Cited by 189Immune Response and InflammationGut microbiota and healthImmune responses and vaccinations

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 69 of the 69 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Early Innate Immunity to Bacterial Infection in the Lung Is Regulated Systemically by the Commensal Microbiota via Nod-Like Receptor Ligands

Open access

Clarke, Thomas B.·2014·Infection and Immunity

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

The commensal microbiota is a major regulator of the immune system. The majority of commensal bacteria inhabit the gastrointestinal tract and are known to regulate local mucosal defenses against intestinal pathogens. There is growing appreciation that the commensal microbiota also regulates immune responses at extraintestinal sites. Currently, however, it is unclear how this influences host defenses against bacterial infection outside the intestine. Microbiota depletion caused significant defects in the early innate response to lung infection by the major human pathogen Klebsiella pneumoniae. After microbiota depletion, early clearance of K. pneumoniae was impaired, and this could be rescued by administration of bacterial Nod-like receptor (NLR) ligands (the NOD1 ligand MurNAcTri(DAP) and NOD2 ligand muramyl dipeptide [MDP]) but not bacterial Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands. Importantly, NLR ligands from the gastrointestinal, but not upper respiratory, tract rescued host defenses in the lung. Defects in early innate immunity were found to be due to reduced reactive oxygen species-mediated killing of bacteria by alveolar macrophages. These data show that bacterial signals from the intestine have a profound influence on establishing the levels of antibacterial defenses in distal tissues.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1128/iai.02212-14

