The Toll-like receptor 2 pathway establishes colonization by a commensal of the human microbiota

Round, June L.; Lee, S. Melanie; Li, Jennifer; Tran, Gloria; Jabri, Bana; Chatila, Talal A.; Mazmanian, Sarkis K.

doi:10.1126/science.1206095

Cited by 1,604Immune Response and InflammationGut microbiota and healthT-cell and B-cell Immunology

The Toll-like receptor 2 pathway establishes colonization by a commensal of the human microbiota

Open access

Round, June L., Lee, S. Melanie, Li, Jennifer, Tran, Gloria, Jabri, Bana, Chatila, Talal A., Mazmanian, Sarkis K.·2011·Science

DOI 10.1126/science.1206095PMC PMC3164325

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Mucosal surfaces constantly encounter microbes. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) mediate recognition of microbial patterns to eliminate pathogens. By contrast, we demonstrate that the prominent gut commensal Bacteroides fragilis activates the TLR pathway to establish host-microbial symbiosis. TLR2 on CD4(+) T cells is required for B. fragilis colonization of a unique mucosal niche in mice during homeostasis. A symbiosis factor (PSA, polysaccharide A) of B. fragilis signals through TLR2 directly on Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells to promote immunologic tolerance. B. fragilis lacking PSA is unable to restrain T helper 17 cell responses and is defective in niche-specific mucosal colonization. Therefore, commensal bacteria exploit the TLR pathway to actively suppress immunity. We propose that the immune system can discriminate between pathogens and the microbiota through recognition of symbiotic bacterial molecules in a process that engenders commensal colonization.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1126/science.1206095

