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Specificity, versatility, and control of TGF-β family signaling
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Molecular function and pathway cross-talk in TGF-β signaling reveal its complexity and open questions.
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“they need to effectively interfere with the very high binding affinity (10−11 M range) of TGF-β to cell surface receptor complexes65.”
From TGFβ biology in cancer progression and immunotherapy (2021) · cites this paper as [65]
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“By design, these chimeras, based on the TβRII ligand trap, should sequester TGF-β1 and -β3 only, similarly to dimerized TβRII receptor65.”
From TGFβ biology in cancer progression and immunotherapy (2021) · cites this paper as [65]
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- R. Derynck K. Miyazono The Biology of the TGF-β Family (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press 2017) pp. 1164.
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Items 401–500 of 797
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“The TGFβ response starts when the surface membrane TGFβ receptor I (TFGBRI) and the TGFβ receptor II (TGFBRII) form a complex upon TGFβ ligand binding (TGFβ1, TGFβ2, TGFβ3) [16].”
BackgroundTargeted inhibition of ZAK ameliorates renal interstitial fibrosis
Shu, S., Liu, H., Yang, J., Tang, H., Li, H., Liu, Z., Zhou, M., Zhu, F., Hu, Z. M., Ding, K., et al. (2022) · Translational research · doi:10.1016/j.trsl.2022.03.002 · Cited by 10
Molecular Regulation of Notch Signaling by Gremlin
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Vestal, K. A., Kattamuri, C., Koyiloth, M., Ongaro, L., Howard, J. A., Deaton, A. M., Ticau, S., Dubey, A., Bernard, D. J., & Thompson, T. B. (2024) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bcj20230404 · Cited by 10
Unveiling the power of microenvironment in liver regeneration: an in-depth overview
Hu, Y., Wang, R., An, N. A., Li, C., Wang, Q., Cao, Y., Li, C., Liu, J., & Wang, Y. (2023) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2023.1332190 · Cited by 12
“One hour after PH, TGF-β 1 was released from the liver to reduce its content.”
BackgroundInfluentialHearing loss promotes Alzheimer’s disease
Zhao, H., & Yang, Y. (2024) · Nature Aging · doi:10.1038/s43587-024-00606-2 · Cited by 9
Liao, Z., Tang, S., Nozawa, K., Shimada, K., Ikawa, M., Monsivais, D., & Matzuk, M. M. (2024) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.91434.4 · Cited by 9
Samuvel, D. J., Lemasters, J. J., Chou, C. J., & Zhong, Z. (2024) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2024.1386238 · Cited by 10
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“…and BMPs. Smad proteins are the classical downstream molecules of TGF-β superfamily, with TGF-βs mediating Smad2/3 phosphorylation and BMPs mediating Smad1/5/8 phosphorylation, both of which exert regulatory effects by transmitting upstream signals from the plasma membrane to the nucleus 34,35 .”
Cbfβ: A key regulator in skeletal stem cell differentiation, bone development, and disease
Zheng, C., Zhang, C., He, Y., Lin, S., Zhu, Z., Wang, H., & Chen, G. (2025) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.202500030r · Cited by 9
Cui, H., Ji, H., Zhang, L., Zhang, W., Kang, R., Ni, Y., & Hao, X. (2025) · Phytotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/ptr.70045 · Cited by 9
“Following C-terminal phosphorylation, pSmad2 and pSmad3 form a heterotrimeric complex with common-mediator Smad4, which is then translocated to the nucleus where it binds DNA to directly regulate fibrogenic genes such as collagen type I, fibronectin, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) (Uemura et al. 2005)…”
Mechanism of Disease: Recessive ADAMTSL4 Mutations and Craniosynostosis with Ectopia Lentis
Gustafson, J. A., Björk, M., van Ravenswaaij‐Arts, C. M. A., & Cunningham, M. L. (2022) · Case Reports in Genetics · doi:10.1155/2022/3239260 · Cited by 9
“Activated receptor SMADs (2 and 3) complex with SMAD4 and translocate to the nucleus where they help regulate gene transcription (Reviewed in [8, 9]).”
BackgroundWang, B., Zhao, Q., Gong, X., Wang, C., Bai, Y. Q., Wang, H., Zhou, J., & Rong, X. (2022) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102684 · Cited by 9
“Subsequently, activated type I receptor kinases phosphorylate the receptor-regulated intracellular effector SMADs (RSMADs) (SMAD1/5), at two C-terminal serines (6).”
