Do physical activity interventions combining self-monitoring with other components provide an additional benefit compared with self-monitoring alone? A systematic review and meta-analysis

Vetrovsky, Tomas; Borowiec, Agnieszka; Juřík, Roman; Wahlich, Charlotte; Śmigielski, Witold; Steffl, Michal; Tufano, James J; Drygas, Wojciech; Stastny, Petr; Harris, Tess; Małek, Łukasz

doi:10.1136/bjsports-2021-105198

Cited by 68Physical Activity and HealthMobile Health and mHealth ApplicationsContext-Aware Activity Recognition Systems

Do physical activity interventions combining self-monitoring with other components provide an additional benefit compared with self-monitoring alone? A systematic review and meta-analysis

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Vetrovsky, Tomas, Borowiec, Agnieszka, Juřík, Roman, Wahlich, Charlotte, Śmigielski, Witold, Steffl, Michal, Tufano, James J, Drygas, Wojciech +3 more·2022·British Journal of Sports Medicine

DOI 10.1136/bjsports-2021-105198PMC PMC9685716

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Abstract

Objective: To determine the net effect of different physical activity intervention components on step counts in addition to self-monitoring. Design: A systematic review with meta-analysis and meta-regression. Data sources: Five databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ProQuest and Discus) were searched from inception to May 2022. The database search was complemented with backward and forward citation searches and search of the references from relevant systematic reviews. Eligibility criteria: Randomised controlled trials comparing an intervention using self-monitoring (active control arm) with an intervention comprising the same treatment PLUS any additional component (intervention arm). Data extraction and synthesis: The effect measures were mean differences in daily step count. Meta-analyses were performed using random-effects models, and effect moderators were explored using univariate and multivariate meta-regression models. Results: Eighty-five studies with 12 057 participants were identified, with 75 studies included in the meta-analysis at postintervention and 24 at follow-up. At postintervention, the mean difference between the intervention and active control arms was 926 steps/day (95% CI 651 to 1201). At a follow-up, the mean difference was 413 steps/day (95% CI 210 to 615). Interventions with a prescribed goal and involving human counselling, particularly via phone/video calls, were associated with a greater mean difference in the daily step count than interventions with added print materials, websites, smartphone apps or incentives. Conclusion: Physical activity interventions that combine self-monitoring with other components provide an additional modest yet sustained increase in step count compared with self-monitoring alone. Some forms of counselling, particularly remote phone/video counselling, outperformed other intervention components, such as websites and smartphone apps. PROSPERO registered number: CRD42020199482.

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Wearables may offer personalized health monitoring and behavior tracking, deliver immediate feedback on health metrics, encourage healthier lifestyles, and support physical fitness management.
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From Sociodemographics and Digital Health Literacy in Using Wearables for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention: Cross-Sectional Nationwide Survey in Germany (2025) · cites this paper as Vetrovsky et al., 2022
The Background (page unavailable) describes fitness trackers as devices for self-monitoring physical activity, and Results > Study characteristics (page unavailable) identifies wearable fitness trackers among the devices studied. This supports behavior tracking, but the paper does not establish the broader claim of personalized health monitoring. The later claims about feedback, lifestyles, and fitness management are attached to other citations, not Vetrovsky et al. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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“11 Despite implementing alternative study designs such as factorial RCTs 12 and microrandomised trials, 13 the contribution of individual intervention components is still poorly understood.”
A Mixed-Methods Randomized Controlled Trial of Financial Incentives and Peer Networks to Promote Walking Among Older Adults
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The Detrimental Effect of COVID-19 Nationwide Quarantine on Accelerometer-Assessed Physical Activity of Heart Failure Patients
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A randomized, controlled, behavioral intervention to promote walking after abdominal organ transplantation: results from the LIFT study
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“4–10 However, these complex interventions are typically assessed in parallel randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing an intervention arm to a usual care control arm.”