Cites

28 of 28 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Direct binding of PSA to TLR2 on FoxP3+ Tregs further enhances IL-10 production.
“This process is supplemented by direct binding of PSA to TLR2 expressed on FoxP3+ Tregs, further enhancing IL-10 production (Round et al., 2011).”
From Understanding the Holobiont: How Microbial Metabolites Affect Human Health and Shape the Immune System (2017) · cites this paper as Round et al., 2011
The presence of PSA is a prerequisite for effective colonization of the colonic mucosa by B. fragilis.
“The presence of PSA is a prerequisite for effective colonization of the colonic mucosa by its producer B. fragilis”
From Understanding the Holobiont: How Microbial Metabolites Affect Human Health and Shape the Immune System (2017) · cites this paper as Round et al., 2011
B. fragilis and Clostridial consortium correct symptoms of intestinal disease and multiple sclerosis in animal models.
“By this mechanism, B. fragilis and Clostridial consortium sufficiently correct symptoms of intestinal disease and multiple sclerosis in animal models (74, 75) and continue to be tested for clinical translation into patient populations.”
From Emerging Roles for the Gut Microbiome in Autism Spectrum Disorder (2017) · cites this paper as [74]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Innate immune recognition
Janeway, C. A., & Medzhitov, R. (2002) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev.immunol.20.083001.084359 · Cited by 8,394 · see citing works
Diversity of the Human Intestinal Microbial Flora
Eckburg, P. B., Bik, E. M., Bernstein, C. N., Purdom, E., Dethlefsen, L., Sargent, M., Gill, S. R., Nelson, K. E., & Relman, D. A. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1110591 · Cited by 7,913 · see citing works
The gut microbiota shapes intestinal immune responses during health and disease
Round, J. L., & Mazmanian, S. K. (2009) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri2515 · Cited by 5,029 · see citing works
Self-citation
Interleukin 17-producing CD4+ effector T cells develop via a lineage distinct from the T helper type 1 and 2 lineages
Harrington, L. E., Hatton, R. D., Mangan, P. R., Turner, H., Murphy, T. L., Murphy, K. M., & Weaver, C. T. (2005) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni1254 · Cited by 4,742 · see citing works
Induction of Intestinal Th17 Cells by Segmented Filamentous Bacteria
Ivanov, I. I., Atarashi, K., Manel, N., Brodie, E. L., Shima, T., Karaoz, U., Wei, D., Goldfarb, K. C., Santee, C. A., Lynch, S. V., et al. (2009) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2009.09.033 · Cited by 4,554 · see citing works
Induction of Colonic Regulatory T Cells by Indigenous Clostridium Species
Atarashi, K., Tanoue, T., Shima, T., Imaoka, A., Kuwahara, T., Momose, Y., Cheng, G., Yamasaki, S., Saito, T., Ohba, Y., et al. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1198469 · Cited by 3,752 · see citing works
Ecological and Evolutionary Forces Shaping Microbial Diversity in the Human Intestine
Ley, R. E., Peterson, D. A., & Gordon, J. I. (2006) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.02.017 · Cited by 3,358 · see citing works
An Immunomodulatory Molecule of Symbiotic Bacteria Directs Maturation of the Host Immune System
Mazmanian, S. K., Liu, C. H., Tzianabos, A. O., & Kasper, D. L. (2005) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2005.05.007 · Cited by 2,910 · see citing works
Self-citation
Recognition of microorganisms and activation of the immune response
Medzhitov, R. (2007) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature06246 · Cited by 2,862 · see citing works
A microbial symbiosis factor prevents intestinal inflammatory disease
Mazmanian, S. K., Round, J. L., & Kasper, D. L. (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature07008 · Cited by 2,340 · see citing works
Self-citation
Inducible Foxp3 + regulatory T-cell development by a commensal bacterium of the intestinal microbiota
Round, J. L., & Mazmanian, S. K. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0909122107 · Cited by 2,233 · see citing works
Self-citation
Regulatory T cells prevent catastrophic autoimmunity throughout the lifespan of mice
Kim, J. M., Rasmussen, J. P., & Rudensky, A. Y. (2006) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni1428 · Cited by 1,827 · see citing works
Specific Microbiota Direct the Differentiation of IL-17-Producing T-Helper Cells in the Mucosa of the Small Intestine
Ivanov, I. I., Frutos, R. D. L., Manel, N., Yoshinaga, K., Rifkin, D. B., Sartor, R. B., Finlay, B. B., & Littman, D. R. (2008) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2008.09.009 · Cited by 1,770 · see citing works
The Key Role of Segmented Filamentous Bacteria in the Coordinated Maturation of Gut Helper T Cell Responses
Gaboriau-Routhiau, V., Rakotobe, S., Lécuyer, E., Mulder, I., Lan, A., Bridonneau, C., Rochet, V., Pisi, A., De Paepe, M., Brandi, G., et al. (2009) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2009.08.020 · Cited by 1,452 · see citing works
ATP drives lamina propria TH17 cell differentiation
Atarashi, K., Nishimura, J., Shima, T., Umesaki, Y., Yamamoto, M., Onoue, M., Yagita, H., Ishii, N., Evans, R., Honda, K., et al. (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature07240 · Cited by 1,089 · see citing works
Regulatory T Cells Selectively Express Toll-like Receptors and Are Activated by Lipopolysaccharide
Caramalho, Í., Carvalho, T. L., Ostler, D., Zelenay, S., Haury, M., & Demengeot, J. (2003) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20021633 · Cited by 971 · see citing works
Use of axenic animals in studying the adaptation of mammals to their commensal intestinal microbiota
Smith, K., McCoy, K. D., & Macpherson, A. J. (2006) · Seminars in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.smim.2006.10.002 · Cited by 789 · see citing works
Toll-like receptor 2 controls expansion and function of regulatory T cells
Sutmuller, R. P. M. (2006) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci25439 · Cited by 750 · see citing works
TLR2 is expressed on activated T cells as a costimulatory receptor.
Komai-Koma, M., Jones, L., Ogg, G., Xu, D.-M., & Liew, F. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · doi:10.1073/pnas.0400171101 · Cited by 556 · see citing works
A polysaccharide from the human commensal Bacteroides fragilis protects against CNS demyelinating disease
Ochoa-Repáraz, J., Mielcarz, D. W., Wang, Y., Begum-Haque, S., Dasgupta, S., Kasper, D. L., & Kasper, L. H. (2010) · Mucosal Immunology · doi:10.1038/mi.2010.29 · Cited by 507 · see citing works
Regulatory T cell development in the absence of functional Foxp3
Lin, W. X., Haribhai, D., Relland, L. M., Truong, N., Carlson, M. R. J., Williams, C. B., & Chatila, T. A. (2007) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni1445 · Cited by 485 · see citing works
Self-citation
Toll-like receptor 2 signaling modulates the functions of CD4 + CD25 + regulatory T cells
Liu, H., Komai‐Koma, M., Xu, D., & Liew, F. Y. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0601554103 · Cited by 440 · see citing works
Toll-like Receptor 2 Signaling in CD4+ T Lymphocytes Promotes T Helper 17 Responses and Regulates the Pathogenesis of Autoimmune Disease
Reynolds, J. M., Pappu, B. P., Peng, J., Martínez, G., Zhang, Y., Chung, Y., Ma, L., Yang, X. O., Nurieva, R., Tian, Q., et al. (2010) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2010.04.010 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
A bacterial carbohydrate links innate and adaptive responses through Toll-like receptor 2
Wang, Q., McLoughlin, R. M., Cobb, B. A., Charrel-Dennis, M., Zaleski, K. J., Golenbock, D. T., Tzianabos, A. O., & Kasper, D. L. (2006) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20062008 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Do symbiotic bacteria subvert host immunity?
Hooper, L. V. (2009) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nrmicro2114 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Modulation of adaptive immunity with Toll-like receptors
Manicassamy, S., & Pulendran, B. (2009) · Seminars in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.smim.2009.05.005 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
The Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88 (MyD88) Is Required for CD4+ T Cell Effector Function in a Murine Model of Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Fukata, M., Breglio, K. J., Chen, A., Vamadevan, A. S., Goo, T., Hsu, D. S., Conduah, D. E., Xu, R., & Abreu, M. T. (2008) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.180.3.1886 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Cutting Edge: Diminished T Cell TLR Expression and Function Modulates the Immune Response in Human Filarial Infection
Babu, S., Blauvelt, C. P., Kumaraswami, V., & Nutman, T. B. (2006) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.176.7.3885 · Cited by 118 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 27