BackgroundMeng, Y., Hao, Z., Zhang, H., Bai, P., Guo, W., Tian, X., & Xu, J. (2023) · Immunity Inflammation and Disease · doi:10.1002/iid3.758 · Cited by 9
“Association of the ligand to the heteromeric receptor complexes sequentially triggers the phosphorylation of the type II receptor and the type I receptor, which activates downstream transcription factors known as SMADs and consequently induces the expression of TGF‐β target genes.(32,33) Accumulating evidence suggests…”
BackgroundRetractedCao, H., Jin, M., Gao, M., Zhou, H., Tao, Y. J., & Skolnick, J. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-63061-0 · Cited by 8
High‑dose TGF‑β1 degrades human nucleus pulposus cells via ALK1‑Smad1/5/8 activation
Qu, Z., Zhang, F., Chen, W., Lin, T., & Sun, Y. A. (2020) · Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine · doi:10.3892/etm.2020.9088 · Cited by 9
“However, activated ALK1 can mediate Smad1/5/8 phosphorylation and has the opposite effect in numerous tissues (32,33).”
BackgroundWang, T., Zhang, Y., He, Y., Liu, Y., & Qi, P. (2021) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2021/5575286 · Cited by 9
Aberrant Activation Mechanism of TGF-β Signaling in Epithelial-mesenchymal Transition
Yuki, R. (2021) · YAKUGAKU ZASSHI · doi:10.1248/yakushi.21-00143 · Cited by 10
Cao, Y., Tian, Y., Zhang, H., Luo, G., Sun, Z.-L., & Xia, S.-J. (2022) · International Urology and Nephrology · doi:10.1007/s11255-021-03079-z · Cited by 9
“Under pathological conditions, however, its activation can increase the synthesis of collagen, fibronectin, hyaluronic acid, and other extracellular matrix, induces neovascularization, and promotes the fibrosis of tissues and organs [18].”
BackgroundPinhas, A., Romo, J. S. A., Lynch, G., Zhou, D. B., Toral, M. V. C., Tenzel, P. A., Otero-Marquez, O., Yakubova, S., Barash, A., Rocca, D. D., et al. (2022) · Clinical ophthalmology · doi:10.2147/opth.s356631 · Cited by 9
“In TRO, orbital fibroblasts upregulate transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, a potent soluble multifunctional cytokine involved in cell differentiation, proliferation, survival and apoptosis.(26) TGF-β is well known to induce myofibroblast differentiation and proliferation and to promote hyaluronan synthesis in TRO, lea…”
BackgroundAt the Crux of Joint Crosstalk: TGFβ Signaling in the Synovial Joint
Bailey, K. N., & Alliston, T. N. (2022) · Current Rheumatology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11926-022-01074-6 · Cited by 10
Foxd4l1.1 Negatively Regulates Chordin Transcription in Neuroectoderm of Xenopus Gastrula
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“1-interacting domain in the two Smads, we designed truncated Smad2/3 protein constructs (separately).”
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“GARP, the membrane binding receptor of latent-TGF-β [28], plays a pivotal role in promoting TGF-β activation by enabling the interplay of TGF-β with integrins αvβ6 or αvβ8 [29], which is thought to be a primer step for releasing bioactive TGF-β.”
BackgroundSamsuzzaman, M., & Kim, S. Y. (2023) · Biomolecules & Therapeutics · doi:10.4062/biomolther.2022.131 · Cited by 8
“Transforming growth factor-β 1 (TGF-β 1) is known for its profibrotic function, mainly through the activation of the Smad2/3 signaling pathway (Derynck and Budi, 2019).”
BackgroundPourali, G., Zafari, N., Velayati, M., Mehrabadi, S., Maftooh, M., Hassanian, S. M., Mobarhan, M. G., Ferns, G. A., Avan, A., & Khazaei, M. (2023) · Current Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/0113894501264450231129042256 · Cited by 9
SMAD4 promotes somatic-germline contact during murine oocyte growth
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“The TGFβ signalling pathway regulates the functions and interactions of a wide range of cell types under various physiological and pathological conditions (Derynck and Budi, 2019, Peng et al., 2022).”
BackgroundWang, K., Zhou, M., Zhang, Y., Jin, Y., Xue, Y., Mao, D., & Rui, Y.-J. (2024) · Biomaterials Science · doi:10.1039/d3bm01665j · Cited by 8
Petersen, A. G., Korntner, S. H., Bousamaki, J., Oró, D., Manresa-Arraut, A., Pors, S. E., Salinas, C. G., Andersen, M. W., Madsen, M. R., Nie, Y., et al. (2024) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.70077 · Cited by 7
“Accordingly, a subset of canonical TGF β R1 (also known as activin receptor-like kinase 5, Alk5 (Derynck & Budi, 2019; Massagué, 2012)) signaling transduction markers were upregulated ( Tgfb1 , Tgfbr1 ) while others were unaffected ( Smad2 , Smad3 ).”
