Cited by 932Retinal Diseases and TreatmentsRetinal Imaging and AnalysisOcular Diseases and Behçet’s Syndrome

The epidemiology of age-related macular degeneration

Klein, Ronald, Peto, Tunde, Bird, Alan, Vannewkirk, Mylan R.·2004·American Journal of Ophthalmology

Abstract

Purpose To review the epidemiology of age-related macular degeneration (AMD).Design Evidence from epidemiologic data regarding the natural history of AMD and its risk factors are presented.Results Large, soft drusen associated with pigmentary abnormalities increase the risk of progression to advanced AMD. Large soft drusen may fade over time. Advanced AMD is more likely to be present in whites than blacks, despite the similar prevalence of soft drusen in both groups. Neovascular AMD is more frequent than geographic atrophy in most population-based studies in whites in America, Australia, and the Netherlands than in similar population-based studies in Iceland and Norway. After age and family history, there are few consistent relationships of risk factors to AMD. Of these, the relationship of smoking, hypertension, and cataract surgery to advanced AMD have been most consistent.Conclusions Long-term epidemiologic studies have provided information on the distribution and the natural history of AMD and its associated risk factors. It is not known what effect reduction of blood pressure and the cessation of smoking might have on the incidence and progression of AMD.

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Crossref · 10.1016/j.ajo.2003.11.069

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Authors
Klein, R., Peto, T., Bird, A., & Vannewkirk, M. R.
Affiliations
  • University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
  • University of London (GB)
  • Southland Hospital (NZ)
Corresponding author
Klein, Ronald
Venue
American Journal of Ophthalmology
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2004-03
Volume
137
Issue
3
Pages
486-495
ISSN
0002-9394 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W1994451872
Cited by
932
References
137
Citations by year
2026: 7 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 45 · 2016: 58 · 2015: 53 · 2014: 55 · 2013: 72 · 2012: 62
FWCI
10.42
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • American Journal of Ophthalmology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Research Portal (Queen's University Belfast) (submittedVersion)
Funders
National Eye Institute (EY0-6594, U10EY006594)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Retinal Diseases and Treatments
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Retinal Imaging and Analysis
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Ocular Diseases and Behçet’s Syndrome
Keywords
age-related macular degeneration, epidemiology, natural history (disease), risk factors, soft drusen, pigmentary abnormalities, neovascular AMD, geographic atrophy, smoking, hypertension, cataract surgery, racial differences, disease progression
MeSH terms
Humans, Macular Degeneration, Risk Factors, United States, Global Health, Incidence, Prevalence, Disease Progression

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