Feasibility of a behavioral intervention using mobile health applications to reduce cardiovascular risk factors in cancer survivors: a pilot randomized controlled trial
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Effect of Gamification With and Without Financial Incentives to Increase Physical Activity Among Veterans Classified as Having Obesity or Overweight
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Is the goal of 12,000 steps per day sufficient for improving body composition and metabolic syndrome? The necessity of combining exercise intensity: a randomized controlled trial
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Maintaining high activity levels in sedentary adults with a reinforcement‐thinning schedule
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Utilizing wearable technology to increase physical activity in future physicians: A randomized trial
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Promoting physical activity in a multi-ethnic population at high risk of diabetes: the 48-month PROPELS randomised controlled trial
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Effects of Resistance Training and Walking on Cardiovascular Disease Risk in African-American Women
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A Group-Based Walking Study to Enhance Physical Activity Among Older Adults: The Role of Social Engagement
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Web-Based, Computer-Tailored, Pedometer-Based Physical Activity Advice: Development, Dissemination Through General Practice, Acceptability, and Preliminary Efficacy in a Randomized Controlled Trial
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An alternative to R2 for assessing linear models of effect size
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Influential
A pedometer-based walking intervention with and without email counseling in general practice: a pilot randomized controlled trial
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Financial incentives for objectively-measured physical activity or weight loss in adults with chronic health conditions: A meta-analysis
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Physical Activity Adoption and Maintenance Among Breast Cancer Survivors: A Randomized Trial of Peer Mentoring
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Dash to wellness: Emphasizing self-regulation through e-health in adults with prehypertension.
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A quality-improvement optimization pilot of BariFit, a mobile health intervention to promote physical activity after bariatric surgery
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“11 Despite implementing alternative study designs such as factorial RCTs 12 and microrandomised trials, 13 the contribution of individual intervention components is still poorly understood.”
Impact of Social Support Intensity on Walking in the Severely Obese: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Hemmingsson, E., Hellénius, M.-L., Ekelund, U., Bergström, J., & Rössner, S. (2008) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2008.204 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Safety and feasibility of an interactive workshop and facilitated outdoor walking group compared to a workshop alone in increasing outdoor walking activity among older adults: a pilot randomized controlled trial
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A nurse-led intervention to promote physical activity in sedentary older adults with cardiovascular risk factors: a randomized clinical trial (STEP-IT-UP study)
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The Unexpected Downside of Paying or Sending Messages to People to Make Them Walk
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Do web-based competitions promote physical activity? Randomized controlled trial
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A ‘novel’ multi-component approach to promote physical activity among older cancer survivors: a pilot randomized controlled trial
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Effects of a three-armed randomised controlled trial using self-monitoring of daily steps with and without counselling in prediabetes and type 2 diabetes—the Sophia Step Study
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Effect of Adding Telephone-Based Brief Coaching to an mHealth App (Stay Strong) for Promoting Physical Activity Among Veterans: Randomized Controlled Trial
Damschroder, L. J., Buis, L. R., McCant, F. A., Kim, H. M., Evans, R., Oddone, E. Z., Bastian, L. A., Hooks, G., Kadri, R., White-Clark, C., et al. (2020) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/19216 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
A Pilot Randomized Trial of an Intervention to Enhance the Health-Promoting Effects of Older Adults’ Activity Portfolios: The Engaged4Life Program
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The MIPAM trial – motivational interviewing and physical activity monitoring to enhance the daily level of physical activity among older adults – a randomized controlled trial
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Effectiveness of remote feedback on physical activity in persons with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
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Charity-based incentives motivate young adult cancer survivors to increase physical activity: a pilot randomized clinical trial
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The effectiveness of an incentivized physical activity programme (Active Student) among female medical students in Pakistan: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
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Predicting Engagement With Online Walking Promotion Among Metropolitan and Rural Cancer Survivors
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High Versus Low Theoretical Fidelity Pedometer Intervention Using Social-Cognitive Theory on Steps and Self-Efficacy
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Pedometer-based walking intervention with and without group support among sedentary adults in primary care patients in north-east Malaysia: a randomized controlled trial
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A feasibility study to assess the individual and combined effects of financial incentives and monetary contingency contracts on physical activity
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Gamifying accelerometer use increases physical activity levels of individuals pre-disposed to type II diabetes
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Group-Based Exercise in CKD Stage 3b to 4: A Randomized Clinical Trial
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Year-round effects of a four-week randomized controlled trial using different types of feedback on employees’ physical activity
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Tailored feedback reduced prolonged sitting time and improved the health of housewives: a single-blind randomized controlled pilot study
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Promote Students’ Healthy Behavior Through Sensor and Game: A Randomized Controlled Trial
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Effectiveness of Minimal Contact Interventions: An RCT
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“21 22 Ultimately, the net effect of additional components (ie, after subtracting the effect of self-monitoring) can only be isolated in RCTs comparing the complex intervention including self-monitoring against self-monitoring alone (an ‘active control’ arm) rather than against a usual care control…”
Does having a buddy help women with young children increase physical activity? Lessons learned from a pilot study
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A Comparative Effectiveness Trial of Three Walking Self-monitoring Strategies
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A randomized controlled trial to evaluate a behavioral economic strategy for improving mobility in veterans with chronic pain
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Facilitated Health Coaching Improves Activity Level and Chronic Low back Pain Symptoms
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“34– 118 Of those Twenty-three studies also provided outcome data at follow-up.”

