq0876 · Cited by 58
DNA end sensing and cleavage by the Shedu anti-phage defense system
Loeff, L., Walter, A., Rosalen, G. T., & Jinek, M. (2025) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2024.11.030 · Cited by 56
Structures and activation mechanism of the Gabija anti-phage system
Li, J., Cheng, R., Wang, Z., Yuan, W., Xiao, J., Zhao, X., Du, X., Xia, S., Wang, L., Zhu, B., et al. (2024) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07270-x · Cited by 46
The Vibrio cholerae Seventh Pandemic Islands act in tandem to defend against a circulating phage
O’Hara, B. J., Alam, M., & Ng, W.-L. (2022) · PLOS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1010250 · Cited by 45
DNA methylation activates retron Ec86 filaments for antiphage defense
Wang, Y., Wang, C., Guan, Z., Cao, J., Xu, J., Wang, S., Cui, Y., Wang, Q., Chen, Y., Yin, Y., et al. (2024) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114857 · Cited by 41
Mobile integrons encode phage defense systems
Kieffer, N., Hipólito, A., Ortiz-Miravalles, L., Blanco, P., Delobelle, T., Vizuete, P., Ojeda, F. M., Jové, T., Jurenas, D., García-Quintanilla, M., et al. (2025) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.ads0915 · Cited by 40
Bacterial Shedu immune nucleases share a common enzymatic core regulated by diverse sensor domains
Gu, Y., Li, H., Deep, A., Enustun, E., Zhang, D., & Corbett, K. D. (2025) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2024.12.004 · Cited by 32
Brenzinger, S., Airoldi, M., Ogunleye, A. J., Jugovic, K., Amstalden, M. K., & Brochado, A. R. (2024) · Nature Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41564-023-01556-y · Cited by 31
Molecular basis of Gabija anti-phage supramolecular assemblies
Yang, X.-Y., Shen, Z., Xie, J., Greenwald, J., Marathe, I., Lin, Q., Xie, W. J., Wysocki, V. H., & Fu, T.-M. (2024) · Nature Structural & Molecular Biology · doi:10.1038/s41594-024-01283-w · Cited by 23
Filamentation activates bacterial Avs5 antiviral protein
Wang, Y., Tian, Y., Yang, X., Yu, F., & Zheng, J. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-57732-7 · Cited by 18
Systematic, high-throughput characterization of bacteriophage gene essentiality on diverse hosts
Chen, J., Nilsen, E. D., Chitboonthavisuk, C., Corban, J. E., Yang, M., Mo, C. Y., & Raman, S. (2025) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2025.06.018 · Cited by 16
The vibriophage-encoded inhibitor OrbA abrogates BREX-mediated defense through the ATPase BrxC
Oshiro, R. T., Dunham, D. T., & Seed, K. D. (2024) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.00206-24 · Cited by 15
Johnson, S. R., Weigele, P. R., Fomenkov, A., Ge, A., Vincze, A., Eaglesham, J. B., Roberts, R. J., & Sun, Z. (2025) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkae1175 · Cited by 10
Deazaguanylation is a nucleobase-protein conjugation required for type IV CBASS immunity
Wassarman, D. R., Pfaff, P., Paulo, J. A., Gygi, S. P., Shokat, K. M., & Kranzusch, P. J. (2025) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.adx6053 · Cited by 9
Multi-conflict islands are a widespread trend within Serratia spp.
Cummins, T., Songra, S., Garrett, S. R., Blower, T. R., & Mariano, G. (2024) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2024.115055 · Cited by 8
A phage protein screen identifies triggers of the bacterial innate immune system
Nagy, T. A., Gersabeck, G. W., Conte, A. N., & Whiteley, A. T. (2026) · Nature Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41564-025-02239-6 · Cited by 8
CoCoNuTs: A diverse subclass of Type IV restriction systems predicted to target RNA
Bell, R. T., Sahakyan, H., Makarova, K. S., Wolf, Y. I., & Koonin, E. V. (2023) · doi:10.1101/2023.07.31.551357 · Cited by 1
Self-citationArnoux, J. (2026) · Thèse de doctorat, Université Paris-Saclay / PPanGGOLiN · doi:10.70675/eee354d9zf63dz48ebz9444zd1809f8fb74d
CoCoNuTs: A diverse subclass of Type IV restriction systems predicted to target RNA
Bell, R. T., Sahakyan, H., Makarova, K. S., Wolf, Y. I., & Koonin, E. V. (2024) · doi:10.7554/elife.94800.2
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Gao, L., Altae-Tran, H., Böhning, F., Makarova, K. S., Segel, M., Schmid-Burgk, J. L., Koob, J., Wolf, Y. I., Koonin, E. V., & Zhang, F.
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2020-08-28
- Volume
- 369
- Issue
- 6507
- Pages
- 1077-1084
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W3081228941
- Cited by
- 603
- References
- 2
- FWCI
- 29.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