Cites

69 of 69 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Origin and physiological roles of inflammation
Medzhitov, R. (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature07201 · Cited by 6,618
The gut microbiota shapes intestinal immune responses during health and disease
Round, J. L., & Mazmanian, S. K. (2009) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri2515 · Cited by 5,029
Induction of Intestinal Th17 Cells by Segmented Filamentous Bacteria
Ivanov, I. I., Atarashi, K., Manel, N., Brodie, E. L., Shima, T., Karaoz, U., Wei, D., Goldfarb, K. C., Santee, C. A., Lynch, S. V., et al. (2009) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2009.09.033 · Cited by 4,554
Recognition of Commensal Microflora by Toll-Like Receptors Is Required for Intestinal Homeostasis
Rakoff-Nahoum, S., Paglino, J., Eslami-Varzaneh, F., Edberg, S., & Medzhitov, R. (2004) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2004.07.002 · Cited by 4,251
Interactions Between the Microbiota and the Immune System
Hooper, L. V., Littman, D. R., & Macpherson, A. J. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1223490 · Cited by 4,173
Ecological and Evolutionary Forces Shaping Microbial Diversity in the Human Intestine
Ley, R. E., Peterson, D. A., & Gordon, J. I. (2006) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.02.017 · Cited by 3,358
Treg induction by a rationally selected mixture of Clostridia strains from the human microbiota
Atarashi, K., Tanoue, T., Oshima, K., Suda, W., Nagano, Y., Nishikawa, H., Fukuda, S., Saito, T., Narushima, S., Hase, K., et al. (2013) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature12331 · Cited by 2,872
Recognition of microorganisms and activation of the immune response
Medzhitov, R. (2007) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature06246 · Cited by 2,862
Points of control in inflammation
Nathan, C. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature01320 · Cited by 2,738
Innate Immunity: The Virtues of a Nonclonal System of Recognition
Medzhitov, R., & Janeway, C. A. (1997) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80412-2 · Cited by 2,434
Commensal Bacteria Control Cancer Response to Therapy by Modulating the Tumor Microenvironment
Iida, N., Dzutsev, A., Stewart, C. A., Smith, L., Bouladoux, N., Weingarten, R. A., Molina, D. A., Salcedo, R., Back, T., Cramer, S., et al. (2013) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1240527 · Cited by 2,251
Inducible Foxp3 + regulatory T-cell development by a commensal bacterium of the intestinal microbiota
Round, J. L., & Mazmanian, S. K. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0909122107 · Cited by 2,233
Inflammation 2010: New Adventures of an Old Flame
Medzhitov, R. M. (2010) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2010.03.006 · Cited by 1,928
The Toll-like receptor 2 pathway establishes colonization by a commensal of the human microbiota
Round, J. L., Lee, S. M., Li, J., Tran, G., Jabri, B., Chatila, T. A., & Mazmanian, S. K. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1206095 · Cited by 1,604
Gut-Residing Segmented Filamentous Bacteria Drive Autoimmune Arthritis via T Helper 17 Cells
Wu, H.-J., Ivanov, I. I., Darce, J., Hattori, K., Shima, T., Umesaki, Y., Littman, D. R., Benoist, C., & Mathis, D. (2010) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2010.06.001 · Cited by 1,577
The Isolation and Characterization of Murine Macrophages
Zhang, X., Gonçalves, R., & Mosser, D. M. (2008) · Current Protocols in Immunology · doi:10.1002/0471142735.im1401s83 · Cited by 1,560
Microbiota regulates immune defense against respiratory tract influenza A virus infection
Ichinohe, T., Pang, I. K., Kumamoto, Y., Peaper, D. R., Ho, J. H., Murray, T. S., & Iwasaki, A. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1019378108 · Cited by 1,502
Alveolar macrophages: plasticity in a tissue-specific context
Hussell, T., & Bell, T. J. (2014) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri3600 · Cited by 1,377
Recognition of peptidoglycan from the microbiota by Nod1 enhances systemic innate immunity
Clarke, T. B., Davis, K. M., Lysenko, E. S., Zhou, A. Y., Yu, Y., & Weiser, J. N. (2010) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.2087 · Cited by 1,154
Lymphoid tissue genesis induced by commensals through NOD1 regulates intestinal homeostasis
Bouskra, D., Brézillon, C., Bérard, M., Werts, C., Varona, R., Boneca, I. G., & Eberl, G. (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature07450 · Cited by 1,107
Compartmentalized Control of Skin Immunity by Resident Commensals
Naik, S., Bouladoux, N., Wilhelm, C., Molloy, M. J., Salcedo, R., Kastenmuller, W., Deming, C., Quinones, M., Koo, L., Conlan, S., et al. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1225152 · Cited by 1,092
Commensal bacteria calibrate the activation threshold of innate antiviral immunity
Abt, M. C., Osborne, L. C., Monticelli, L. A., Doering, T. A., Alenghat, T., Sonnenberg, G. F., Paley, M. A., Antenus, M., Williams, K. L., Erikson, J., et al. (2012) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2012.04.011 · Cited by 993
Reactive oxygen species and cell signaling: Respiratory burst in macrophage signaling
Forman, H. J., & Torres, M. (2002) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.2206007 · Cited by 891 · cited 1×
“Reactive oxygen species are important for killing bacterial pathogens in the lung (54), and pretreatment of alveolar macrophages with DPI, an inhibitor of reactive oxygen species generation, resulted in decreased bacterial killing and also abrogated differences in bacterial killing between macrophages isolated from an…”
Background
The microbiome in infectious disease and inflammation