[1]Ley RE Peterson DA Gordon JI Cell 124 837 Feb 24 2006 16497592
[2]Round JL Mazmanian SK Nat Rev Immunol 9 313 May 2009 19343057 PMC4095778
[3]Medzhitov R Nature 449 819 Oct 18 2007 17943118
[4]Manicassamy S Pulendran B Semin Immunol 21 185 Aug 2009 19502082 PMC4125416
[5]Fukata M J Immunol 180 1886 Feb 1 2008 18209086 PMC2828823
[6]Reynolds JM Immunity 32 692 May 28 2010 20434372 PMC2878917
[7]Caramalho I J Exp Med 197 403 Feb 17 2003 12591899 PMC2193858
[8]Eckburg PB Science 308 1635 Jun 10 2005 15831718 PMC1395357
[9]Mazmanian SK Round JL Kasper DL Nature 453 620 May 29 2008 18509436
[10]Ochoa-Reparaz J Mucosal Immunol Jun 9 2010 20531465
[11]Round JL Mazmanian SK Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107 12204 Jul 6 2010 20566854 PMC2901479
[12]Ivanov II Cell Host Microbe 4 337 Oct 16 2008 18854238 PMC2597589
[13]Atarashi K Nature 455 808 Oct 9 2008 18716618
[14]Gaboriau-Routhiau V Immunity 31 677 Oct 16 2009 19833089
[16]Atarashi K Science 331 337 Jan 21 2011 21205640 PMC3969237
[17]Harrington LE Nat Immunol 6 1123 Nov 2005 16200070
[18]Kim JM Rasmussen JP Rudensky AY Nat Immunol 8 191 Feb 2007 17136045
[19]Mazmanian SK Liu CH Tzianabos AO Kasper DL Cell 122 107 Jul 15 2005 16009137
[20]Wang Q J Exp Med 203 2853 Dec 25 2006 17178920 PMC2118167
[21]Komai-Koma M Jones L Ogg GS Xu D Liew FY Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101 3029 Mar 2 2004 14981245 PMC365739
[22]Liu H Komai-Koma M Xu D Liew FY Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103 7048 May 2 2006 16632602 PMC1444884
[23]Sutmuller RP J Clin Invest 116 485 Feb 2006 16424940 PMC1332026
[24]Janeway CA Jr Medzhitov R Annu Rev Immunol 20 197 2002 11861602
[25]Babu S Blauvelt CP Kumaraswami V Nutman TB J Immunol 176 3885 Apr 1 2006 16547219
[26]Hooper LV Nat Rev Microbiol 7 367 May 2009 19369952
[27]Smith K McCoy KD Macpherson AJ Semin Immunol 19 59 Apr 2007 17118672
[28]Lin W Nat Immunol 8 359 Apr 2007 17273171

