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Specificity, versatility, and control of TGF-β family signaling
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Molecular function and pathway cross-talk in TGF-β signaling reveal its complexity and open questions.
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“they need to effectively interfere with the very high binding affinity (10−11 M range) of TGF-β to cell surface receptor complexes65.”
From TGFβ biology in cancer progression and immunotherapy (2021) · cites this paper as [65]
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“By design, these chimeras, based on the TβRII ligand trap, should sequester TGF-β1 and -β3 only, similarly to dimerized TβRII receptor65.”
From TGFβ biology in cancer progression and immunotherapy (2021) · cites this paper as [65]
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- R. Derynck K. Miyazono The Biology of the TGF-β Family (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press 2017) pp. 1164.
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“The Smad family proteins, which are the central transducers of the TGFβ signaling pathway, are classified as R-Smad, inhibitory Smad (I-Smad), and universal Smad (co-Smad, Smad4).(347) In R-Smad, Smad2/3 are considered the main mediators of the TGFβ signaling pathway, and Smad1/5/8 mediate the BMP signaling pathway.”
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“Under the effects of MMPs and/or serine proteases (for example, cathepsins), TGF-b proteins are released from the complex of ECM (86).”
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“While Smad signaling uniquely de fi nes ‘ canonical ’ signaling for the TGF-β family proteins, TGF-β also activates non-Smad signaling pathways, including the PI3K – Akt – mTOR pathway, Erk MAPK and p38 MAPK signaling, and Src and Rho GTPases [48,74] (Figure 3).”
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“The secretion and deposition of TGF-β from the latent complex is triggered by an activation mechanism that locally releases activated TGF-β [95].”
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“These complexes can translocate into the nucleus, where they regulate specific gene transcriptional responses (Shi and Massagué, 2003; Derynck and Budi, 2019).”
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“Therefore, TGF-1–induced Foxp3 expression in tTregs may occur through a noncanonical pathway, which does not require direct Smad binding to the Foxp3 locus and may occur independently of Smad signaling altogether (36, 52).”
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“TGFβ induces the formation of heteromeric complexes in which the TGFβR2 kinase phosphorylates TGFβR1 [10].”
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“TGF-β signaling and its regulation are complex (Mullen and Wrana, 2017; Derynck and Budi, 2019; Aashaq et al., 2022), and only a brief outline is provided here.”
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“The activated Smad proteins form complexes with Smad4 and regulate target gene expression through association with high-affinity DNA binding transcription factors at regulatory sequences (11, 12).”
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“Dysregulation of TGF‐β signaling results in the development of various diseases like cancer and fibrotic diseases and also leads to various developmental defects (Rik Derynck & Budi, 2019).”
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“ALK4/5/7 proteins phosphorylate Smad2/3, and Smad2/3/4 complexes, which bind to the GTCTAGAC sequence.(53) I-Smad proteins inhibit TGF-β3-triggered R-Smad signaling pathways by directly binding to R-Smads and blocking their modification, including phosphorylation and threonylation.”
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“More importantly, dysregulation of the TGF-β/SMAD pathway is reported as an essential causative agent in tissue fibrosis, like hepatic, pulmonary, and cardiac fibrosis.(157) TGF-β modulates several intracellular signaling cascades to deliver profibrotic effects, and the numerous ways of TGF-β interacting with other pr…”
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“Both ActivinA and TGF-β1 induce the phosphorylation of Smad2 and Smad3 and the degradation of SKI protein (Derynck and Budi, 2019; Zhang et al., 2017).”
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“Following the recruitment and phosphorylation of TGF-b type I receptors (TGFbRI) by TGFbRII , SMAD2 and SMAD3 are phosphorylated and further assembled into trimeric complexes with SMAD4 (6).”
BackgroundThe TGF-β Pathway: A Pharmacological Target in Hepatocellular Carcinoma?
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“In addition to the SMAD pathway, TGF-β can also initiate multiple non-SMAD or noncanonical signaling pathways (Figure 1A) [10,11].”
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“The TGFβ2 crystal structure elucidated two monomers, each with two antiparallel pairs of β-strands that form a flat surface and a separate α–helix (10, 11).”
BackgroundReceptor binding competition: A paradigm for regulating TGF-β family action
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Metabolic requirements of pulmonary fibrosis: role of fibroblast metabolism
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Hormonal control of the crustacean molting gland: Insights from transcriptomics and proteomics
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Signaling pathways and targeted therapeutic strategies for polycystic ovary syndrome
Wang, K., & Lǐ, Y. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1191759 · Cited by 106
Emerging Roles of Macrophage Polarization in Osteoarthritis: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies
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“Decorin also impedes activation of TGF-β receptors and inhibits downstream signaling pathways by competitive inhibition [64,65].”
BackgroundLi, Y., Fan, W., Link, F., Wang, S., & Dooley, S. (2021) · JHEP Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jhepr.2021.100397 · Cited by 90
“Activated receptor complexes are usually internalised for signalling and subsequently undergo either proteasomal degradation or recycling to the cell surface.(16,17) These processes have a”
BackgroundPreininger, M. K., & Kaufer, D. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23116217 · Cited by 87
TGFβ signaling pathways in human health and disease
Chen, P., Qin, L., & Simons, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences · doi:10.3389/fmolb.2023.1113061 · Cited by 89
“During development, all three TGFβ ligands are produced by a number of different cell types (Pelton et al., 1991; Derynck and Budi, 2019).”