Honda, K., & Littman, D. R. (2012) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev-immunol-020711-074937 · Cited by 791
Reactive oxygen species as universal constraints in life-history evolution
Dowling, D. K., & Simmons, L. W. (2009) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2008.1791 · Cited by 673
Gut Microbiota Promote Hematopoiesis to Control Bacterial Infection
Khosravi, A., Yáñez, A., Price, J. G., Chow, A. T., Mérad, M., Goodridge, H. S., & Mazmanian, S. K. (2014) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2014.02.006 · Cited by 668
Vancomycin-resistant enterococci exploit antibiotic-induced innate immune deficits
Brandl, K., Plitas, G., Mihu, C. N., Ubeda, C., Jia, T., Fleisher, M., Schnabl, B., DeMatteo, R. P., & Pamer, E. G. (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature07250 · Cited by 631
Innate immune recognition of the microbiota promotes host-microbial symbiosis
Chu, H., & Mazmanian, S. K. (2013) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni.2635 · Cited by 630
Regulation of Spontaneous Intestinal Tumorigenesis Through the Adaptor Protein MyD88
Rakoff-Nahoum, S., & Medzhitov, R. M. (2007) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1140488 · Cited by 594
The microbiota regulates neutrophil homeostasis and host resistance to Escherichia coli K1 sepsis in neonatal mice
Deshmukh, H. S., Liu, Y., Menkiti, O. R., Mei, J., Dai, N., O'Leary, C. E., Oliver, P. M., Kolls, J. K., Weiser, J. N., & Worthen, G. S. (2014) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.3542 · Cited by 579
TLR Signaling in the Gut in Health and Disease
Abreu, M. T., Fukata, M., & Arditi, M. (2005) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.174.8.4453 · Cited by 577
The role of microbiota in infectious disease
Stecher, B., & Hardt, W. (2008) · Trends in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.tim.2007.12.008 · Cited by 547
Priming of natural killer cells by nonmucosal mononuclear phagocytes requires instructive signals from commensal microbiota
Ganal, S. C., Sanos, S. L., Kallfass, C., Oberle, K., Johner, C., Kirschning, C., Lienenklaus, S., Weiss, S., Staeheli, P., Aichele, P., et al. (2012) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2012.05.020 · Cited by 484
Chemistry, physiology and pathology of free radicals
Bergendi, L., Beneš, L., Ďuračková, Z., & Ferencĭk, M. (1999) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/s0024-3205(99)00439-7 · Cited by 439
Metagenomic analyses reveal antibiotic-induced temporal and spatial changes in intestinal microbiota with associated alterations in immune cell homeostasis
Hill, D. A., Hoffmann, C., Abt, M. C., Du, Y., Kobuley, D. E., Kirn, T. J., Bushman, F. D., & Artis, D. (2009) · Mucosal Immunology · doi:10.1038/mi.2009.132 · Cited by 439
Mechanisms controlling pathogen colonization of the gut
Stecher, B., & Hardt, W. (2010) · Current Opinion in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.mib.2010.10.003 · Cited by 431
Sustained desensitization to bacterial Toll-like receptor ligands after resolutionof respiratory influenza infection
Didierlaurent, A., Goulding, J., Patel, S., Snelgrove, R., Low, L., Bebien, M., Lawrence, T., van Rijt, L. S., Lambrecht, B. N., Sirard, J.-C., et al. (2008) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20070891 · Cited by 399
Gut Dysbiosis Promotes M2 Macrophage Polarization and Allergic Airway Inflammation via Fungi-Induced PGE2
Kim, Y.-G., Udayanga, K. G. S., Totsuka, N., Weinberg, J. B., Núñez, G., & Shibuya, A. (2014) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2013.12.010 · Cited by 366
Role of Toll-like Receptors in Spontaneous Commensal-Dependent Colitis
Rakoff-Nahoum, S., Hao, L., & Medzhitov, R. M. (2006) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2006.06.010 · Cited by 354
Phagocyte sabotage: disruption of macrophage signalling by bacterial pathogens
Rosenberger, C. M., & Finlay, B. B. (2003) · Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/nrm1104 · Cited by 300
Bacterial Peptidoglycan Triggers Candida albicans Hyphal Growth by Directly Activating the Adenylyl Cyclase Cyr1p
Xu, X.-L., Lee, R. T. H., Fang, H.-M., Wang, Y.-M., Li, R., Zou, H., Zhu, Y., & Wang, Y. (2008) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2008.05.014 · Cited by 289
N -Acetyl- l -Cysteine Affects Growth, Extracellular Polysaccharide Production, and Bacterial Biofilm Formation on Solid Surfaces
Olofsson, A.-C., Hermansson, M., & Elwing, H. B. (2003) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.69.8.4814-4822.2003 · Cited by 249
Transient TLR Activation Restores Inflammatory Response and Ability To Control Pulmonary Bacterial Infection in Germfree Mice
Fagundes, C. T., Amaral, F. A., Vieira, A. T., Soares, A. C., Pinho, V., Nicoli, J. R., Vieira, L. Q., Teixeira, M. M., & Souza, D. G. (2012) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1101682 · Cited by 244
Disruption of the gut microbiome as a risk factor for microbial infections
Khosravi, A., & Mazmanian, S. K. (2013) · Current Opinion in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.mib.2013.03.009 · Cited by 243
Bacterial colonization dampens influenza-mediated acute lung injury via induction of M2 alveolar macrophages
Wang, J., Li, F., Sun, R., Gao, X., Wei, H., Li, L.-J., & Tian, Z. (2013) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms3106 · Cited by 239
Activation of Toll-Like Receptor 9 by DNA from Different Bacterial Species
Dalpke, A. H., Frank, J. K., Peter, M. E., & Heeg, K. M. (2006) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.74.2.940-946.2006 · Cited by 205
Leukotrienes enhance the bactericidal activity of alveolar macrophages against Klebsiella pneumoniae through the activation of NADPH oxidase