Sorted by citations

Role of the microbiota in immunity and inflammation.
Belkaid, Y., & Hand, T. W. (2014) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.03.011 · Cited by 5,385 · see citing works
Interactions Between the Microbiota and the Immune System
Hooper, L. V., Littman, D. R., & Macpherson, A. J. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1223490 · Cited by 4,173 · see citing works
The gut microbiota--masters of host development and physiology
Sommer, F., & Bäckhed, F. (2013) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nrmicro2974 · Cited by 3,681 · see citing works
The impact of the gut microbiota on human health: an integrative view
Clemente, J. C., Ursell, L. K., Parfrey, L. W., & Knight, R. (2012) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.01.035 · Cited by 3,710 · see citing works
Gut microbiota, metabolites and host immunity
Rooks, M. G., & Garrett, W. S. (2016) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri.2016.42 · Cited by 3,409 · see citing works
Role of the normal gut microbiota
Jandhyala, S. M. (2015) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v21.i29.8787 · Cited by 3,001 · see citing works
Role of the gut microbiota in immunity and inflammatory disease
Kamada, N., Seo, S.-U., Chen, G. Y., & Núñez, G. (2013) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri3430 · Cited by 2,256 · see citing works
Gut biogeography of the bacterial microbiota
Donaldson, G. P., Lee, S. M., & Mazmanian, S. K. (2016) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nrmicro3552 · Cited by 2,535 · see citing works
Self-citation
Expansion of intestinal Prevotella copri correlates with enhanced susceptibility to arthritis
Scher, J. U., Sczesnak, A., Longman, R. S., Segata, N., Ubeda, C., Bielski, C., Rostron, T., Cerundolo, V., Pamer, E. G., Abramson, S. B., et al. (2013) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.01202 · Cited by 2,047 · see citing works
The first microbial colonizers of the human gut: composition, activities, and health implications of the infant gut microbiota
Milani, C., Duranti, S., Bottacini, F., Casey, E., Turroni, F., Mahony, J., Belzer, C., Delgado Palacio, S., Arboleya Montes, S., Mancabelli, L., et al. (2017) · Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews · doi:10.1128/mmbr.00036-17 · Cited by 1,950 · see citing works
Interactions between the microbiota, immune and nervous systems in health and disease
Fung, T. C., Olson, C. A., & Hsiao, E. Y. (2017) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.4476 · Cited by 1,900 · see citing works
The healthy human microbiome
Lloyd-Price, J., Abu-Ali, G., & Huttenhower, C. (2016) · Genome Medicine · doi:10.1186/s13073-016-0307-y · Cited by 1,891 · see citing works
The keystone-pathogen hypothesis
Hajishengallis, G., Darveau, R. P., & Curtis, M. A. (2012) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nrmicro2873 · Cited by 1,790 · see citing works
Gut microbiota: Role in pathogen colonization, immune responses, and inflammatory disease
Pickard, J. M., Zeng, M. Y., Caruso, R., & Núñez, G. (2017) · Immunological Reviews · doi:10.1111/imr.12567 · Cited by 1,699 · see citing works
Microbiota-mediated colonization resistance against intestinal pathogens
Buffie, C. G., & Pamer, E. G. (2013) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri3535 · Cited by 1,564 · see citing works
Reciprocal interactions of the intestinal microbiota and immune system
Maynard, C. L., Elson, C. O., Hatton, R. D., & Weaver, C. T. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11551 · Cited by 1,598 · see citing works
The Antibacterial Lectin RegIIIγ Promotes the Spatial Segregation of Microbiota and Host in the Intestine
Vaishnava, S., Yamamoto, M., Severson, K. M., Ruhn, K. A., Yu, X., Koren, O., Ley, R., Wakeland, E. K., & Hooper, L. V. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1209791 · Cited by 1,412 · see citing works
The role of gut microbiota in immune homeostasis and autoimmunity
Wu, H.-J., & Wu, E. (2012) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.4161/gmic.19320 · Cited by 1,426 · see citing works
The brain-gut-microbiome axis
Martin, C. R., Osadchiy, V., Kalani, A., & Mayer, E. A. (2018) · Cellular and Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.04.003 · Cited by 1,284 · see citing works
Homeostatic Immunity and the Microbiota
Belkaid, Y., & Harrison, O. J. (2017) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2017.04.008 · Cited by 1,261 · see citing works
The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota
Rajilić-Stojanović, M., & de Vos, W. M. (2014) · FEMS Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1111/1574-6976.12075 · Cited by 1,182 · see citing works
Peripheral education of the immune system by colonic commensal microbiota
Lathrop, S. K., Bloom, S. M., Rao, S. M., Nutsch, K., Lio, C.-W., Santacruz, N., Peterson, D. A., Stappenbeck, T. S., & Hsieh, C.-S. (2011) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature10434 · Cited by 1,034 · see citing works
Exploiting CRISPR-Cas nucleases to produce sequence-specific antimicrobials
Bikard, D., Euler, C. W., Jiang, W., Nussenzweig, P. M., Goldberg, G. W., Duportet, X., Fischetti, V. A., & Marraffini, L. A. (2014) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.3043 · Cited by 986 · see citing works
Interaction between the gut microbiome and mucosal immune system
Shi, N., Li, N., Duan, X., & Niu, H. (2017) · Military Medical Research · doi:10.1186/s40779-017-0122-9 · Cited by 940 · see citing works
Understanding the Holobiont: How Microbial Metabolites Affect Human Health and Shape the Immune System
Postler, T. S., & Ghosh, S. (2017) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2017.05.008 · Cited by 876 · see citing works
Microbiota-dependent crosstalk between macrophages and ILC3 promotes intestinal homeostasis
Mortha, A., Chudnovskiy, A., Hashimoto, D., Bogunovic, M., Spencer, S. P., Belkaid, Y., & Merad, M. (2014) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1249288 · Cited by 820 · see citing works
Roles for Intestinal Bacteria, Viruses, and Fungi in Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and Therapeutic Approaches
Sartor, R. B., & Wu, G. D. (2017) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2016.10.012 · Cited by 808 · see citing works
The microbiome in cancer immunotherapy: Diagnostic tools and therapeutic strategies
Zitvogel, L., Ma, Y., Raoult, D., Kroemer, G., & Gajewski, T. F. (2018) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aar6918 · Cited by 777 · see citing works
The microbiome in infectious disease and inflammation
Honda, K., & Littman, D. R. (2012) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev-immunol-020711-074937 · Cited by 791 · see citing works
Regulation of the immune system by biodiversity from the natural environment: An ecosystem service essential to health
Rook, G. A. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1313731110 · Cited by 760 · see citing works
Small molecules from the human microbiota
Donia, M. S., & Fischbach, M. A. (2015) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1254766 · Cited by 760 · see citing works
Microbiome and malignancy
Plottel, C. S., & Blaser, M. J. (2011) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2011.10.003 · Cited by 743 · see citing works
Outer Membrane Vesicles of a Human Commensal Mediate Immune Regulation and Disease Protection
Shen, Y., Torchia, M. L. G., Lawson, G. W., Karp, C. L., Ashwell, J. D., & Mazmanian, S. K. (2012) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2012.08.004 · Cited by 714 · see citing works
Self-citation
Innate immune recognition of the microbiota promotes host-microbial symbiosis
Chu, H., & Mazmanian, S. K. (2013) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni.2635 · Cited by 630 · see citing works
Self-citation
Sphingolipids from a Symbiotic Microbe Regulate Homeostasis of Host Intestinal Natural Killer T Cells
An, D., Oh, S. F., Olszak, T., Neves, J. F., Avci, F. Y., Erturk-Hasdemir, D., Lu, X., Zeissig, S., Blumberg, R. S., & Kasper, D. L. (2014) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.11.042 · Cited by 643 · see citing works
Gene-microbiota interactions contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease
Chu, H., Khosravi, A., Kusumawardhani, I. P., Kwon, A. H. K., Vasconcelos, A. C., Cunha, L. D., Mayer, A. E., Shen, Y., Wu, W.-L., Kambal, A., et al. (2016) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aad9948 · Cited by 647 · see citing works
Self-citation
Emerging Roles for the Gut Microbiome in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Vuong, H. E., & Hsiao, E. Y. (2017) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.08.024 · Cited by 595 · see citing works
Development and maintenance of intestinal regulatory T cells
Tanoue, T., Atarashi, K., & Honda, K. (2016) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri.2016.36 · Cited by 553 · see citing works