BackgroundThe Synergistic Cooperation between TGF-β and Hypoxia in Cancer and Fibrosis
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“The intracellular Smad2/3 are next activated by phosphorylation, initiated by TGFβRI; pSmad2/3 form a complex with Smad4 and, together with certain transcriptio factors (TF), activ te specific targets genes that contain Smad-binding elements (SBEs), implicated in growth inhibition, apoptosis, ECM synthesis, and immune…”
BackgroundInfluentialvan den Bosch, M. H. J., Blom, A. B., & van der Kraan, P. M. (2023) · Osteoarthritis and Cartilage · doi:10.1016/j.joca.2023.12.005 · Cited by 86
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“Next, proteolytic cleavage of disulfide bonds by furin family proteins result in generation of two characteristic proteins including N-terminal long dimeric and disulfide-linked propeptide, known as latencyassociated peptide (LAP) and C-terminal short dimeric disulfidelinked polypeptide, known as mature TGF-β (Ten Dij…”
BackgroundTGFβ-induced fibroblast activation requires persistent and targeted HDAC-mediated gene repression
Jones, D. L., Haak, A. J., Caporarello, N., Choi, K. M., Ye, Z., Yan, H., Varelas, X., Ordog, T., Ligresti, G., & Tschumperlin, D. J. (2019) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.233486 · Cited by 77
“…The transcriptional effects of TGFβ are known to be mediated by a complex network of canonical and non-canonical pathways and transcriptional complexes including SMAD (or non-canonical) transcriptional effectors that may link to HDACs to mediate repressive functions (Derynck and Budi, 2019).”
BackgroundTherapeutic targeting of TGF-β in cancer: hacking a master switch of immune suppression
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Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) in prostate cancer: A dual function mediator?
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“There are multiple excellent reviews covering the details of the TGF-β family proteins and their related signaling pathways (Derynck & Budi, 2019; Derynck & Zhang, 2003; Glasgow & Mishra, 2008; Haque & Morris, 2017; Massagué, Blain, & Lo, 2000; Morikawa et al., 2016; Shi & Massagué, 2003; Smith,…”
BackgroundTGF-β1 dominates stromal fibroblast-mediated EMT via the FAP/VCAN axis in bladder cancer cells
Ping, Q., Wang, C., Cheng, X., Zhong, Y., Yan, R., Yang, M., Shi, Y., Li, X., Li, X., Huang, W., et al. (2023) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-023-04303-3 · Cited by 76
Understanding the mechanism of radiation induced fibrosis and therapy options
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Correlation between Oxidative Stress and Transforming Growth Factor-Beta in Cancers
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“effector molecules in the TGF-β signaling pathway [55].”
BackgroundContextual Regulation of TGF-β Signaling in Liver Cancer
Tu, S., Huang, W., Huang, C., Luo, Z., & Yan, X. (2019) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells8101235 · Cited by 72
“TGF-β is a prototype of the TGF-β family cytokines, which is composed of 33 members in mammals according to their genomes [25].”
BackgroundInfluentialEpithelial–Mesenchymal Transition Mechanisms in Chronic Airway Diseases: A Common Process to Target?
Mottais, A., Riberi, L., Falco, A., Soccal, S., Gohy, S. T., & Rose, V. D. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms241512412 · Cited by 75
“TGF-β1 is the first isoform to have been identified [25], and it has been found to play a crucial role in fibrotic lung diseases [26,32–37], particularly in airway remodelling [38,39].”
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Anti-Inflammatory Role of the Klotho Protein and Relevance to Aging
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“Of note, on certain occasions, TGF b s, activins, and GDFs can activate both Smad1/5/8 and Smad2/3 signalling.”
BackgroundInfluentialChen, Y., Fan, Y., Guo, D.-Y., Xu, B., Shi, X.-Y., Li, J.-T., & Duan, L.-F. (2020) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110413 · Cited by 63
TGF-β Pathway in Salivary Gland Fibrosis
Zhang, X., Yun, J. S., Han, D., Yook, J. I., Kim, H. S., & Cho, E. S. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21239138 · Cited by 66
Metadata
- Authors
- Derynck, R., & Budi, E. H.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Corresponding author
- Derynck, Rik
- Venue
- Science Signaling
- Published
- 2019-02-26
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 570
- ISSN
- 1937-9145 (ISSN-L)
- 1945-0877
- PMC
- PMC6800142
- OpenAlex
- W2917714624
- Cited by
- 785
- References
- 347
- Citations by year
- 2026: 83 · 2025: 85 · 2024: 129 · 2023: 118 · 2022: 102 · 2021: 152 · 2020: 77 · 2019: 35
- FWCI
- 8.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Science Signaling (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute (RO1-CA63101, RO1-CA136690)
- JDRF (3-APF-2017-392-A-N)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › TGF-β signaling in diseases
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology and Gene Regulation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Signaling Pathways in Disease
- Keywords
- Smad proteins, TGF-beta receptor, dual-specificity kinase, signaling crosstalk, non-Smad signaling, cancer, fibrosis, developmental anomalies
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cell Differentiation, Gene Expression Regulation, Humans, Ligands, Neoplasms, Protein Binding, Signal Transduction, Transforming Growth Factor beta, Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta
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