The DOI matches its Crossref record; 30 of the 30 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38
Open accessAbstract
Objective: To determine whether tight control of blood pressure prevents macrovascular and microvascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes. Design: Randomised controlled trial comparing tight control of blood pressure aiming at a blood pressure of <150/85 mm Hg (with the use of an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor captopril or a β blocker atenolol as main treatment) with less tight control aiming at a blood pressure of <180/105 mm Hg. Setting: 20 hospital based clinics in England, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. Subjects: 1148 hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes (mean age 56, mean blood pressure at entry 160/94 mm Hg); 758 patients were allocated to tight control of blood pressure and 390 patients to less tight control with a median follow up of 8.4 years. Main outcome measures: Predefined clinical end points, fatal and non-fatal, related to diabetes, deaths related to diabetes, and all cause mortality. Surrogate measures of microvascular disease included urinary albumin excretion and retinal photography. Results: Mean blood pressure during follow up was significantly reduced in the group assigned tight blood pressure control (144/82 mm Hg) compared with the group assigned to less tight control (154/87 mm Hg) (P<0.0001). Reductions in risk in the group assigned to tight control compared with that assigned to less tight control were 24% in diabetes related end points (95% confidence interval 8% to 38%) (P=0.0046), 32% in deaths related to diabetes (6% to 51%) (P=0.019), 44% in strokes (11% to 65%) (P=0.013), and 37% in microvascular end points (11% to 56%) (P=0.0092), predominantly owing to a reduced risk of retinal photocoagulation. There was a non-significant reduction in all cause mortality. After nine years of follow up the group assigned to tight blood pressure control also had a 34% reduction in risk in the proportion of patients with deterioration of retinopathy by two steps (99% confidence interval 11% to 50%) (P=0.0004) and a 47% reduced risk (7% to 70%) (P=0.004) of deterioration in visual acuity by three lines of the early treatment of diabetic retinopathy study (ETDRS) chart. After nine years of follow up 29% of patients in the group assigned to tight control required three or more treatments to lower blood pressure to achieve target blood pressures. Conclusion: Tight blood pressure control in patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes achieves a clinically important reduction in the risk of deaths related to diabetes, complications related to diabetes, progression of diabetic retinopathy, and deterioration in visual acuity.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Hypertension is not only more prevalent in persons with T2D than in the general population, but hypertension also predicts progression to T2D.”
From American Association of Clinical Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline: Developing a Diabetes Mellitus Comprehensive Care Plan-2022 Update. (2022) · cites this paper as [182]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Antihypertensive therapy reduces the risk of albuminuria (67)(68)(69)(70), and among people with type 1 or 2 diabetes with established CKD (eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73m 2 and UACR $300 mg/g creatinine), ACE inhibitor or ARB therapy reduces the risk of progression to ESKD (71)(72)(73)(74)(75)(76)(77)(78)(79)(80).”
From 11. Chronic Kidney Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2025 (2025) · cites this paper as [69]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Antihypertensive therapy reduces the risk of albuminuria (68-71), and among people with type 1 or 2 diabetes with established CKD (eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73m 2 and UACR ≥300 mg/g creatinine), ACE inhibitor or ARB therapy reduces the risk of progression to kidney failure (72)(73)(74)(75)(76)(77)(78)(79)(80)(81).”
From 11. Chronic Kidney Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026 (2026) · cites this paper as [70]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“in the UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) trial, intensive blood pressure management in people with type 2 diabetes reduced the risk for heart failure by 56% (276).”
From 10. Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2025 (2025) · cites this paper as [276]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“For example, in the UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) trial, intensive blood pressure management in people with type 2 diabetes reduced the risk for heart failure by 56% (273).”