The Gut–Brain Axis and the Microbiome: Mechanisms and Clinical Implications
Osadchiy, V., Martin, C. R., & Mayer, E. A. (2019) · Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2018.10.002 · Cited by 555 · see citing works
An IL-23R/IL-22 Circuit Regulates Epithelial Serum Amyloid A to Promote Local Effector Th17 Responses
Sano, T., Huang, W., Hall, J. A., Yang, Y., Chen, A., Gavzy, S. J., Lee, J.-Y., Ziel, J. W., Miraldi, E. R., Domingos, A. I., et al. (2015) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.08.061 · Cited by 547 · see citing works
An update on the use and investigation of probiotics in health and disease
Sanders, M. E., Guarner, F., Guerrant, R., Holt, P. R., Quigley, E. M., Sartor, R. B., Sherman, P. M., & Mayer, E. A. (2013) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2012-302504 · Cited by 503 · see citing works
Gut microbiota composition and activity in relation to host metabolic phenotype and disease risk
Holmes, E., Li, J. V., Marchesi, J. R., & Nicholson, J. K. (2012) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2012.10.007 · Cited by 490 · see citing works
Self-citation
c-MAF-dependent regulatory T cells mediate immunological tolerance to a gut pathobiont
Xu, M., Pokrovskii, M., Ding, Y., Yi, R., Au, C., Harrison, O. J., Galan, C., Belkaid, Y., Bonneau, R., & Littman, D. R. (2018) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature25500 · Cited by 498 · see citing works
The role of inflammation and the gut microbiome in depression and anxiety
Peirce, J. M., & Alviña, K. (2019) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.24476 · Cited by 466 · see citing works
Microbiome–microglia connections via the gut–brain axis
Abdel-Haq, R., Schlachetzki, J. C. M., Glass, C. K., & Mazmanian, S. K. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20180794 · Cited by 471 · see citing works
“Along with preserving the integrity of the intestinal–epithelial barrier along the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, gut bacteria are critical for the development and maturation of the host’s innate and adaptive immune systems, nutrient absorption, host metabolism, and protection against foreign invaders (Hooper et al., 20…”
BackgroundSelf-citation
The microbiome extends to subepidermal compartments of normal skin
Nakatsuji, T., Chiang, H.-I., Jiang, S. B., Nagarajan, H., Zengler, K., & Gallo, R. L. (2013) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms2441 · Cited by 450 · see citing works
Altered gut microbiota and activity in a murine model of autism spectrum disorders
de Theije, C. G. M., Wopereis, H., Ramadan, M., van Eijndthoven, T., Lambert, J., Knol, J., Garssen, J., Kraneveld, A. D., & Oozeer, R. (2014) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2013.12.005 · Cited by 433 · see citing works
Aged Gut Microbiota Contributes to Systemical Inflammaging after Transfer to Germ-Free Mice
Fransen, F., van Beek, A. A., Borghuis, T., Aidy, S. E., Hugenholtz, F., van der Gaast – de Jongh, C., Savelkoul, H. F. J., De Jonge, M. I., Boekschoten, M. V., Smidt, H., et al. (2017) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.01385 · Cited by 403 · see citing works
Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicles: From Discovery to Applications
Sartorio, M. G., Pardue, E. J., Feldman, M. F., & Haurat, M. F. (2021) · Annual Review of Microbiology · doi:10.1146/annurev-micro-052821-031444 · Cited by 398 · see citing works
Intestinal flora and disease mutually shape the regional immune system in the intestinal tract
Zhou, B., Yuan, Y., Zhang, S., Guo, C., Li, X., Li, G., Xiong, W., & Zeng, Z. (2020) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.00575 · Cited by 396 · see citing works
Mucin-type O-glycans and their roles in intestinal homeostasis
Bergstrom, K. S. B., & Xia, L. (2013) · Glycobiology · doi:10.1093/glycob/cwt045 · Cited by 360 · see citing works
Microbiota-derived short chain fatty acids modulate microglia and promote Aβ plaque deposition
Colombo, A. V., Sadler, R. K., Llovera, G., Singh, V., Roth, S., Heindl, S., Sebastian Monasor, L., Verhoeven, A., Peters, F., Parhizkar, S., et al. (2021) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.59826 · Cited by 354 · see citing works
The first thousand days - intestinal microbiology of early life: Establishing a symbiosis
Wopereis, H., Oozeer, R., Knipping, K., Belzer, C., & Knol, J. (2014) · Pediatric Allergy and Immunology · doi:10.1111/pai.12232 · Cited by 352 · see citing works
MyD88 Signaling in T Cells Directs IgA-Mediated Control of the Microbiota to Promote Health
Kubinak, J. L., Petersen, C., Stephens, W. Z., Soto, R., Bake, E., O’Connell, R. M., & Round, J. L. (2015) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2014.12.009 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Self-citation
Inflammatory Bowel Disease as a Model for Translating the Microbiome
Huttenhower, C., Kostic, A. D., & Xavier, R. J. (2014) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2014.05.013 · Cited by 332 · see citing works
Mining the microbiota for microbial and metabolite-based immunotherapies
Skelly, A. N., Sato, Y., Kearney, S., & Honda, K. (2019) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-019-0144-5 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Mucosal Prevalence and Interactions with the Epithelium Indicate Commensalism of Sutterella spp.
Hiippala, K., Kainulainen, V., Kalliomäki, M., Arkkila, P., & Satokari, R. (2016) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.01706 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Gut microbiota role in irritable bowel syndrome: New therapeutic strategies
Distrutti, E., Monaldi, L., Ricci, P., & Fiorucci, S. (2016) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v22.i7.2219 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Gut Microbiota, Immune System, and Bone
D’Amelio, P., & Sassi, F. (2018) · Calcified Tissue International · doi:10.1007/s00223-017-0331-y · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Immune-microbiota interactions in health and disease
Palm, N. W., de Zoete, M. R., & Flavell, R. A. (2015) · Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.clim.2015.05.014 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells mediate anti-inflammatory responses to a gut commensal molecule via both innate and adaptive mechanisms
Dasgupta, S., Erturk-Hasdemir, D., Ochoa-Reparaz, J., Reinecker, H.-C., & Kasper, D. L. (2014) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2014.03.006 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Bacteroides fragilis polysaccharide A induces IL-10 secreting B and T cells that prevent viral encephalitis
Ramakrishna, C., Kujawski, M., Chu, H., Li, L., Mazmanian, S. K., & Cantin, E. M. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-09884-6 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Self-citation
Interactions of Surface Exopolysaccharides from Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus within the Intestinal Environment
Castro-Bravo, N., Wells, J. M., Margolles, A., & Ruas-Madiedo, P. (2018) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.02426 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation: Indications, Methods, Evidence, and Future Directions
Borody, T. J., Paramsothy, S., & Agrawal, G. (2013) · Current Gastroenterology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11894-013-0337-1 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Dancing with the Stars: How Choreographed Bacterial Interactions Dictate Nososymbiocity and Give Rise to Keystone Pathogens, Accessory Pathogens, and Pathobionts
Hajishengallis, G., & Lamont, R. J. (2016) · Trends in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.tim.2016.02.010 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Exopolysaccharides as Antimicrobial Agents: Mechanism and Spectrum of Activity
Abdalla, A. K., Ayyash, M. M., Olaimat, A. N., Osaili, T. M., Al-Nabulsi, A. A., Shah, N. P., & Holley, R. (2021) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.664395 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
A commensal symbiotic factor derived from Bacteroides fragilis promotes human CD39 + Foxp3 + T cells and T reg function
Telesford, K. M., Yan, W., Ochoa-Reparaz, J., Pant, A., Kircher, C., Christy, M. A., Begum-Haque, S., Kasper, D. L., & Kasper, L. H. (2015) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2015.1056973 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Microbiota-mediated inflammation and antimicrobial defense in the intestine
Caballero, S., & Pamer, E. G. (2015) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev-immunol-032713-120238 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Emerging roles of the microbiome in cancer
Bultman, S. J. (2014) · Carcinogenesis · doi:10.1093/carcin/bgt392 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Cell surface polysaccharides of Bifidobacterium bifidum induce the generation of Foxp3 + regulatory T cells
