Regulation of the INK4b–ARF–INK4a tumour suppressor locus: all for one or one for all
Abstract
The INK4b-ARF-INK4a locus encodes two members of the INK4 family of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, p15(INK4b) and p16(INK4a), and a completely unrelated protein, known as ARF. All three products participate in major tumour suppressor networks that are disabled in human cancer and influence key physiological processes such as replicative senescence, apoptosis and stem-cell self-renewal. Transcription from the locus is therefore kept under strict control. Mounting evidence suggests that although the individual genes can respond independently to positive and negative signals in different contexts, the entire locus might be coordinately suppressed by a cis-acting regulatory domain or by the action of Polycomb group repressor complexes.
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Most cancers harbor mutations in one or both of the p53 or p16INK4a/pRB pathways.
“Most cancers harbor mutations in one or both of these pathways [ 14 , 15 ].”
From Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotypes Reveal Cell-Nonautonomous Functions of Oncogenic RAS and the p53 Tumor Suppressor (2008) · cites this paper as [15]
Loss of p16 gene or inherited mutations within it have been frequently related to several human cancers, particularly malignant melanoma.
“This crucial role is evident from the fact that loss of the p16INK4A gene or inherited mutations within it have been frequently related to several human cancers particularly malignant melanoma (Gil and Peters, 2006; Kim and Sharpless, 2006; Li et al., 2011).”
From Mechanisms of Cellular Senescence: Cell Cycle Arrest and Senescence Associated Secretory Phenotype (2021) · cites this paper as Gil and Peters, 2006
Epigenetic regulation of INK4/ARF locus is not limited to polycomb proteins; other epigenetic regulators such as ZRF, MLL1 or JMJD3 are also involved.
“Epigenetic regulation of the INK4/ARF locus is not limited to polycomb proteins as other epigenetic regulators such as ZRF, MLL1 or JMJD3 are also involved in its regulation (Gil and Peters, 2006; Agger et al., 2009; Barradas et al., 2009; Kotake et al., 2009; Ribeiro et al., 2013).”
From Mechanisms of Cellular Senescence: Cell Cycle Arrest and Senescence Associated Secretory Phenotype (2021) · cites this paper as Gil and Peters, 2006
INK4/ARF locus encodes three tumor suppressors: p16 and p14ARF encoded by CDKN2A gene and p15 by CDKN2B gene.
“INK4/ARF locus encodes three tumor suppressors namely p16INK4A and p14ARF encoded by CDKN2A gene and p15INK4B by CDKN2B gene (Sharpless, 2005; Gil and Peters, 2006).”
From Mechanisms of Cellular Senescence: Cell Cycle Arrest and Senescence Associated Secretory Phenotype (2021) · cites this paper as Gil and Peters, 2006
p14ARF establishes cross talk between p53 and pRB pathways by regulating stability of p53 by binding to and inhibiting MDM2, responsible for its proteasome-mediated degradation.
“In contrast, p14ARF establishes cross talk between the p53 and pRB pathways by regulating the stability of p53 by binding to and inhibiting MDM2, responsible for its proteasome-mediated degradation (Gil and Peters, 2006; Kim and Sharpless, 2006).”
From Mechanisms of Cellular Senescence: Cell Cycle Arrest and Senescence Associated Secretory Phenotype (2021) · cites this paper as Gil and Peters, 2006
Mutations, silencing, or loss of CDKN2A facilitate senescence bypass and are frequently associated with carcinogenesis.
“In agreement with p16's role as a guardian of senescence, mutations, silencing or loss of CDKN2A, the gene encoding p16, facilitate senescence bypass and it is frequently associated with carcinogenesis (reviewed in.51,52”
From Senescence from G2 arrest, revisited (2015) · cites this paper as [51]
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- Authors
- Gil, J., & Peters, G.
- Affiliations
- Imperial College London (GB)
- Cancer Research UK (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Peters, Gordon
- ORCID
- Gil, Jesús
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology
- Published
- 2006-09-01
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 667-677
- ISSN
- 1471-0072 (ISSN-L)
- 1471-0080
- OpenAlex
- W2056495027
- Cited by
- 843
- References
- 153
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 48 · 2016: 48 · 2015: 53 · 2014: 48 · 2013: 56 · 2012: 58
- FWCI
- 4.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer-related Molecular Pathways
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Telomeres, Telomerase, and Senescence
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Chromatin Remodeling and Cancer
- Keywords
- tumor suppressor, CDKN2B, p16INK4a, Arf proteins, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, cis-regulatory elements, replicative senescence, apoptosis, stem cell self-renewal, transcriptional regulation, cancer
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Gene Expression Regulation, Humans, Repressor Proteins, Stem Cells, Signal Transduction, Cellular Senescence, Apoptosis, Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16, ADP-Ribosylation Factors, Quantitative Trait Loci, Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p15, Polycomb-Group Proteins
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