From 10. Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026 (2026) · cites this paper as [273]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“However, trials of interventions for single risk factors have shown efficacy in reducing the development and progression of complications.[4][5][6][7][8][9]”
From Effect of a multifactorial intervention on mortality in type 2 diabetes (2008) · cites this paper as [5]
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Once diagnosed with hypertension, an individual is 2.5 times more likely to be diagnosed with T2D within the next 5 years.181,182”
From American Association of Clinical Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline: Developing a Diabetes Mellitus Comprehensive Care Plan-2022 Update. (2022) · cites this paper as [182]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Thiazolidinediones increased the risk of HF hospitalization in several trials and are not recommended in patients with diabetes and symptomatic HF. 165,[565][566][567]”
From 2023 ESC guidelines for the management of cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. (2023) · cites this paper as [566]
In the citing paper
“Pioglitazone is associated with an increased risk of incident HF in patients with diabetes and is not recommended for glucose-lowering treatment in patients at risk of HF (or with previous HF).165,566 III A”
From 2023 ESC guidelines for the management of cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. (2023) · cites this paper as [566]
In the citing paper
“There was a marked and significant 44% risk reduction for stroke and a non-significant 21% risk reduction for myocardial infarction associated with a 10 mmHg reduction in SBP and a 5 mmHg reduction in DBP.”
From European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (version 2012) (2012) · cites this paper as [441]
In the citing paper
“Randomized clinical trials have demonstrated the benefit (reduction of CHD events, stroke, and nephropathy) of lowering blood pressure to <140 mmHg systolic and <80 mmHg diastolic in individuals with diabetes (160,163–165).”
From Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2009 (2009) · cites this paper as [163]
In the citing paper
“Though evidence for distinct advantages of RAS inhibitors on CVD outcomes in diabetes remains conflicting (163,182), the high CVD risks associated with diabetes, and the high prevalence of undiagnosed CVD, may still favor recommendations for their use as first-line hypertension therapy in people with diabetes (160).”
From Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2009 (2009) · cites this paper as [163]
In the citing paper
“The UKPDS provided strong evidence that control of blood pressure can reduce the development of nephropathy (163).”
From Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2009 (2009) · cites this paper as [163]
In the citing paper
“Lowering blood pressure has been shown to decrease the progression of retinopathy (163).”
From Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2009 (2009) · cites this paper as [163]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Hansson, L., Zanchetti, A., Carruthers, S. G., Dahlöf, B., Elmfeldt, D., Julius, S., Ménard, J., Rahn, K. H., Wedel, H., & Westerling, S. (1998) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(98)04311-6 · Cited by 5,728
Blood pressure, stroke, and coronary heart disease
Collins, R., Peto, R., MacMahon, S., Godwin, J., Qizilbash, N., Collins, R., MacMahon, S., Hebert, P., Eberlein, K. A., Taylor, J. O., et al. (1990) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/0140-6736(90)90944-z · Cited by 4,491
Stamler, J., Vaccaro, O., Neaton, J. D., Wentworth, D., & The Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Research Group (1993) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.16.2.434 · Cited by 4,063
Turner, R. C., Millns, H., Neil, H. A. W., Stratton, I. M., Manley, S. E., Matthews, D. R., & Holman, R. R. (1998) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.316.7134.823 · Cited by 2,014
Self-citationMorbidity and mortality in the Swedish Trial in Old Patients with Hypertension (STOP-Hypertension)
Dahlöf, B., Hansson, L., Lindholm, L. H., Scherstén, B., Ekbom, T., & Wester, P.-O. (1991) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/0140-6736(91)92589-t · Cited by 1,877
Stearne, M. R., Palmer, S. L., Hammersley, M. S., Franklin, S. L., Spivey, R. S., Lévy, J., Tidy, C. R., Bell, N. J., Steemson, J., Barrow, B., et al. (1998) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.317.7160.713 · Cited by 1,789
Blood Pressure and End-Stage Renal Disease in Men
Klag, M. J., Whelton, P. K., Randall, B. L., Neaton, J. D., Brancati, F. L., Ford, C. E., Shulman, N. B., & Stamler, J. (1996) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199601043340103 · Cited by 1,661
Morbidity and mortality in diabetics in the Framingham population. Sixteen year follow-up study
Garcia, M. J., McNamara, P. M., Gordon, T., & Kannell, W. B. (1974) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.23.2.105 · Cited by 1,608
Manson, J. E. (1991) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.1991.00400060077013 · Cited by 675
Research works printed but not linked: 14
- 10.1097/00004872-199303000-00013 · DOI
- 10.1007/BF02374494 · DOI
- 1992, MRC trial oft reatment of hypertension in older adults: principal results., BMJ, 304, 405, 10.1136/bmj.304.6824.405 · DOI
- Sanderson, 1996, Hypertension in the elderly: pressure tot reat?, Health Trends, 28, 117
- 1994, HDS 3: Prospective study of therapy in type 2 diabetic patients efficacy of ACE inhibitor and -blocker., Diabet Med, 11, 773, 10.1111/j.1464-5491.1994.tb00352.x · DOI
- 1998, UKp rospective diabetes study 33: intensive blood glucose control withs ulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk ofc omplications in patients with type 2 diabetes, Lancet, 352, 837, 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)07019-6 · DOI · Paper page
- 1982, Dietary recommendationsf or diabetics for the 1980s., Hum Nutr Appl Nutr, 36, 378
- 10.1001/jama.1991.03460240051027 · DOI · Paper page
- 1994, UK Prospective Diabetes Study XI: biochemical risk factors in type 2 diabetic patients at diagnosis compared witn age-matched normals ubjects., Diabet Med, 11, 534, 10.1111/j.1464-5491.1994.tb02032.x · DOI
- Manley, 1992, Decreases in albumin/creatinine and N-acetylglucosaminidase/creatinine ratiosi n urine samples stored at -20°C., Clin Chem, 38, 2294, 10.1093/clinchem/38.11.2294 · DOI
- Klein, 1989, The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy. XI. The incidence ofm acular edema., Ophthalmology, 96, 1501, 10.1016/S0161-6420(89)32699-6 · DOI
- 1992, Clinical practiceg uidelines., Can Med Assoc J, 147, 697
- Bauduceau, 1996, Hypertension arterielle et diabète. Membres desc onseils d'administration et scientifiques de l'ALFEDIAM., Diabetes Metab, 22, 64
- 10.1001/archinte.1997.00440420033005 · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–246 of 246
Earle, K. A., Istepanian, R. S. H., Zitouni, K., Sungoor, A., & Tang, B. (2010) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/dia.2009.0090 · Cited by 57
Khosla, N., Sarafidis, P. A., & Bakris, G. L. (2006) · Clinics in Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.cll.2006.06.005 · Cited by 62
Thirty-Year Trends in Complications in U.S. Adults With Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes
Fang, M., & Selvin, E. (2021) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc20-2304 · Cited by 59
Figueira, F. R., Umpierre, D., Cureau, F. V., Zucatti, A. T. N., Dalzochio, M. B., Leitão, C. B., & Schaan, B. D. (2014) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-014-0226-2 · Cited by 57
Koppenaal, T., Linmans, J., Knottnerus, J. A., & Spigt, M. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.11.020 · Cited by 56
Perreault, L., Pan, Q., Aroda, V. R., Barrett-Connor, E., Dabelea, D., Dagogo-Jack, S., Hamman, R. F., Kahn, S. E., Mather, K. J., Knowler, W. C., et al. (2017) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/dme.13453 · Cited by 55
Diabetes care in a complex humanitarian emergency setting: a qualitative evaluation
Murphy, A., Biringanine, M., Roberts, B., Stringer, B., Perel, P., & Jobanputra, K. (2017) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-017-2362-5 · Cited by 54
Olesen, K. K. W., Madsen, M., Egholm, G., Thim, T., Jensen, L. O., Raungaard, B., Bøtker, H. E., Sørensen, H. T., & Maeng, M. (2017) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc16-2388 · Cited by 51
Abraira, C., Duckworth, W. C., & Moritz, T. (2009) · Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/j.1463-1326.2008.00933.x · Cited by 51
Marincic, P. Z., Salazar, M. V., Hardin, A., Scott, S., Fan, S. X., Gaillard, P. R., Wyatt, C., Watson, L., Green, P., Glover, P., et al. (2019) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2018.06.303 · Cited by 51
Araki, A., Iimuro, S., Sakurai, T., Umegaki, H., Iijima, K., Nakano, H., Oba, K., Yokono, K., Sone, H., Yamada, N., et al. (2012) · Geriatrics & Gerontology International · doi:10.1111/j.1447-0594.2011.00809.x · Cited by 49
Skinner, T. C., Carey, M. E., Cradock, S., Dallosso, H. M., Daly, H., Davies, M. J., Doherty, Y., Heller, S., Khunti, K., Oliver, L., et al. (2011) · Psychology & Health · doi:10.1080/08870440903411039 · Cited by 47
Wang, J., Chen, Y., Xu, W., Lu, N., Cao, J., & Yu, S. (2019) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0215362 · Cited by 45
Schmidt, A. C., Graf, C., Brixius, K., & Scholze, J. (2007) · Clinical Drug Investigation · doi:10.2165/00044011-200727120-00006 · Cited by 46
Viljoen, A., Hoxer, C. S., Johansen, P., Malkin, S., Hunt, B., & Bain, S. C. (2019) · Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.13564 · Cited by 45
Mourad, J.-J., & Le Jeune, S. (2008) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/01.hjh.0000334072.97080.33 · Cited by 41
Colesevelam for type 2 diabetes mellitus: an abridged Cochrane review
Ooi, C. P., & Loke, S. C. (2014) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/dme.12295 · Cited by 39
Cardiovascular Risk Factors Associated with Insulin Resistance: Effects of Oral Antidiabetic Agents
Granberry, M. C., & Fonseca, V. A. (2005) · American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs · doi:10.2165/00129784-200505030-00006 · Cited by 38
Is hepatic glucose production increased in type 2 diabetes mellitus?