Verma, R., Lee, C., Jeun, E.-J., Yi, J., Kim, K. S., Ghosh, A., Byun, S., Lee, C.-G., Kang, H.-J., Kim, G.-C., et al. (2018) · Science Immunology · doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.aat6975 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Fecal microbiota transplantation broadening its application beyond intestinal disorders
Xu, M.-Q. (2015) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v21.i1.102 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Immune senescence, epigenetics and autoimmunity
Ray, D., & Yung, R. (2018) · Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.clim.2018.04.002 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
The immune system bridges the gut microbiota with systemic energy homeostasis: focus on TLRs, mucosal barrier, and SCFAs
Spiljar, M., Merkler, D., & Trajkovski, M. (2017) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.01353 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Toll-Like Receptors: Regulators of the Immune Response in the Human Gut
Hug, H., Mohajeri, M., & La Fata, G. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10020203 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Microbiota effects on cancer: From risks to therapies
Rea, D., Coppola, G., Palma, G., Barbieri, A., Luciano, A., Del Prete, P., Rossetti, S., Berretta, M., Facchini, G., Perdonà, S., et al. (2018) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.24681 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Intestinal Microbes in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Sartor, R. B., & Mazmanian, S. K. (2012) · The American Journal of Gastroenterology Supplements · doi:10.1038/ajgsup.2012.4 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Self-citation
Thinking bigger: how early-life environmental exposures shape the gut microbiome and influence the development of asthma and allergic disease
Sbihi, H., Boutin, R. C., Cutler, C., Suen, M., Finlay, B. B., & Turvey, S. E. (2019) · Allergy · doi:10.1111/all.13812 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
The role of the gut microbiota in multiple sclerosis
Correale, J., Hohlfeld, R., & Baranzini, S. E. (2022) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/s41582-022-00697-8 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Human gut symbiont roseburia hominis promotes and regulates innate immunity
Patterson, A. M., Mulder, I. E., Travis, A. J., Lan, A., Cerf-Bensussan, N., Gaboriau-Routhiau, V., Garden, K., Logan, E., Delday, M. I., Coutts, A. G. P., et al. (2017) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.01166 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
The cross talk between microbiota and the immune system: metabolites take center stage
Shapiro, H., Thaiss, C. A., Levy, M., & Elinav, E. (2014) · Current Opinion in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.coi.2014.07.003 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Early innate immunity to bacterial infection in the lung is regulated systemically by the commensal microbiota via nod-like receptor ligands
Clarke, T. B. (2014) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.02212-14 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Emerging Trends in “Smart Probiotics”: Functional Consideration for the Development of Novel Health and Industrial Applications
El Hage, R., Hernandez-Sanabria, E., & Van de Wiele, T. (2017) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2017.01889 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
The microbiota, immunoregulation, and mental health: implications for public health
Lowry, C. A., Smith, D. G., Siebler, P. H., Schmidt, D., Stamper, C. E., Hassell, J. E., Yamashita, P. S., Fox, J. H., Reber, S. O., Brenner, L. A., et al. (2016) · Current Environmental Health Reports · doi:10.1007/s40572-016-0100-5 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Microbiota maintain colonic homeostasis by activating TLR2/MyD88/PI3K signaling in IL-10–producing regulatory B cells
Mishima, Y., Oka, A., Liu, B., Herzog, J. W., Eun, C. S., Fan, T.-J., Bulik-Sullivan, E., Carroll, I. M., Hansen, J. J., Chen, L., et al. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci93820 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
MyD88 Adaptor-Dependent Microbial Sensing by Regulatory T Cells Promotes Mucosal Tolerance and Enforces Commensalism
Wang, S., Charbonnier, L.-M., Noval Rivas, M., Georgiev, P., Li, N., Gerber, G., Bry, L., & Chatila, T. A. (2015) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2015.06.014 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Self-citation
Gut microbiota regulate hepatic von Willebrand factor synthesis and arterial thrombus formation via Toll-like receptor-2
Jäckel, S., Kiouptsi, K., Lillich, M., Hendrikx, T., Khandagale, A., Kollar, B., Hörmann, N., Reiss, C., Subramaniam, S., Wilms, E., et al. (2017) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2016-11-754416 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Modulation of post-antibiotic bacterial community reassembly and host response by Candida albicans
Erb Downward, J. R., Falkowski, N. R., Mason, K. L., Muraglia, R., & Huffnagle, G. B. (2013) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep02191 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Enterococcus faecium secreted antigen A generates muropeptides to enhance host immunity and limit bacterial pathogenesis
Kim, B., Wang, Y.-C., Hespen, C. W., Espinosa, J., Salje, J., Rangan, K. J., Oren, D. A., Kang, J. Y., Pedicord, V. A., & Hang, H. C. (2019) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.45343 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Targeting gut microbiome: a novel and potential therapy for autism
Yang, Y., Tian, J., & Yang, B. (2018) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2017.12.027 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Host-Microbiota Interactions Shape Local and Systemic Inflammatory Diseases
Grigg, J. B., & Sonnenberg, G. F. (2017) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1601621 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Advances and novel developments in mechanisms of allergic inflammation
Han, X., Krempski, J. W., & Nadeau, K. (2020) · Allergy · doi:10.1111/all.14632 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Regulatory T cells in the face of the intestinal microbiota
Ramanan, D., Pratama, A., Zhu, Y., Venezia, O., Sassone-Corsi, M., Chowdhary, K., Galván-Peña, S., Sefik, E., Brown, C., Gélineau, A., et al. (2023) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-023-00890-w · Cited by 126 · see citing works
A Large Polysaccharide Produced by Helicobacter hepaticus Induces an Anti-inflammatory Gene Signature in Macrophages
Danne, C., Ryzhakov, G., Martínez-López, M., Ilott, N. E., Franchini, F., Cuskin, F., Lowe, E. C., Bullers, S. J., Arthur, J. S. C., & Powrie, F. (2017) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2017.11.002 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Microbiota, immunoregulatory old friends and psychiatric disorders
Rook, G. A. W., Raison, C. L., & Lowry, C. A. (2014) · Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-0897-4_15 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Deciphering the tête-à-tête between the microbiota and the immune system
Surana, N. K., & Kasper, D. L. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci72332 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Hygiene and other early childhood influences on the subsequent function of the immune system
Rook, G. A. W., Lowry, C. A., & Raison, C. L. (2015) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2014.04.004 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Can we ‘seize’ the gut microbiota to treat epilepsy?
De Caro, C., Iannone, L. F., Citraro, R., Striano, P., De Sarro, G., Constanti, A., Cryan, J. F., & Russo, E. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.10.002 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Aberrant intestinal microbiota due to IL-1 receptor antagonist deficiency promotes IL-17- and TLR4-dependent arthritis
Rogier, R., Ederveen, T. H. A., Boekhorst, J., Wopereis, H., Scher, J. U., Manasson, J., Frambach, S. J. C. M., Knol, J., Garssen, J., van der Kraan, P. M., et al. (2017) · Microbiome · doi:10.1186/s40168-017-0278-2 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
The influence of prebiotic or probiotic supplementation on antibody titers after influenza vaccination: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Yeh, T.-L., Shih, P.-C., Liu, S.-J., Lin, C.-H., Liu, J.-M., Lei, W.-T., & Lin, C.-Y. (2018) · Drug Design Development and Therapy · doi:10.2147/dddt.s155110 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator knockout mice exhibit aberrant gastrointestinal microbiota
Lynch, S. V., Goldfarb, K. C., Wild, Y. K., Kong, W., De Lisle, R. C., & Brodie, E. L. (2013) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.4161/gmic.22430 · Cited by 87 · see citing works