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Effective Behavior Change Techniques in Digital Health Interventions for the Prevention or Management of Noncommunicable Diseases: An Umbrella Review
Mair, J. L., Salamanca-Sanabria, A., Augsburger, M., Frese, B. F., Abend, S., Jakob, R., Kowatsch, T., & Haug, S. (2023) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kaad041 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
“mHealth interventions were found to increase daily step count by, on average, 926–1,850 steps per day [85, 87].”
Background
Multi-functional triboelectric nanogenerators on printed circuit board for metaverse sport interactive system
Zhu, Y., Zhao, T., Sun, F., Jia, C., Ye, H., Jiang, Y., Wang, K., Huang, C., Xie, Y., & Mao, Y. (2023) · Nano Energy · doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2023.108520 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Daily Step Count and Depression in Adults
Bizzozero‐Peroni, B., Goñi, V. D., Jiménez‐López, E., Rodríguez‐Gutiérrez, E., Sequí‐Domínguez, I., de Arenas‐Arroyo, S. N., López‐Gil, J. F., Martínez‐Vizcaíno, V., & Mesas, A. E. (2024) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.51208 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
The effectiveness of wearable activity trackers for increasing physical activity and reducing sedentary time in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Wu, S., Li, G., Du, L., Chen, S., Zhang, X., & He, Q. (2023) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/20552076231176705 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Lifestyle Walking Intervention for Patients With Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction: The WATCHFUL Trial
Větrovský, T., Širanec, M., Frybova, T., Gant, I., Svobodová, I., Linhart, A., Pařenica, J., Miklíková, M., Šujáková, L., Pospíšil, D., et al. (2023) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.123.067395 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“17,18 23–25”
Assessing the Pragmatic Nature of Mobile Health Interventions Promoting Physical Activity: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Stecher, C. D., Pfisterer, B., Harden, S. M., Epstein, D. R., Hirschmann, J. M., Wunsch, K., & Buman, M. P. (2023) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/43162 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Impact of wearable device-based interventions with feedback for increasing daily walking activity and physical capacities in cardiovascular patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
Heizmann, A.-N., Chapelle, C., Laporte, S., Roche, F., Hupin, D., & Hello, C. L. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-069966 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Effects of workplace interventions on sedentary behaviour and physical activity: an umbrella review with meta-analyses and narrative synthesis
Rouyard, T., Yoda, E., Akksilp, K., Dieterich, A. V., Sarin, K. C., Dabak, S. V., & Müller, A. M. (2025) · The Lancet Public Health · doi:10.1016/s2468-2667(25)00038-6 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Investigating the prognostic value of digital mobility outcomes in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis
Buttery, S. C., Williams, P. J., Alghamdi, S. M., Philip, K. E. J., Perkins, A., Kallis, C., Quint, J. K., Polkey, M. I., Breuls, S., Buekers, J., et al. (2023) · European Respiratory Review · doi:10.1183/16000617.0134-2023 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Applications of digital health approaches for cardiometabolic diseases prevention and management in the Western Pacific region
Liang, F., Yang, X., Peng, W. H., Zhen, S., Cao, W., Li, Q., Xiao, Z., Gong, M., Wang, Y., & Gu, D. (2023) · The Lancet Regional Health - Western Pacific · doi:10.1016/j.lanwpc.2023.100817 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
mHealth intervention delivered in general practice to increase physical activity and reduce sedentary behaviour of patients with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes (ENERGISED): rationale and study protocol for a pragmatic randomised controlled trial
Větrovský, T., Král, N., Pfeiferová, M., Kühnová, J., Novák, J., Wahlich, C., Jaklova, A., Jurková, K., Janek, M., Omcirk, D., et al. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-15513-1 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citation
Sociodemographics and Digital Health Literacy in Using Wearables for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention: Cross-Sectional Nationwide Survey in Germany
Pan, C.-C., De Santis, K. K., Muellmann, S., Hoffmann, S., Spallek, J., Barnils, N. P., Ahrens, W., Zeeb, H., & Schüz, B. (2025) · Journal of Prevention · doi:10.1007/s10935-024-00821-y · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Effect of digital monitoring and counselling on self-management ability in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a randomised controlled trial
LI, L. C., Xie, H. W., Feehan, L. M., Shaw, C., Lu, N., Ramachandran, S., Wang, E., Therrien, S., Mucha, J., Hoens, A. M., et al. (2023) · Rheumatology · doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kead709 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Harnessing technology and gamification to increase adult physical activity: a cluster randomized controlled trial of the Columbia Moves pilot
Monroe, C. M., Cai, B., Edney, S. M., Jake‐Schoffman, D. E., Brazendale, K., Bucko, A., Armstrong, B., Yang, C., & Turner‐McGrievy, G. M. (2023) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-023-01530-1 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“…those incorporating smart-phones or wearable PA trackers for self-monitoring step counts (a cornerstone digital PA behavior change technique) [8, 9], can effectively foster the initiation of a physically active lifestyle [9–11]; however, they frequently fail to facilitate long-term…”
Background
Randomized Trial Evaluating a Self-Guided Lifestyle Intervention Delivered via Evidence-Based Materials versus a Waitlist Group on Changes in Body Weight, Diet Quality, Physical Activity, and Quality of Life among Breast Cancer Survivors
Puklin, L. S., Harrigan, M., Cartmel, B., Sanft, T. B., Gottlieb, L. T., Zhou, B., Ferrucci, L. M., Li, F., Spiegelman, D. L., Sharifi, M., et al. (2023) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers15194719 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Supervised interventions offer psychological benefits, such as positive reinforcement and increased accountability, leading to improved adherence [33,34].”
