An ocular glymphatic clearance system removes β-amyloid from the rodent eye

A Paravascular Pathway Facilitates CSF Flow Through the Brain Parenchyma and the Clearance of Interstitial Solutes, Including Amyloid β

Iliff, J. J., Wang, M., Liao, Y., Plogg, B. A., Peng, W., Gundersen, G. A., Benveniste, H., Vates, G. E., Deane, R., Goldman, S. A., et al. (2012) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3003748 · Cited by 5,824

Sleep Drives Metabolite Clearance from the Adult Brain

Xie, L., Kang, H., Xu, Q., Chen, M. J., Liao, Y., Thiyagarajan, M., O’Donnell, J., Christensen, D. J., Nicholson, C., Iliff, J. J., et al. (2013) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1241224 · Cited by 5,411

Structural and functional features of central nervous system lymphatic vessels

Louveau, A., Smirnov, I., Keyes, T. J., Eccles, J. D., Rouhani, S. J., Peske, J. D., Derecki, N. C., Castle, D., Mandell, J. W., Lee, K. S., et al. (2015) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature14432 · Cited by 4,413

The Pathophysiology and Treatment of Glaucoma: A Review

Weinreb, R. N., Aung, T., & Medeiros, F. A. (2014) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2014.3192 · Cited by 4,210

Pericytes regulate the blood–brain barrier

Armulik, A., Genové, G., Mäe, M., Nisancioglu, M. H., Wallgard, E., Niaudet, C., He, L., Norlin, J., Lindblom, P., Strittmatter, K., et al. (2010) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature09522 · Cited by 2,843

A dural lymphatic vascular system that drains brain interstitial fluid and macromolecules

Aspelund, A., Antila, S., Proulx, S. T., Karlsen, T. V., Karaman, S., Detmar, M., Wiig, H., & Alitalo, K. (2015) · Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20142290 · Cited by 2,198

Detecting outliers when fitting data with nonlinear regression – a new method based on robust nonlinear regression and the false discovery rate

Motulsky, H. J., & Brown, R. E. (2006) · BMC Bioinformatics · doi:10.1186/1471-2105-7-123 · Cited by 1,616

Amyloid-β Dynamics Are Regulated by Orexin and the Sleep-Wake Cycle

Kang, J.-E., Lim, M. M., Bateman, R. J., Lee, J. J., Smyth, L. P., Cirrito, J. R., Fujiki, N., Nishino, S., & Holtzman, D. M. (2009) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1180962 · Cited by 1,565

Relationship Between Intraocular Pressure and Primary Open Angle Glaucoma Among White and Black Americans

Sommer, A. H. (1991) · Archives of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1001/archopht.1991.01080080050026 · Cited by 1,178

The optic nerve head as a biomechanical structure: a new paradigm for understanding the role of IOP-related stress and strain in the pathophysiology of glaucomatous optic nerve head damage

Burgoyne, C. F., Downs, J. C., Bellezza, A. J., Suh, J.-K. F., & Hart, R. T. (2004) · Progress in Retinal and Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2004.06.001 · Cited by 1,142

Terson Syndrome Diagnosed by Ocular Point of Care Ultrasound on the Medical Floor

Johnson, M. (2024) · POCUS Journal · doi:10.24908/pocus.v9i1.16660

Author Response: Deficient Optic Nerve Sheath Occlusion in NTG Patients: Optic Nerve Damage Due to Translaminar Pressure Imbalance, Glymphatic Failure, or Both?

Kristiansen, M., Holmlund, P., Lindén, C., Eklund, A., & Jóhannesson, G. (2024) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.65.5.19

From pole to pole, life-long research of sleep in extreme environments

Buguet, A. (2024) · SLEEP Advances · doi:10.1093/sleepadvances/zpae025

Circadian Regulation of the Ocular Vasculature

Hudson, N., Cahill, M. T., & Campbell, M. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-13820-1.00109-2

The brain–eye connection: More than just action potentials

Walsh, J. T. (2024) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20241519

Retinal Neuromodulation as an Influence on Brain Function by Applying Nanoneuroscience Discoveries

Zelinsky, D., DeBuc, D. C., Mohammadzadeh, V., Upadhyaya, S., Lypka, K. R., Pruszenski, A., Fedorchenko, N., Kashou, N. H., Perschke, G., & Kateb, B. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-80662-0_40

A Clinical Primer on the Anatomy and Physiology of Neurofluids in the Human Brain

Agarwal, N. (2025) · Neuroimaging Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.nic.2024.12.007

Structural and Functional Features of the Glymphatic System: a Contemporary Perspective

Klyueva, L. A., Averin, D. A., & Vasyanina, K. A. (2025) · Morphology · doi:10.17816/morph.642000 · Cited by 1

Insights and an update on Spaceflight-Associated Neuro-Ocular syndrome (SANS)