Highly-purifiedHelicobacter pyloriLPS preparations induce weak inflammatory reactions and utilize Toll-like receptor 2 complex but not Toll-like receptor 4 complex
Yokota, S., Ohnishi, T., Muroi, M., et al. (2007) · FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1574-695x.2007.00288.x · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide and IFN-γ Induce Toll-Like Receptor 2 and Toll-Like Receptor 4 Expression in Human Endothelial Cells: Role of NF-κB Activation1
Faure, E., Thomas, L., Xu, H., Medvedev, A., Equils, O., & Arditi, M. (2001) · Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.166.3.2018 · Cited by 445 · see citing works
Effect of Hp-lipopolysaccharide on the expression of Toll-like receptor 2 in HepG2 cells
Qiu-xion, L. (2010) · Shiyong yixue zazhi
The role of Toll-like receptor 2 in microbial disease and immunity
Wetzler, L. M. (2003) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/s0264-410x(03)00201-9 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Hymenolepis diminuta: Analysis of the expression of Toll-like receptor genes (TLR2 and TLR4) in the small and large intestines of rats
Kosik-Bogacka, D. I., Wojtkowiak‐Giera, A., Kolasa, A., Sałamatin, R., Jagodziński, P. P., & Wandurska-Nowak, E. (2011) · Experimental Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.exppara.2011.12.002 · Cited by 36 · see citing works

