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Broad Conservation of Milk Utilization Genes in Bifidobacterium longum subsp.infantis as Revealed by Comparative Genomic Hybridization
Open accessAbstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are the third-largest solid component of milk. Their structural complexity renders them nondigestible to the host but liable to hydrolytic enzymes of the infant colonic microbiota. Bifidobacteria and, frequently, Bifidobacterium longum strains predominate the colonic microbiota of exclusively breast-fed infants. Among the three recognized subspecies of B. longum, B. longum subsp. infantis achieves high levels of cell growth on HMOs and is associated with early colonization of the infant gut. The B. longum subsp. infantis ATCC 15697 genome features five distinct gene clusters with the predicted capacity to bind, cleave, and import milk oligosaccharides. Comparative genomic hybridizations (CGHs) were used to associate genotypic biomarkers among 15 B. longum strains exhibiting various HMO utilization phenotypes and host associations. Multilocus sequence typing provided taxonomic subspecies designations and grouped the strains between B. longum subsp. infantis and B. longum subsp. longum. CGH analysis determined that HMO utilization gene regions are exclusively conserved across all B. longum subsp. infantis strains capable of growth on HMOs and have diverged in B. longum subsp. longum strains that cannot grow on HMOs. These regions contain fucosidases, sialidases, glycosyl hydrolases, ABC transporters, and family 1 solute binding proteins and are likely needed for efficient metabolism of HMOs. Urea metabolism genes and their activity were exclusively conserved in B. longum subsp. infantis. These results imply that the B. longum has at least two distinct subspecies: B. longum subsp. infantis, specialized to utilize milk carbon, and B. longum subsp. longum, specialized for plant-derived carbon metabolism.
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“Human milk oligosaccharides (MOS) are bioactive compounds that are the third largest component of human milk10.”
From Diet and the Intestinal Microbiome: Associations, Functions, and Implications for Health and Disease (2014) · cites this paper as [10]
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Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- LoCascio, R. G., Desai, P., Sela, D. A., Weimer, B., & Mills, D. A.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Davis (US)
- Utah State University (US)
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, Robert Mondavi Center for Wine and Food Science
- Venue
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology
- Publisher
- American Society for Microbiology
- Published
- 2010-11-15
- Volume
- 76
- Issue
- 22
- Pages
- 7373-7381
- ISSN
- 0099-2240 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-5336
- PMC
- PMC2976205
- OpenAlex
- W2132366863
- Cited by
- 229
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 9.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Agriculture (2006-34526-17001)
- Dairy Management
- California Dairy Research Foundation
- National Institutes of Health
- Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (T32GM008799, T32GM08799)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD061923, R01HD059127)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Infant Nutrition and Health
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Keywords
- Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis, Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum, human milk oligosaccharides, comparative genomic hybridization, fucosidase, neuraminidase, glycoside hydrolases, ABC transporters, solute binding protein, infant gut colonization, breast-fed infants, gene clusters, multilocus sequence typing
- MeSH terms
- Bifidobacterium, DNA, Bacterial, Genes, Bacterial, Multigene Family, Genotype, Humans, Milk, Human, Molecular Sequence Data, Oligosaccharides, Phylogeny, Urea, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Metabolic Networks and Pathways, Comparative Genomic Hybridization, Multilocus Sequence Typing
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