Background
Participatory development of an mHealth intervention delivered in general practice to increase physical activity and reduce sedentary behaviour of patients with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes (ENERGISED)
Novák, J., Jurková, K., Lojkaskova, A., Jaklova, A., Kühnová, J., Pfeiferová, M., Král, N., Janek, M., Omcirk, D., Malisova, K., et al. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-18384-2 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“…process began with individual team members thoroughly reviewing the latest evidence in their respective fields related to physical activity, diabetes management, behaviour change theories, mHealth technologies, and interventions related to all these areas, including our prior research [40, 42–45].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citation
Optimizing Total Knee Arthroplasty Rehabilitation With Telehealth Physical Activity Behavior Change Intervention: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Christiansen, C. L., Kline, P. W., Anderson, C. B., Melanson, E. L., Sullivan, W. J., Richardson, V. L., Juarez‐Colunga, E., & Stevens‐Lapsley, J. E. (2024) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.1093/ptj/pzae088 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Supervised exercise training in patients with cancer during anthracycline-based chemotherapy to mitigate cardiotoxicity: a randomized-controlled-trial
Schneider, C., Ryffel, C. P., Stuetz, L., Rabaglio, M., Suter, T. M., Campbell, K. L., Eser, P., & Wilhelm, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2023.1283153 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Utilizing technology for diet and exercise change in complex chronic conditions across diverse environments (U-DECIDE): feasibility randomised controlled trial
Brown, R. C. C., Keating, S. E., Jegatheesan, D. K., Mayr, H. L., Barnett, A., Conley, M. M., Webb, L., Kelly, J. T., Snoswell, C. L., Staudacher, H. M., et al. (2024) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-024-11383-4 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Whilst some studies suggest the addition of monitoring devices provide only modest impacts on behaviours compared to self-monitoring [50], the potential impact on behaviour within usual care control groups (i.e. reducing the likelihood of detecting a difference between groups) must be considered.”
Background
Home-based vs center-based exercise on patient-reported and performance-based outcomes for knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review with meta-analysis
Zhang, Z.-Y., Huang, L. J., Tian, L., Jiang, Y., Gao, M., Wang, X., Jiang, J., & Liu, Z.-L. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1360824 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Getting active through mindfulness: Randomised controlled trial of a digital mindfulness-based intervention promoting physical activity engagement and enjoyment
Remskar, M., Ainsworth, B., Maynard, O., Malkowski, O. S., Birch, A., Burd, A., Caretu, T.-C., Assaad, L. E., Christodoulou-Tsiaoukkas, A., Menon, A., et al. (2025) · Mental health and physical activity · doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2025.100680 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Moving Toward the Inclusion of Step-Based Metrics in Physical Activity Guidelines and Surveillance
Mair, J. L., Aguiar, E. J., Stamatakis, E. A., & Edney, S. M. (2023) · Journal of Physical Activity and Health · doi:10.1123/jpah.2023-0180 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Tracking of step counts is often at the core of digital interventions to promote PA [5] because ubiquitous”
Background
Behavior change wheel as a tool to promote physical activity in online intervention: a case study
Couto, N., Morgado, V., Pereira, T., Vitorino, A., Bento, T., Alves, S., Duarte‐Mendes, P., & Cid, L. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1498351 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Effect of Components and Delivery Modes of Digital Health Interventions Targeting Physical Activity in People With a Chronic Condition or Multimorbidity: A Systematic Review and Component Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Nøhr, N., Zangger, G., Dalum, F. B., Skou, S. T., Juhl, C. B., & Bricca, A. (2025) · Journal of Physical Activity and Health · doi:10.1123/jpah.2025-0014 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Goal Setting in Exercise and Physical Activity: An Expert Statement on Behalf of Exercise and Sports Science Australia
Swann, C., Buchan, J., Calleja, E., Goddard, S. G., Clarke, M. M., Hawkins, R. M., Jackman, P. C., Schweickle, M. J., Vella, S. A., & Rosenbaum, S. (2026) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-025-02373-5 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Feedback has been described as a necessary condition for goals to affect performance [75], and meta-analyses have highlighted that physical activity goals achieve greater effects when participants receive feedback [3] or engage in self-monitoring [76].”