Serezani, C. H., Aronoff, D. M., Jancar, S., Mancuso, P., & Peters-Golden, M. L. (2005) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2004-08-3323 · Cited by 162
Intestinal microbiota: Shaping local and systemic immune responses
Molloy, M. J., Bouladoux, N. J., & Belkaid, Y. (2011) · Seminars in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.smim.2011.11.008 · Cited by 159
Regulation of innate and adaptive immunity by the commensal microbiota
Jarchum, I., & Pamer, E. G. (2011) · Current Opinion in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.coi.2011.03.001 · Cited by 155
Microbial view of central nervous system autoimmunity
Berer, K., & Krishnamoorthy, G. (2014) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2014.04.007 · Cited by 153
Invasive Bacterial Pathogens Exploit TLR-Mediated Downregulation of Tight Junction Components to Facilitate Translocation across the Epithelium
Clarke, T. B., Francella, N., Huegel, A., & Weiser, J. N. (2011) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2011.04.012 · Cited by 127
Host defenses against bacterial lower respiratory tract infection
Eddens, T. J., & Kolls, J. K. (2012) · Current Opinion in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.coi.2012.07.005 · Cited by 111
Control of antiviral immunity by pattern recognition and the microbiome
Pang, I. K., & Iwasaki, A. (2011) · Immunological Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1600-065x.2011.01073.x · Cited by 106
Commensal Microflora Contribute to Host Defense Against Escherichia Coli Pneumonia Through Toll-Like Receptors
Chen, L.-W., Chen, P.-H., & Hsu, C.-M. (2011) · Shock · doi:10.1097/shk.0b013e3182184ee7 · Cited by 104
Colonization Resistance: Battle of the Bugs or Ménage à Trois with the Host?
Spees, A. M., Lopez, C. A., Kingsbury, D. D., Winter, S., & Bäumler, A. J. (2013) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1003730 · Cited by 78
Increased susceptibility to primary infection with Listeria monocytogenes in germfree mice may be due to lack of accumulation of L-selectin+ CD44+ T cells in sites of inflammation
Inagaki, H., Suzuki, T., Nomoto, K., & Yoshikai, Y. (1996) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.64.8.3280-3287.1996 · Cited by 75
Resident commensals shaping immunity
Ertürk-Hasdemir, D., & Kasper, D. L. (2013) · Current Opinion in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.coi.2013.06.001 · Cited by 68
Killing ofKlebsiella pneumoniaeby human alveolar macrophages
Hickman‐Davis, J. M., O’Reilly, P. J., Davis, I. C., Peti‐Peterdi, J., Davis, G. C., Young, K. R., Devlin, R. B., & Matalon, S. (2002) · American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajplung.00216.2001 · Cited by 67
Nod-like receptors in intestinal homeostasis, inflammation, and cancer
Werts, C., Rubino, S. J., Ling, A., Girardin, S. E., & Philpott, D. J. (2011) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1189/jlb.0411183 · Cited by 61
The dynamic influence of commensal bacteria on the immune response to pathogens
Abt, M. C., & Artis, D. (2013) · Current Opinion in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.mib.2012.12.002 · Cited by 59
Role of p38 MAP Kinase and Transforming Growth Factor-β Signaling in Transepithelial Migration of Invasive Bacterial Pathogens
Beißwenger, C., Coyne, C. B., Shchepetov, M., & Weiser, J. N. (2007) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m703576200 · Cited by 55
Modulation of Alveolar Macrophage Phagocytosis by Leukotrienes Is Fc Receptor–Mediated and Protein Kinase C-Dependent
Mancuso, P., & Peters-Golden, M. L. (2000) · American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1165/ajrcmb.23.6.4246 · Cited by 51
Basic science of the innate immune system and the lung
Chaudhuri, N., & Sabroe, I. (2008) · Paediatric Respiratory Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.prrv.2008.03.002 · Cited by 45
Mutational Analysis of the Substrate Specificity of Escherichia coli Penicillin Binding Protein 4
Clarke, T. B., Kawai, F., Park, S., Tame, J. R. H., Dowson, C. G., & Roper, D. I. (2009) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi801993x · Cited by 34
Influence of normal microbiota on some aspects of the immune response during experimental infection with Trypanosoma cruzi in mice
Duarte, R., da Silva, A. M., Vieira, L. Q., Afonso, L., & Nicoli, J. R. (2004) · Journal of Medical Microbiology · doi:10.1099/jmm.0.45657-0 · Cited by 26
Translocation of bacterial NOD2 agonist and its link with inflammation
Kim, O. Y., Monsel, A., Bertrand, M., Cavaillon, J., Coriat, P., & Adib‐Conquy, M. (2009) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/cc7980 · Cited by 21
The Stimulated Innate Resistance Event in Bordetella pertussis Infection Is Dependent on Reactive Oxygen Species Production
Zurita, E., Moreno, G., Errea, A. J., Ormazábal, M., Rumbo, M., & Hozbor, D. F. (2013) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.00336-13 · Cited by 18
The aqueous solution structure of the tetrasaccharide-ribitol repeat-unit from the lipoteichoic acid of Streptococcus pneumoniae strain R6 determined using a combination of NMR spectroscopy and computer calculations
Klein, R. A., Hartmann, R., Egge, H., Behr, T. M., & Fischer, W. (1994) · Carbohydrate Research · doi:10.1016/0008-6215(94)84209-4 · Cited by 16
Microbial exposure early in life regulates airway inflammation in mice after infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae with enhancement of local resistance
Yasuda, Y., Matsumura, Y., Kasahara, K., Ouji, N., Sugiura, S., Mikasa, K., & Kita, E. (2009) · American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajplung.00193.2009 · Cited by 9