Aleci, C., & Dutto, K. (2025) · Discover Medicine · doi:10.1007/s44337-025-00421-7 · Cited by 2

Fluids in the Eye and Inner Ear

Toro, E. F. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-92598-6_5

Fundamentals of nano drug delivery systems: Principles and applications in ocular oncology

Basu, B., Rahaman, M., & Prajapati, B. G. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-27541-8.00013-4

Macular choriocapillaris perfusion area: a potential biomarker of mild cognitive impairment in patients with cerebral small vessel disease

Yu, W., Shen, Z., Zhang, W., Yue, M., Gao, S., Ye, J., Ni, W., Shen, P., Han, L., Guo, S., et al. (2025) · Stroke and Vascular Neurology · doi:10.1136/svn-2025-004139

Effect of intracerebral infusion rate on optic nerve tissue pressure and diurnal intracranial pressure in rats

Ganearachchi, S. N., Afiat, B. C., Lee, P. Y., Hoang, A., Nguyen, C. T. O., Wostyn, P., Bui, B. V., & Zhao, D. Y. (2025) · Fluids and Barriers of the CNS · doi:10.1186/s12987-025-00714-0

Aquaporin 1 expression in control and pathological rat retina

Valensi, M., Touzé, R., Abitbol, M. M., & Versaux‐Botteri, C. (2025) · Experimental Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.exer.2025.110758

Beyond Eye Changes in Ocular Toxicity Studies: Practical Considerations for Sampling and Evaluation of Extraocular Visual Pathways, and Common Findings

Lejeune, T., Booler, H. S., & Wicks, J. R. (2025) · Toxicologic Pathology · doi:10.1177/01926233251395732

Additional file 1 of NIR-II nanoprobes for investigating the glymphatic system function under anesthesia and stroke injury

Sun, B., Fang, D., Li, W., Li, M., & Zhu, S. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26710763

Discovery of Abundant Nano-scale Lymphatic-like Vessels in BrainsPreprint

Gu, S., Dong, H., Chen, H., Yu, J., Liu, L., Yan, J., Wang, H., Jiang, Z., Huang, W., Wang, W., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2025.12.30.697095

Retinal Müller glia alterations and their impact on ocular glymphatic clearance in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model

Das, G., Raghunathan, R., Wang, L., Wan, Z., Vasquez, M., Zhao, H., & Wong, S. T. C. (2026) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.1177/13872877261418165

Glymphatic system impairment in dysthyroid optic neuropathy: relation with ocular cerebrospinal fluid circulation and visual function

Zhao, Y., Chen, Y., Liang, W., Yin, Y., Zhai, L., Luo, B., Liu, P., & Zhang, J. (2026) · Japanese Journal of Radiology · doi:10.1007/s11604-025-01939-7

Signal change of cerebrospinal fluid with eye drops of O-17-labeled salinePreprint

Miyata, M., Tomiyasu, M., Sahara, Y., Tsuchiya, H., Maeda, T., Tomoyori, N., Kawashima, M., Kishimoto, R., Mizota, A., Kudo, K., et al. (2026) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.02.12.26346215

Biological Experiments in Space: From Microgravity to Molecular Insights

Malakar, V. K., Kuppusamy, G., Vassilieva, G. Y., Karri, V. V. S. R., Dhanabal, S., Манько, О. М., & Poddar, N. K. (2026) · Microgravity Science and Technology · doi:10.1007/s12217-026-10240-9

The effects of elevated CO 2 on brain and ocular signal intensity with intravenous contrast MRI

Seidler, R. D., Richmond, S. B., Levendovszky, S. R., Albayram, S., Iliff, J. J., Kernagis, D., Abad, I., & Rosenberg, J. T. (2026) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00462.2025

Glymphatic system-dependent mechanisms connecting sudden sensorineural hearing loss to cognitive and emotional impairments

Fang, Z.-H., Ye, W.-J., Li, S., Li, B., Chen, Y.-C., Salvi, R., Xu, X.-M., & Yin, X. (2026) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-026-01068-3

ANGPTL4 Induces Aberrant Lymphatic-Like Remodeling in Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy

Li, Z., Guan, L., Mu, T., Zhou, H., Zong, T., Tan, C., Yang, C., Xie, T., Zhuang, M., Yang, J., et al. (2026) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db25-0445

Principles of resident tissue macrophages revealed by the eye

Jacob, E. M., Fortmann, S. D., Shiraki, N., Kim, K. W., Voigt, A. P., Grant, M. B., Stamer, W. D., Liu, K. C., Lavine, J. A., Wieghofer, P., et al. (2026) · Advances in immunology · doi:10.1016/bs.ai.2026.02.001

Diffusion tensor image analysis along the perivascular space index alterations in Alzheimer’s disease: associated with cerebrospinal fluid Aβ40 and cognition

Han, J., Xia, Y., Jiao, H., Niu, X., Wang, X., Ni, H., & Initiative, A. D. N. (2026) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-026-01142-w

Imaging solute transportation along the posterior lymphatic pathway in the ocular glymphatic system in healthy human participantsPreprint

Wen, X., Sun, Y., Zhou, X. Y., Li, Y., Paez, A. G., Varghese, J., Pillai, J. J., Knutsson, L., van Zijl, P. C. M., Leigh, R. J., et al. (2026) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.04.03.26349283

Ocular Lymphatics in Health and Disease

Anagnostou, N., Kalogeropoulos, C. D., Kanavaros, P., de‐la‐Torre, A., Androudi, S. N., Kakoulidis, P., Tierradentro-Alape, R., & Kalogeropoulos, D. (2026) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics16101416

Asymmetric Optic Disc Edema in Astronauts: A Narrative Review Proposing an Interplay Between Ocular Venous Congestion and Glymphatic Transport

Wostyn, P., Nedergaard, M., Gibson, C. R., & Mader, T. H. (2026) · Life · doi:10.3390/life16050831

Phase coupling between eye and brain pulsations is bidirectional and modulated by the parasympathetic system – An fMREye study

Seyed-Mohsen, E., Väyrynen, T., Huotari, N., Ville, S., Honkamo, M., Helakari, H., Järvelä, M., Vesa, K., Lauri, R., & Vesa, K. (2026) · Acta Ophthalmologica · doi:10.1111/aos.70164

Extending the glymphatic system beyond the brain: The Cochlear aqueduct as a neuroimmune gateway to the inner ear

Mathiesen, B. K., Wang, J., Blanc, F., Cederroth, C. R., Nedergaard, M., & Canlo, B. (2026) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2026.107499

Beyond AQP-4: convergent glymphatic-meningeal lymphatic dysfunction underlying multifactorial migraine pathogenesis

Yang, M.-F., Song, M.-M., Gao, Y., Chen, T.-Y., & Xu, S.-Y. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1875765

Exploring Alzheimer Disease from a Retinal and Ocular Perspective

Victoria-Martínez, J., & Martín‐Nieto, J. (2026) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines14071465

Mechanisms and Research Progress of the Association between Glymphatic System Dysfunction and Optic Neuropathies

王, 梓. (2026) · Advances in Clinical Medicine · doi:10.12677/acm.2026.1672645

The Ocular Microbiome and Alzheimer’s Disease: Emerging Insights

Mishra, S. K., Ozkan, J., Su, F., Kim, W. S., Willcox, M. D. P., & Fu, Y. (2026) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells15171590

Retinal manifestations of Alzheimer's Disease: Insights from animal models, clinical detection, and future translation

Zhang, X., Zhuang, D., Lai, C., Zheng, C., Soh, Z. D., Wagner, S. K., Cai, V. Y., Yang, Z., Wang, S., Geng, X., et al. (2026) · Progress in Retinal and Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2026.101504

Magnetic resonance imaging in identifying dysthyroid optic neuropathy: a systematic review

Zhou, J., Lu, J., Wan, Y., Qin, J.-T., Chen, H.-H., Liu, H., Xu, X., Hu, H., & Wu, F.-Y. (2026) · Visual Neuroscience · doi:10.48130/vns-0026-0040

Cerebrospinal fluid outflow pathways in neurodegeneration: nasopharyngeal lymphatics and the ocular glymphatic-like axis

Liu, J., Chen, J., Yuan, S., Chen, Y., Luo, Z., & Xie, M. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1929822

Rethinking diabetic retinopathy: Homeostatic mechanisms for retinal clearance

Little, K., Lechner, J., Rossi, G. D., Cullen, T., Perais, J. A., Beli, E., Lois, N., & Stitt, A. W. (2026) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/dme.70485

The Ocular Glymphatic Clearance SystemPreprint

Wang, X., Lou, N., Eberhardt, A., Kusk, P., Xu, Q., Förstera, B., Peng, S., Yang, Y., Shi, M., Xavier, A. L. R., et al. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2019.12.29.889873

Do normal-tension and high-tension glaucoma result from brain and ocular glymphatic system disturbances, respectively?

Wostyn, P. (2020) · Eye · doi:10.1038/s41433-020-01219-w · Cited by 21

The “ocular glymphatic clearance system”: a key missing piece of the Alzheimer’s disease-glaucoma puzzle found?

Wostyn, P. (2020) · Eye · doi:10.1038/s41433-020-1008-8 · Cited by 9

Twists and turns of ocular glymphatic clearance – new study reveals surprising findings in glaucoma

Thrane, V. R., Hynnekleiv, L., Wang, X., Thrane, A. S., Krohn, J., & Nedergaard, M. (2020) · Acta Ophthalmologica · doi:10.1111/aos.14524 · Cited by 25

Research Progress of Ocular Glymphatic System and Related Ocular Diseases

ZHU Guangyu, C. Y. (2023) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · doi:10.12114/j.issn.1007-9572.2022.0901