Effectiveness of different intervention designs for improving physical activity in adults with cardiometabolic conditions over time: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
Hodkinson, A., Sulochana, H. R., Kontopantelis, E., Adeniji, C., van Marwijk, H., McMillan, B., Bower, P., & Panagioti, M. (2025) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-025-04240-6 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“These findings align with a meta-analysis of 85 studies, which showed that physical activity interventions combining self-monitoring with additional components—such as goal-setting and counselling— lead to modest but sustained increases in daily step count compared to self-monitoring alone [66].”
A feasibility study using motivational interviewing and a smartphone application to promote physical activity (+Stay-Active) for women with gestational diabetes
Smith, R., Gould, R. L., Kenworthy, Y., Astbury, N. M., Smith, I. B. J., Birks, J., Bateman, P. A., Hirst, J. E., Jebb, S. A., Michalopoulou, M., et al. (2024) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-024-06508-w · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Multicomponent PA interventions appear to be more effective than standalone interventions [39, 40].”
Effects of a Six-Month Physical Activity Program on Health Risk Factors and Body Composition Among Overweight and Obese Middle-Aged Adults
Białkowski, A., Soszynski, P. A., Pinkas, J., Ostrowski, J., & Religioni, U. (2024) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare12212140 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“In addition, based on our and others’ experience, this can bring better results, especially when combined with wearable device that monitors activity time and heart rate, than just individual exercise [26].”
Background
“It Took Away the Trauma of Failing”: A Mixed Methods Feasibility Trial of an Open Goals Physical Activity Program
Goddard, S. G., Dossetor, J., Barry, S., Lawrence, A., Stevens, C. J., & Swann, C. (2024) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/02701367.2024.2412661 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“For example, intervention components such as self-monitoring contribute to the effects of PA interventions, and it is recommended that future pilot trials include an active control to isolate the effects of the open goal from other intervention components (Vetrovsky et al., 2022).”
Trajectories of Physical Activity During a 6‐Month Mobile App‐Based Lifestyle Modification Intervention in Physically Inactive Adults With Cardiovascular Risk Factors
Adachi, T., Miki, T., Shimizu, K., Kanai, M., & Hagiwara, Y. (2025) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.70111 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Effect of supervised exercise training on objectively measured physical activity in patients during anthracycline therapy
Schneider, C., Stuetz, L., Dierks, A., Campbell, K. L., Wilhelm, M., & Eser, P. (2024) · JSAMS Plus · doi:10.1016/j.jsampl.2024.100075 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“…meta-analyses have assessed the combined effect of an exercise intervention with an activity tracking device versus no intervention, fewer studies have assessed the effect of an exercise intervention combined with an activity tracking device versus the use of an activity tracking device alone [36].”
An Evaluation of the Mindless to Mindful (M2M) Intervention on Exercise Self-Regulation and Fat Mass Loss: A Case Study
Kawahata, D., & Biber, D. (2024) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.1177/08901171241293365 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“12 Also, as with this study, self-compassion enhances self-regulation of physical activity.”
Assessing and exploring self-enacted behavior change techniques: frequency, structure, and relevance for physical activity and healthy eating
Schüler, J., & Bieleke, M. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-06899-1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Furthermore, we aim to identify the most effective behavior change strategies or combinations thereof by testing SE-BCT combinations as predictors of successful behavior change (Michie et al., 2009; Vetrovsky et al., 2022).”
Assessing the Impact of Frailty Interventions on Older Patients With Frailty
Zhang, M., & Zhong, L. (2024) · Current Therapeutic Research · doi:10.1016/j.curtheres.2024.100769 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“25 , 26 These comprehensive approaches not only enhance physical outcomes but also improve cognitive functions and mental health, contributing to a better quality of life for the elderly 27 .”
Statistical analysis plan for a randomized controlled trial examining pedometer-based walking intervention in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: the WATCHFUL trial
Větrovský, T., Širanec, M., Frybova, T., Gant, I., Semerad, M., Miklíková, M., Bunc, V., Veselý, J., Stastny, J., Gřiva, M., et al. (2023) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-023-07516-5 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Objective Assessment of Physical Activity at Home Using a Novel Floor-Vibration Monitoring System: Validation and Comparison With Wearable Activity Trackers and Indirect Calorimetry Measurements
Nakajima, Y., Kitayama, A., Ohta, Y., MOTOOKA, N., Kuno‐Mizumura, M., Miyachi, M., Tanaka, S., Ishikawa‐Takata, K., & Julien Tripette, A. (2024) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/51874 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Nevertheless, smart home systems capable of monitoring physical activity and sedentary behaviors while providing feedback to the occupants have the potential to encourage individuals to adopt more active and healthier behaviors throughout the day [2-5].”
Background
How Do Physical Therapists and Athletic Trainers Maintain Their Physical Fitness? A Descriptive Survey Study
Cheatham, S. W., Sutton, B. G., Ambler-Wright, T., Cheatham, C. J., & Ludwig, C. M. (2025) · International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy · doi:10.26603/001c.132493 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Improved Mobility and Quality of Life Through Physical Activity Management in a Stroke Patient With Peripheral Arterial Disease: A Case Report
Maéno, T., Matsumoto, I., & Harada, K. (2025) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.84149 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Prior research has shown that in patients with chronic diseases and high SB time, physical activity can be effectively increased through strategies such as self-monitoring of step count, goal setting, step diaries, and individualized guidance [12].”
Effectiveness and theory-based evaluation of a personalised digital intervention (EviBody®) for healthy and sustained lifestyle behaviours and well-being among adults: Study protocol for a real-world quasi-experimental study
Rossen, J., Anderbro, T., Andermo, S., Bergman, P., Hagströmer, M., Jacobsson, M., Johansson, U., Kallings, L., Lönn, A., Regan, C., et al. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0333201 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Supervised exercise training in patients with cancer during anthracycline-based chemotherapy to mitigate cardiotoxicity - a randomized controlled trial.Preprint
Schneider, C., Ryffel, C. P., Rabaglio, M., Suter, T. M., Campbell, K. L., Eser, P., & Wilhelm, M. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.02.06.23285559 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Proactive Behavior Change Techniques (ProBCTs) in Physical Activity and Healthy EatingPreprint
Schüler, J., & Bieleke, M. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3133092/v1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Acceptability and Usability of a Theory-Driven Intervention via Email to Promote Physical Activity in Women Who Are Overweight or Obese: Substudy Within a Randomized Controlled Trial
Brunet, J., Sharma, S., Price, J., & Black, M. (2023) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/48301
“Although various self-monitoring techniques exist (eg, maintaining a PA log or diary), tracking devices and apps are popular [40] because they provide real-time feedback to the user.”
Validity of self-screening with the KOJI AWARENES™ test for range of motion and strength in healthy subjectsPreprint
Hirohata, K., Furuya, H., Mitomo, S., Osaka, Y., Murofushi, K., & Yagishita, K. (2024) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.04.24.24306281
Results of an Organization-wide Physical Activity Promotion Intervention Within a Very Large Academic Health Care System
Heffron, S. P., O’Neill, K., Zhong, J., Xia, Y., & McCarthy, M. M. (2025) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.1177/08901171251324018
“14,15 However, distribution of activity trackers/pedometers/accelerometers to large numbers of individuals is not an economically or logistically feasible approach.”