BackgroundQian, J., Liu, K.-J., Zhong, C.-H., Xian, L., & Hu, Z.-H. (2024) · Journal of Thoracic Disease · doi:10.21037/jtd-24-65 · Cited by 8
“Inflammatory cytokines, which include members of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β ) superfamily and interleukins are the main driving force behind ALI (8).”
Mao, S., Jin, J., Li, Z., & Yang, W. (2020) · Molecular Medicine Reports · doi:10.3892/mmr.2020.11785 · Cited by 8
Pritzl, C. J., Daniëls, M. A., & Teixeiro, E. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.636240 · Cited by 9
“However, Smad4 appears to be dispensable for CD8 TRM development (72, 73).”
BackgroundLiu, Z., Chen, H., Fan, Z., Dai, J., Sun, Y. L., Yan, L., Wang, R., Li, X., & Wang, J. (2021) · Journal of Interferon & Cytokine Research · doi:10.1089/jir.2020.0231 · Cited by 8
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“TGF-βR3 promotes TGF-β2 signaling by forming the TGF-β2/TGF-βR3 complex and then recruiting and activating TGF-βR2 and TGF-βR1 (28, 29, 31).”
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“TGF-β is considered to be an important fibrogenic factor, and the typical signaling pathway of TGF-β involves the downstream Smad molecule [12].”
Leask, A., Fadl, A., & Naik, A. (2024) · Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs · doi:10.1080/13543784.2024.2323528 · Cited by 7
“…of pro-segments, although cleaved from the mature polypeptides, remain non-covalently associated with mature TGF-β in the form of ‘latent’ complex, often called ‘latency-associated polypeptide’ (LAP), that prevent TGF-β from binding to the cell surface receptors and, hence, signaling [23,24].”
BackgroundGenetic and molecular mechanisms of hydrocephalus
Deng, X., Chen, Y., Duan, Q., Ding, J., Wang, Z., Wang, J. D., Chen, X., Zhou, L., & Zhao, L. (2025) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2024.1512455 · Cited by 7
Commercially available transfection reagents and negative control siRNA are not inert
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“The non-classical TGFβ signaling pathways always cooperate with three para-signaling pathways to promote cell proliferation, including the JNK, ERK, and P38 signaling pathways [33].”
BackgroundYu, F., Yu, S.-Y., Duan, L., Yang, S., Hou, X., Du, Y., Gao, M., Zuo, J., Sun, L., Fu, X., et al. (2023) · Biological Trace Element Research · doi:10.1007/s12011-023-03805-x · Cited by 7
“In many species, transforming growth factor-βs (TGF-βs) mediate multiple signaling functions, providing tissue-specific control of differentiation, proliferation, and cell-specific or tissue-specific motility [8–11].”
TGF-β Regulates m6A RNA Methylation after PM2.5 Exposure
Wu, T., Liu, B., Wei, Y., & Li, Z. (2023) · Toxics · doi:10.3390/toxics11121026 · Cited by 7
“…accepted model of TGF-β signal transduction is that the TGF-β dimer binds to the TGF-β receptor, then sequentially transfers phosphate groups to Smad2 and Smad3 proteins, which are translocated to the target gene DNA sequence to activate or inhibit the expression of the target gene [35,36].”
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Myocardial TGFβ2 Is Required for Atrioventricular Cushion Remodeling and Myocardial Development
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“A large number of studies have demonstrated that the interaction modes between the ligands and their corresponding receptors are diverse in different tissues or cell types [46].”
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Site-1 protease inhibits mitochondrial respiration by controlling the TGF-β target gene Mss51
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Human transforming growth factor beta2 in a tetragonal crystal form
Gomis‐Rüth, F. X., Marino‐Puertas, L., del Amo-Maestro, L., & Goulas, T. (2018) · Worldwide Protein Data Bank · doi:10.2210/pdb6i9j/pdb · Cited by 7
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“12,13 17 Patients with PAH have increased Activin A levels in peripheral blood and elevated levels of proin fl amma-tory cytokines 18 – 20 such as IL-6.”
Transforming Growth Factor-β Signaling in Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease
Zou, H., Wang, S., Huang, C., Dooley, S., & Meindl‐Beinker, N. M. (2025) · American Journal Of Pathology · doi:10.1016/j.ajpath.2025.09.017 · Cited by 7
Fructose and follistatin potentiate acute MASLD during complete hepatic insulin resistance
Tao, R., Stöhr, O., Tok, O., Andrés-Hernando, A., Qiu, W., He, B., Wang, C., Grøntved, L., Burant, C., Hui, S. T., et al. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-66296-5 · Cited by 6
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Liebig’s law of the minimum in the TGF-β/SMAD pathway
Li, Y., Deng, D., Höfer, C. T., Kim, J., Heo, W. D., Xu, Q., Liu, X., & Zi, Z. (2024) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012072 · Cited by 6
Bioactives in Oral Nutritional Supplementation: A Pediatric Point of View
Cecchi, N., Romanelli, R., Ricevuti, F., Carbone, M. G., Dinardo, M., Cesarano, E., Michele, A. D., Messere, G., Morra, S., Scognamiglio, A., et al. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16132067 · Cited by 7
“…in IBD is the transforming growth factor (TGF)- β superfamily (thirty-three genes that encode for homodimeric or heterodimeric secreted cytokines) [33], which includes TGF-β (TGF-β 1, TGF-β 2, and TGF-β 3) and related proteins (activins, growth and di ff erentiation factors (GDFs), the bone…”
BackgroundKawecki, M., Kruk, A. M., Drążyk, M., Domagała, Z., & Woźniak, S. (2025) · Gastroenterology Insights · doi:10.3390/gastroent16010010 · Cited by 6
“The production of TGF-β may increase due to TNF-α ; thus, it is also capable of inducing EMT via secondary messengers: Smad2, Smad3, and Smad4 [11,23,24].”
Chijimatsu, R., Miwa, S., Okamura, G., Miyahara, J., Tachibana, N., Ishikura, H., Higuchi, J., Maenohara, Y., Tsuji, S., Sameshima, S., et al. (2021) · Stem Cell Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13287-021-02485-5 · Cited by 6
“Moreover, the non-Smad pathways also regulate cellular function and differentiation, including chondrogenesis [34, 47].”
BackgroundActivin A Modulates Betaglycan Shedding via the ALK4-SMAD3-Dependent Pathway in Endometriotic Cells
Mwaura, A. N., Riaz, M. A., Maoga, J. B., Mecha, E. O., Omwandho, C. O. A., Scheiner‐Bobis, G., Meinhold-Heerlein, I. M., & Konrad, L. (2022) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom12121749 · Cited by 7
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MOBILE pipeline enables identification of context-specific networks and regulatory mechanisms
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“TGF-β in cellular development, different members of the TGF-β superfamily are intensely studied for their widespread role in various diseases, including cancer [29,30].”
BackgroundInfluentialWang, X., Cui, L., Wang, Y., Zeng, Z., Wang, H., Tian, L., Guo, J., & Chen, Y. (2024) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176786 · Cited by 6
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“Ucp1 expression levels were evaluated by RT-qPCR (n = 4); the Ucp1 expression level in cells treated without RA was set to 1 phosphorylation and hence activation of Smad2/3, whereas BMP transmits its signal via phosphorylated Smad1/5/8.”
BackgroundInfluentialBozhokin, M. S., Божкова, С. А., Netylko, G. I., Наконечный, Д. Г., Nashchekina, Y. A., Blinova, M. I., & Anisimova, L. O. (2021) · Regenerative Engineering and Translational Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40883-021-00205-2 · Cited by 6
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Cellular Compartmentalization as a Physical Regulatory Mechanism of Signaling Pathways
Fayad, A. N., Mazo-Durán, D., & Míguez, D. G. (2024) · Biophysica · doi:10.3390/biophysica4040042 · Cited by 5
“These dimeric polypeptide growth factors involve thirty-three secreted cytokines [23,24], and the different family members have been given various names according to their molecular identification history: TGF-β s (three isoforms of TGF-β s: TGF-β 1, TGF-β 2 and TGF-β 3), activins, bone…”
Ongaro, L., & Bernard, D. J. (2025) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgaf233 · Cited by 5
Nuclear hormone-sensitive lipase regulates adipose tissue mass and adipocyte metabolism
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EZH2 Activates HTLV‐1 bZIP Factor‐Mediated TGF‐β Signaling in Adult T‐Cell Leukemia
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“The activated Smad complex can also recruit transcriptional co ‐ activators (CBP/p300), co ‐ repressors (c ‐ Ski), and chromatin re-modeling factors (histone deacetylases) [14, 15].”
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“Although initially thought to stimulate cell proliferation, TGF-β 1 is a bifunctional regulator that inhibits or stimulates cell division [6] and significantly accelerates wound healing [6,11,12].”
