The DOI matches its Crossref record; 49 of the 51 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Smoking and age related macular degeneration: the number of pack years of cigarette smoking is a major determinant of risk for both geographic atrophy and choroidal neovascularisation
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS: There is evidence that smoking is a risk factor for age related macular degeneration (AMD). However, not all studies have demonstrated this association and several key questions about the role of smoking in AMD have still to be determined. The aim of this study was to further investigate this relation for both choroidal neovascularisation (CNV) and geographic atrophy (GA). METHODS: To investigate the relation between smoking and the risk of developing age related macular degeneration (AMD) in white people, 435 cases with end stage AMD were compared with 280 controls. All subjects had graded stereoscopic colour fundus photography and AMD was defined as the presence of GA or CNV. Smoking history was assessed using multiple parameters in a detailed questionnaire. RESULTS: Comparison of current and former smokers with non-smokers was consistent with smoking being a risk factor for AMD but did not reach statistical significance. There was a strong association between AMD and pack years of cigarette smoking (p = 0.002), the odds ratio increasing with the amount smoked; for subjects with more than 40 pack years of smoking the odds ratio was 2.75 (95% CI 1.22 to 6.20) compared with non-smokers. Both types of AMD showed a similar relation; smoking more than 40 pack years of cigarettes was associated with an odds ratio of 3.43 (95% CI 1.28 to 9.20) for GA and 2.49 (95% CI 1.06 to 5.82) for CNV. Stopping smoking was associated with reduced odds of AMD and the risk in those who had not smoked for over 20 years was comparable to non-smokers. The risk profile was similar for males and females. Passive smoking exposure was associated with an increased risk of AMD (OR 1.87; 95% CI 1.03 to 3.40) in non-smokers. CONCLUSIONS: The authors have demonstrated a strong association between the risk of both GA and CNV and pack years of cigarette smoking. This provides support for a causal relation between smoking and AMD. They also show an increased risk for AMD in non-smokers exposed to passive smoking. Stopping smoking appears to reduce the risk of developing AMD.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“A dose effect of enhanced risk of AMD with increasing number of cigarettes smoked has also been reported (86).”
From Unraveling a Multifactorial Late-Onset Disease: From Genetic Susceptibility to Disease Mechanisms for Age-Related Macular Degeneration (2009) · cites this paper as [86]
In the citing paper
“There exists a direct association between the risk of developing advanced age-related macular degeneration with the number of cigarettes smoked.29,39”
From Age-related macular degeneration (2008) · cites this paper as [39]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Complement factor H polymorphism in age-related macular degeneration
Klein, R. J., Zeiss, C., Chew, E. Y., Tsai, J.-Y., Sackler, R. S., Haynes, C., Henning, A. K., SanGiovanni, J. P., Mane, S. M., Mayne, S. T., et al. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1109557 · Cited by 4,492
Complement factor H polymorphism and age-related macular degeneration
Edwards, A. O., Ritter, R., Abel, K. J., Manning, A., Panhuysen, C., & Farrer, L. A. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1110189 · Cited by 2,449
Complement factor H variant increases the risk of age-related macular degeneration
Haines, J. L., Hauser, M. A., Schmidt, S., Scott, W. K., Olson, L. M., Gallins, P., Spencer, K. L., Kwan, S. Y., Noureddine, M., Gilbert, J. R., et al. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1110359 · Cited by 2,424
Hageman, G. S., Anderson, D. H., Johnson, L. V., Hancox, L. S., Taiber, A. J., Hardisty, L. I., Hageman, J. L., Stockman, H. A., Borchardt, J. D., Gehrs, K. M., et al. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0501536102 · Cited by 1,961
Bird, A. C., Bressler, N. M., Bressler, S. B., Chisholm, I. H., Coscas, G., Davis, M. D., de Jong, P. T. V. M., Klaver, C. C. W., Klein, B. E. K., Klein, R., et al. (1995) · Survey of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/s0039-6257(05)80092-x · Cited by 1,926
Prevalence of age-related maculopathy
Klein, R., Klein, B. E. K., & Linton, K. L. P. (1992) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/s0161-6420(92)31871-8 · Cited by 1,845
Risk factors for age-related macular degeneration
Smith, W., Assink, J., Klein, R., Mitchell, P., Klaver, C. C. W., Klein, B. E. K., Hofman, A., Jensen, S., Wang, J. J., & de Jong, P. T. V. M. (2001) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/s0161-6420(00)00580-7 · Cited by 1,071
Prevalence of age-related maculopathy in Australia
Mitchell, P., Smith, W., Attebo, K., & Wang, J. J. (1995) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/s0161-6420(95)30846-9 · Cited by 1,062
The epidemiology of age-related macular degeneration
Klein, R., Peto, T., Bird, A., & Vannewkirk, M. R. (2004) · American Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2003.11.069 · Cited by 932
Age-Specific Prevalence and Causes of Blindness and Visual Impairment in an Older Population
Klaver, C. C. W. (1998) · Archives of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1001/archopht.116.5.653 · Cited by 893
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Age-related macular degeneration
Jager, R. D., Mieler, W. F., & Miller, J. W. (2008) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra0801537 · Cited by 1,379
Age-related macular degeneration
Coleman, H. R., Chan, C.-C., Ferris, F. L., & Chew, E. Y. (2008) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(08)61759-6 · Cited by 542
Holz, F. G., Strauss, E. C., Schmitz-Valckenberg, S., & Campagne, M. V. L. (2014) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2013.11.023 · Cited by 404
Cuenca, N., Fernández-Sánchez, L., Campello, L., Maneu, V., De la Villa, P., Lax, P., & Pinilla, I. (2014) · Progress in Retinal and Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2014.07.001 · Cited by 401
Rudnicka, A. R., Jarrar, Z. A., Wormald, R., Cook, D. G., FLETCHER, A. E., & Owen, C. G. (2011) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.09.027 · Cited by 392
Metadata
- Authors
- Khan, J. C.
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Khan, J C
- Venue
- British Journal of Ophthalmology
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2006-01-01
- Volume
- 90
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 75-80
- ISSN
- 0007-1161 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC1856879
- OpenAlex
- W1990289864
- Cited by
- 390
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 14.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- British Journal of Ophthalmology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Retinal Diseases and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Retinal Imaging and Analysis
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Keywords
- age-related macular degeneration, smoking, pack-years, geographic atrophy, choroidal neovascularization, passive smoking, smoking cessation, risk factors
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Atrophy, Female, Humans, Macular Degeneration, Male, Pigment Epithelium of Eye, Risk Factors, Smoking, Time Factors, Tobacco Smoke Pollution, Case-Control Studies, Smoking Cessation, Choroidal Neovascularization
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