Criterion-related validity of self-screening using the KOJI AWARENESS™ test for range of motion and strength in healthy participants
Hirohata, K., Furuya, H., Mitomo, S., Osaka, Y., Murofushi, K., Yamaguchi, D., & Yagishita, K. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0328890
An 8-Month Follow Up of the Mindless to Mindful (M2M) Self-Regulation Intervention on Fat Mass Loss
Kawahata, D., & Biber, D. (2025) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.1177/08901171251378114
“14,15”
Key Design Considerations for Digital Work Stress Interventions: Content Analysis & Narrative Synthesis (Preprint)Preprint
Kowalski, L., Finnes, A., Koch, S., & Bujacz, A. (2025) · doi:10.2196/preprints.83753
Improving Worker Health With Wearable Technology in a Power Plant
Park, J., Lai, T., Cho, J. S., Choi, H. J., & Lee, J. (2025) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0000000000003620
Home-based physical activity strategies for healthy adults: A scoping review
Noori-Sistani, M., Allahverdipour, H., Vahedian-Shahroodi, M., Eskandarnejad, M., Pashazadeh, F., & Javadivala, Z. (2025) · Journal of Education and Health Promotion · doi:10.4103/jehp.jehp_814_24
Additional file 1 of Statistical analysis plan for a randomized controlled trial examining pedometer-based walking intervention in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: the WATCHFUL trial
Větrovský, T., Širanec, M., Frybova, T., Gant, I., Semerad, M., Miklíková, M., Bunc, V., Vesely, J., Stastny, J., Gřiva, M., et al. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.23972811
Additional file 2 of Participatory development of an mHealth intervention delivered in general practice to increase physical activity and reduce sedentary behaviour of patients with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes (ENERGISED)
Novak, J., Jurková, K., Lojkaskova, A., Jaklova, A., Kühnová, J., Pfeiferová, M., Král, N., Janek, M., Omcirk, D., Malisova, K., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26699894
Self-citation
Additional file 1 of mHealth intervention delivered in general practice to increase physical activity and reduce sedentary behaviour of patients with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes (ENERGISED): rationale and study protocol for a pragmatic randomised controlled trial
Větrovský, T., Král, N., Pfeiferová, M., Kühnová, J., Novak, J., Wahlich, C., Jaklova, A., Jurková, K., Janek, M., Omcirk, D., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26579444
Self-citation
Additional file 3 of A feasibility study using motivational interviewing and a smartphone application to promote physical activity (+Stay-Active) for women with gestational diabetes
Smith, R., Gould, R. L., Kenworthy, Y., Astbury, N. M., Smith, I. B. J., Birks, J., Bateman, P. A., Hirst, J. E., Jebb, S., Michalopoulou, M., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26720433
Additional file 3 of mHealth intervention delivered in general practice to increase physical activity and reduce sedentary behaviour of patients with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes (ENERGISED): rationale and study protocol for a pragmatic randomised controlled trial
Větrovský, T., Král, N., Pfeiferová, M., Kühnová, J., Novak, J., Wahlich, C., Jaklova, A., Jurková, K., Janek, M., Omcirk, D., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26579450
Self-citation
Additional file 4 of A feasibility study using motivational interviewing and a smartphone application to promote physical activity (+Stay-Active) for women with gestational diabetes
Smith, R., Gould, R. L., Kenworthy, Y., Astbury, N. M., Smith, I. B. J., Birks, J., Bateman, P. A., Hirst, J. E., Jebb, S., Michalopoulou, M., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26720436
Additional file 2 of A feasibility study using motivational interviewing and a smartphone application to promote physical activity (+Stay-Active) for women with gestational diabetes
Smith, R., Gould, R. L., Kenworthy, Y., Astbury, N. M., Smith, I. B. J., Birks, J., Bateman, P., Hirst, J. E., Jebb, S., Michalopoulou, M., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25824859
Additional file 1 of Participatory development of an mHealth intervention delivered in general practice to increase physical activity and reduce sedentary behaviour of patients with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes (ENERGISED)
Novak, J., Jurková, K., Lojkaskova, A., Jaklova, A., Kühnová, J., Pfeiferová, M., Král, N., Janek, M., Omcirk, D., Malisova, K., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26699891
Self-citation
Additional file 1 of A feasibility study using motivational interviewing and a smartphone application to promote physical activity (+Stay-Active) for women with gestational diabetes
Smith, R., Gould, R. L., Kenworthy, Y., Astbury, N. M., Smith, I. B. J., Birks, J., Bateman, P. A., Hirst, J. E., Jebb, S., Michalopoulou, M., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25824663
Additional file 2 of mHealth intervention delivered in general practice to increase physical activity and reduce sedentary behaviour of patients with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes (ENERGISED): rationale and study protocol for a pragmatic randomised controlled trial
Větrovský, T., Král, N., Pfeiferová, M., Kühnová, J., Novak, J., Wahlich, C., Jaklova, A., Jurková, K., Janek, M., Omcirk, D., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26579447
Self-citation
Additional file 4 of mHealth intervention delivered in general practice to increase physical activity and reduce sedentary behaviour of patients with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes (ENERGISED): rationale and study protocol for a pragmatic randomised controlled trial
Větrovský, T., Král, N., Pfeiferová, M., Kühnová, J., Novak, J., Wahlich, C., Jaklova, A., Jurková, K., Janek, M., Omcirk, D., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26579453
Self-citation
Interruption in physical activity behavior among Chinese adults in 2015 and 2020: trends and multilevel correlates based on two national surveys
Gao, Y., Li, M., Suzuki, K., Zhang, Y., Tian, Y., Pan, X., Jiang, L., Xu, D., & Yang, Q. (2026) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-026-26760-3
“According to self-determination theory, interest and enjoyment are central to sustaining long-term behaviors, and individuals with low affective involvement may be more likely to discontinue activity when experiencing stress or fatigue [40, 41].”