Sorted by citations

Emerging Pathogenic Links Between Microbiota and the Gut-Lung Axis
Budden, K. F., Gellatly, S. L., Wood, D. L. A., Cooper, M. A., Morrison, M., Hugenholtz, P., & Hansbro, P. M. (2017) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nrmicro.2016.142 · Cited by 1,606
The immunology of sepsis
van der Poll, T., Shankar‐Hari, M., & Wiersinga, W. J. (2021) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2021.10.012 · Cited by 1,094
Melatonin: an ancient molecule that makes oxygen metabolically tolerable
Manchester, L. C., Coto‐Montes, A. M., Boga, J. A., Andersen, L. P. H., Zhou, Z., Galano, A., Vriend, J. P., Tan, D. X., & Reiter, R. J. (2015) · Journal of Pineal Research · doi:10.1111/jpi.12267 · Cited by 969
The Gut Microbiota Plays a Protective Role in the Host Defence Against Pneumococcal Pneumonia
Schuijt, T. J., Lankelma, J. M., Scicluna, B. P., de Sousa e Melo, F., Roelofs, J. J. T. H., de Boer, J. D., Hoogendijk, A. J., de Beer, R., de Vos, A., Belzer, C., et al. (2016) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2015-309728 · Cited by 832
Klebsiella pneumoniae infection biology: living to counteract host defences
Bengoechea, J. A., & Sá‐Pessoa, J. (2018) · FEMS Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1093/femsre/fuy043 · Cited by 605

See all 189

Authors: Clarke, T. B.
Affiliations: Imperial College London (GB)
Corresponding author: Clarke, Thomas B.
ORCID: Clarke, Thomas B.
Venue: Infection and Immunity
Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
Published: 2014-11
Volume: 82
Issue: 11
Pages: 4596-4606
ISSN: 0019-9567 (ISSN-L)
1098-5522
DOI: 10.1128/iai.02212-14
PMC: PMC4249320
OpenAlex: W2122379614
Cited by: 189
References: 69
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 1
FWCI: 6.40
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: journals.asm.org/non-commercial-tdm-license (tdm)
Locations: Infection and Immunity (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Medical Research Council (MR/J006874/1)
Topics: Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune responses and vaccinations
Keywords: commensal microbiota, innate immunity, pulmonary infection, Klebsiella pneumoniae, NOD1, NOD2, muramyl dipeptide, Toll-like receptor ligands, alveolar macrophages, reactive oxygen species, microbiota depletion
MeSH terms: Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine, Animals, Gene Expression Regulation, Immunity, Innate, Intestines, Klebsiella Infections, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Ligands, Lung Diseases, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Symbiosis, Macrophages, Alveolar, Reactive Oxygen Species, Mice, Nod Signaling Adaptor Proteins

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Early Innate Immunity to Bacterial Infection in the Lung Is Regulated Systemically by the Commensal Microbiota via Nod-Like Receptor Ligands

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks