The epidemiology of age-related macular degeneration
Abstract
Purpose To review the epidemiology of age-related macular degeneration (AMD).Design Evidence from epidemiologic data regarding the natural history of AMD and its risk factors are presented.Results Large, soft drusen associated with pigmentary abnormalities increase the risk of progression to advanced AMD. Large soft drusen may fade over time. Advanced AMD is more likely to be present in whites than blacks, despite the similar prevalence of soft drusen in both groups. Neovascular AMD is more frequent than geographic atrophy in most population-based studies in whites in America, Australia, and the Netherlands than in similar population-based studies in Iceland and Norway. After age and family history, there are few consistent relationships of risk factors to AMD. Of these, the relationship of smoking, hypertension, and cataract surgery to advanced AMD have been most consistent.Conclusions Long-term epidemiologic studies have provided information on the distribution and the natural history of AMD and its associated risk factors. It is not known what effect reduction of blood pressure and the cessation of smoking might have on the incidence and progression of AMD.
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The prevalence of soft drusen is two to three times greater than that of advanced AMD.
“Numerous epidemiological studies have shown that the prevalence of soft drusen is two to three times greater than that of advanced AMD [33].”
From CFH Y402H confers similar risk of soft drusen and both forms of advanced AMD (2005) · cites this paper as [33]
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Self-citation
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- Authors
- Klein, R., Peto, T., Bird, A., & Vannewkirk, M. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- University of London (GB)
- Southland Hospital (NZ)
- Corresponding author
- Klein, Ronald
- Venue
- American Journal of Ophthalmology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2004-03
- Volume
- 137
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 486-495
- ISSN
- 0002-9394 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1994451872
- Semantic Scholar
- a00c4882c48d5c627a5ce19f3768646c58ccdef6
- Cited by
- 932
- References
- 137
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 45 · 2016: 58 · 2015: 53 · 2014: 55 · 2013: 72 · 2012: 62
- FWCI
- 10.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Ophthalmology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (Queen's University Belfast) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Eye Institute (EY0-6594, U10EY006594)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Retinal Diseases and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Retinal Imaging and Analysis
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Ocular Diseases and Behçet’s Syndrome
- Keywords
- age-related macular degeneration, epidemiology, natural history (disease), risk factors, soft drusen, pigmentary abnormalities, neovascular AMD, geographic atrophy, smoking, hypertension, cataract surgery, racial differences, disease progression
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Macular Degeneration, Risk Factors, United States, Global Health, Incidence, Prevalence, Disease Progression
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