SmartWalkCoach: An AI Companion for End-to-End Walking Guidance, Motivation, and Reflection
Zhang, X., Hu, M., Xue, B., Purwanto, E., Selig, T., & Yonto, D. (2026) · ACM International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces (IUI) · doi:10.1145/3742413.3789170
Self-Care in Hypertension Management: Qualitative Insights into Patient Practices and Challenges
Salami, S., & Wilandika, A. (2026) · Journal of Public Health Sciences · doi:10.56741/iistr.jphs.001417
“This contrasts with strong evidence that structured self-monitoring, combined with professional support, leads to improved control and better outcomes [24 – 26].”
Wearable-Measured Physical Activity Goal Adherence and Body Composition Change in a 12-Month mHealth Weight Loss Trial
Bizhanova, Z., Burke, L. E., Brooks, M. M., Rockette‐Wagner, B., Kariuki, J. K., & Sereika, S. M. (2026) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s26103256 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The role of physical activity in the management of obesity
Creel, D. B. (2026) · Advances in pharmacology · doi:10.1016/bs.apha.2026.06.006
Integrating Digital Exercise Monitoring into Hybrid Cardiac Rehabilitation: A Feasibility Study
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Benefits of physical activity interventions combining self-monitoring with other components versus self-monitoring alone: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Větrovský, T., Wahlich, C., Borowiec, A. A., Juřík, R., Śmigielski, W., Šteffl, M., Tufano, J. J., Drygas, W., Šťastný, P., Małek, Ł. A., et al. (2021) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)02630-1 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citation
The effects of step-count monitoring interventions on physical activity: systematic review and meta-analysis of community-based randomised controlled trials in adults
Chaudhry, U. A. R., Wahlich, C., Fortescue, R., Cook, D. G., Knightly, R., & Harris, T. (2020) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-020-01020-8 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
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Additional file 1 of The effects of step-count monitoring interventions on physical activity: systematic review and meta-analysis of community-based randomised controlled trials in adults
Chaudhry, U. A. R., Wahlich, C., Fortescue, R., Cook, D. G., Knightly, R., & Harris, T. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13076504
Self-citation
Additional file 2 of The effects of step-count monitoring interventions on physical activity: systematic review and meta-analysis of community-based randomised controlled trials in adults
Chaudhry, U. A. R., Wahlich, C., Fortescue, R., Cook, D. G., Knightly, R., & Harris, T. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13076507
Self-citation
Additional file 4 of The effects of step-count monitoring interventions on physical activity: systematic review and meta-analysis of community-based randomised controlled trials in adults
Chaudhry, U. A. R., Wahlich, C., Fortescue, R., Cook, D. G., Knightly, R., & Harris, T. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13076513
Self-citation

Authors: Vetrovsky, T., Borowiec, A., Juřík, R., Wahlich, C., Śmigielski, W., Steffl, M., Tufano, J. J., Drygas, W., Stastny, P., Harris, T., & Małek, Ł.
Affiliations: Institute of Cardiology (PL)
Charles University (CZ)
St George's, University of London (GB)
University of Łódź (PL)
Medical University of Lodz (PL)
ORCID: Vetrovsky, Tomas
Borowiec, Agnieszka
Juřík, Roman
Wahlich, Charlotte
Śmigielski, Witold
Tufano, James J
Drygas, Wojciech
Stastny, Petr
Harris, Tess
Małek, Łukasz
Venue: British Journal of Sports Medicine
Publisher: BMJ
Published: 2022-09-07
Volume: 56
Issue: 23
Pages: 1366-1374
ISSN: 0306-3674 (ISSN-L)
1473-0480
DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2021-105198
PMC: PMC9685716
OpenAlex: W4294884568
Cited by: 68
References: 136
Citations by year: 2026: 9 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 19
FWCI: 2.03
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by-nc
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ (unspecified)
Locations: British Journal of Sports Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
St George's Online Research Archive (St George's University of London) (acceptedVersion)
Funders: Agentura Pro Zdravotnický Výzkum České Republiky (NU21-09-00007)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Mobile Health and mHealth Applications
Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems
Keywords: physical activity interventions, self-monitoring, step count, counseling, telephone counseling, goal setting, mobile application, print materials, incentives, online intervention, intervention components
MeSH terms: Data Management, Humans, Motivation, Telephone, Exercise, Mobile Applications

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Do physical activity interventions combining self-monitoring with other components provide an additional benefit compared with self-monitoring alone? A systematic review and meta-analysis

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