Authors: Round, J. L., Lee, S. M., Li, J., Tran, G., Jabri, B., Chatila, T. A., & Mazmanian, S. K.
Affiliations: California Institute of Technology (US)
Department of Pathology, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
University of California, Los Angeles (US)
Corresponding author: Round, June L.
Mazmanian, Sarkis K.
ORCID: Round, June L.
Li, Jennifer
Tran, Gloria
Chatila, Talal A.
Mazmanian, Sarkis K.
Venue: Science
Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Published: 2011-05-20
Volume: 332
Issue: 6032
Pages: 974-977
ISSN: 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
1095-9203
DOI: 10.1126/science.1206095
PMC: PMC3164325
OpenAlex: W2103561589
Cited by: 1,604
References: 28
Citations by year: 2026: 58 · 2025: 89 · 2024: 81 · 2023: 99 · 2022: 114 · 2021: 103 · 2020: 128 · 2019: 103 · 2018: 103 · 2017: 114 · 2016: 114 · 2015: 101 · 2014: 118 · 2013: 119 · 2012: 101
FWCI: 55.17
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.sciencemag.org/site/feature/contribinfo/prep/license.xhtml (vor)
Locations: Science (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (AI 080002, DK 078938, DK 083633, AI 088626)
Topics: Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
Keywords: TLR2, Bacteroides fragilis, gut microbiota, commensal colonization, polysaccharide A, regulatory T cells, Foxp3, CD4+ T cells, Th17 cells, mucosal immunity, immune tolerance, host-microbe symbiosis, pathogen recognition
MeSH terms: Animals, Bacteroides fragilis, Colon, Germ-Free Life, Homeostasis, Humans, Immune Tolerance, Intestinal Mucosa, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Models, Biological, Polysaccharides, Bacterial, Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms, Symbiosis, Signal Transduction, Interleukin-10, Immunity, Mucosal, T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory, Toll-Like Receptor 2, Mice, Metagenome, Th17 Cells

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

The Toll-like receptor 2 pathway establishes colonization by a commensal of the human microbiota

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks