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Cryptococcosis in the era of AIDS--100 years after the discovery of Cryptococcus neoformans
Open accessAbstract
Although Cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcosis have existed for several millennia, a century has passed since the discovery of this encapsulated yeast and its devastating disease. With the advent of the AIDS pandemic, cryptococcal meningitis has emerged as a leading cause of infectious morbidity and mortality and a frequently life-threatening opportunistic mycosis among patients with AIDS. Both basic and clinical research have accelerated in the 1990s, and this review attempts to highlight some of these advances. The discussion covers recent findings, current concepts, controversies, and unresolved issues related to the ecology and genetics of C. neoformans; the surface structure of the yeast; and the mechanisms of host defense. Regarding cell-mediated immunity, CD4+ T cells are crucial for successful resistance, but CD8+ T cells may also participate significantly in the cytokine-mediated activation of anticryptococcal effector cells. In addition to cell-mediated immunity, monoclonal antibodies to the major capsular polysaccharide, the glucuronoxylomannan, offer some protection in murine models of cryptococcosis. Clinical concepts are presented that relate to the distinctive features of cryptococcosis in patients with AIDS and the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of cryptococcosis in AIDS patients.
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“C. neoformans is a primary human pathogen because it causes life-threatening meningitis primarily in immunocompromised patients (12,13).”
From Cch1 Restores Intracellular Ca2+ in Fungal Cells during Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress (2010) · cites this paper as [12]
In the citing paper
“Store depletion-mediated inward Ca 2ϩ currents were not detected in HEK cells that expressed either Cch1 or Mid1 alone or an empty plasmid, indicating that the activation of these Ca 2ϩ currents was completely dependent on the co-expression of Cch1 and Mid1 and that Cch1 activity required Mid1, consistent with previous genetic evidence (Fig. 2, F-H) (12,14,20,21).”
From Cch1 Restores Intracellular Ca2+ in Fungal Cells during Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress (2010) · cites this paper as [12]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Mitchell, T. G., & Perfect, J. R.
- Affiliations
- Duke Medical Center (US)
- ORCID
- Perfect, J R
- Venue
- Clinical Microbiology Reviews
- Publisher
- American Society for Microbiology
- Published
- 1995-10
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 515-548
- ISSN
- 0893-8512 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-6618
- PMC
- PMC172874
- OpenAlex
- W2147038307
- Cited by
- 1,213
- References
- 494
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 56 · 2015: 47 · 2014: 66 · 2013: 40 · 2012: 59
- FWCI
- 29.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Clinical Microbiology Reviews (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01ai028836-08)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (AI 28836, AI28388, AI 25783, R01AI025783)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Fungal Infections and Studies
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Bacterial Infections and Vaccines
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antifungal resistance and susceptibility
- Keywords
- Cryptococcus neoformans, cryptococcosis, cryptococcal meningitis, AIDS, opportunistic fungal infection, cell-mediated immunity, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, glucuronoxylomannan, capsular polysaccharide, monoclonal antibodies, host defense, diagnosis, treatment, prevention
- MeSH terms
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, Antifungal Agents, Cryptococcosis, Cryptococcus neoformans, Humans, Virulence, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections
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