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Navigating Drug Discovery for Myhre Syndrome: The Complexity of a Multisystemic Rare Disease
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“Accordingly, "crosstalk" in the nucleus permits SMADs to modulate a wide-ranging array of transcriptional outputs in response to TGFβ stimulation of cancer cells (3-5).”
BackgroundLi, C., Ma, J., Groenewoud, A., Ren, J., Liu, S., Snaar-Jagalska, E. B., & ten Dijke, P. (2022) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-2277-3_6 · Cited by 5
Fast Quantitation of TGF-β Signaling Using Adenoviral Reporter
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“Moreover, TCR-mediated activation is tightly related to the cellular metabolic changes, TCR activation can promote the aerobic glycolysis and enhance the T cell function (9,10).”
Linc-ROR Promotes EMT by Targeting miR-204-5p/SMAD4 in Endometriosis
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“The mature and bioactive TGF β ligands comprise homodimers and heterodimers formed by two covalently associated TGF β family peptides, which in mammals are encoded by 33 different genes [3].”
BackgroundThe Role of Neuromodulation and Potential Mechanism in Regulating Heterotopic Ossification
Li, D., Liu, C., Wang, H., Li, Y., Wang, Y., An, S., & Sun, S. (2024) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-024-04118-8 · Cited by 6
“It orchestrates a vast range of biological processes, activating both non-Smad and Smad pathways, with the intricate involvement of upstream and downstream signaling molecules [140, 141].”
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“Activated RSmads then bind with Smad4, and translocate to the nucleus to promote transcription of TGFβ/BMP target genes (3, 4).”
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“First, we successfully detected the latent and active form of TGF-β1 by Western blotting with reductive SDS-PAGE, and the dimeric form of active TGF-β1, which is the receptor-binding form of active TGF-β1 [33], by Western blotting with non-reductive SDS-PAGE (Fig.”
MethodLi, J., Li, S., Zhang, T., Yu, L., Wei, J., Wu, M., Xie, Y., & Tan, H. (2023) · Molecular Omics · doi:10.1039/d2mo00296e · Cited by 5
SHP2 inhibitors maintain TGFβ signalling through SMURF2 inhibition
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Yin, F., Mao, L.-C., Cai, Q.-Q., & Jiang, W.-H. (2021) · Stem Cells and Development · doi:10.1089/scd.2021.0136 · Cited by 5
Selenium bioavailability modulates the sensitivity of thyroid cells to iodide excess
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Sadeghzadeh, S., Askari, R. E., Zareiye, A., Meshkin, A., Aghabozorgi, R., Lotfi, M., Ghanbari, F., Shahcheraghi, S. H., & Aghili, Z. S. (2025) · Brain Tumor Pathology · doi:10.1007/s10014-025-00505-3 · Cited by 4
“LncRNAs have developed as TGF-β targets, and whole-genome transcriptomics recognized lncRNA qualities directed by TGF-β [48].”
Li, X., Fan, M., Huang, R., Wang, K., & Huang, H. (2025) · Discover Oncology · doi:10.1007/s12672-025-03223-6 · Cited by 4
“In intracellular molecular regulation and TGF-β signaling, Smads protein is the key, which can directly transduce TGF-β signal through the cell membrane into the nucleus, and activation leads to nuclear transport and gene expression [45].”
Inhibiting TGF-β signaling pathway for disease therapy: challenges and opportunities
Gao, X., Li, X., Zhang, C., Zhou, J., Gu, K., Liu, X., & Bai, C. (2025) · Cytokine · doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2025.157048 · Cited by 4
Metadata
- Authors
- Derynck, R., & Budi, E. H.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Corresponding author
- Derynck, Rik
- Venue
- Science Signaling
- Published
- 2019-02-26
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 570
- ISSN
- 1937-9145 (ISSN-L)
- 1945-0877
- PMC
- PMC6800142
- OpenAlex
- W2917714624
- Cited by
- 785
- References
- 347
- Citations by year
- 2026: 83 · 2025: 85 · 2024: 129 · 2023: 118 · 2022: 102 · 2021: 152 · 2020: 77 · 2019: 35
- FWCI
- 8.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Science Signaling (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute (RO1-CA63101, RO1-CA136690)
- JDRF (3-APF-2017-392-A-N)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › TGF-β signaling in diseases
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology and Gene Regulation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Signaling Pathways in Disease
- Keywords
- Smad proteins, TGF-beta receptor, dual-specificity kinase, signaling crosstalk, non-Smad signaling, cancer, fibrosis, developmental anomalies
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cell Differentiation, Gene Expression Regulation, Humans, Ligands, Neoplasms, Protein Binding, Signal Transduction, Transforming Growth Factor beta, Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta
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