Beck-Nielsen, H., Hother-Nielsen, O., & Staehr, P. (2002) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-002-0088-0 · Cited by 35
Chue, P., & Kovacs, C. S. (2003) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/j.1399-2406.2003.00063.x · Cited by 32
McFarlane, S. I., Shin, J. J., Rundek, T., & Bigger, J. T. (2003) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-003-0070-5 · Cited by 28
Hopkins, N. D., Cuthbertson, D. J., Kemp, G. J., Pugh, C., Green, D. J., Cable, N. T., & Jones, H. (2013) · Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.12089 · Cited by 31
Blood Pressure Control in Diabetes Mellitus: Is Lower Always Better, and How Low Should it Go?
Deedwania, P. C. (2011) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.111.033704 · Cited by 29
Changes in Albumin Excretion in the Diabetes Prevention Program
Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group (2009) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc08-1400 · Cited by 26
Alsanjari, O. N., de Lusignan, S., van Vlymen, J., Gallagher, H., Millett, C., Harris, K., & Majeed, A. (2012) · International Journal of Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1742-1241.2011.02781.x · Cited by 26
Jaleel, A., Klaus, K. A., Morse, D. M., Karakelides, H., Ward, L. E., Irving, B. A., & Nair, K. S. (2009) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00351.2009 · Cited by 23
Xie, X.-X., Liu, P., Wan, F.-Y., Lin, S.-G., Zhong, W.-L., Yuan, Z.-K., Zou, J.-J., & Liu, L.-B. (2016) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.01.197 · Cited by 21
Standl, E., Erbach, M., & Schnell, O. (2012) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.2355 · Cited by 20
Speight, J., Browne, J. L., & Furler, J. (2013) · Current Medical Research and Opinion · doi:10.1185/03007995.2012.761957 · Cited by 20
Management of Hypertension in Diabetic Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease
Steigerwalt, S. (2008) · Diabetes Spectrum · doi:10.2337/diaspect.21.1.30 · Cited by 19
Influence of microalbuminuria in achieving blood pressure goals
Duka, I., & Bakris, G. (2008) · Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension · doi:10.1097/mnh.0b013e328309a497 · Cited by 18
Wentworth, J. M., Fourlanos, S., & Colman, P. G. (2012) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2012.02.012 · Cited by 16
Metformina para la diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Revisión sistemática y metaanálisis
Sáenz Calvo, A., Fernández Esteban, I., Mataix Sanjuán, A., Ausejo Segura, M., Roqué, M., & Moher, D. (2005) · Atención Primaria · doi:10.1157/13078602 · Cited by 17
Angiotensin-Receptor Blockers, Type 2 Diabetes, and Renoprotection
(2002) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm200202283460912 · Cited by 16
Herrin, J., Nicewander, D. A., Hollander, P. A., Couch, C. E., Winter, F. D., Haydar, Z. R., Warren, S. S., & Ballard, D. J. (2006) · Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings · doi:10.1080/08998280.2006.11928137 · Cited by 16
Tanaka, Y., Daida, H., Imai, Y., Miyauchi, K., Sato, Y., Hiwatari, M., Kitagawa, A., Kishimoto, J., Yamazaki, T., & Kawamori, R. (2009) · Hypertension Research · doi:10.1038/hr.2009.96 · Cited by 16
More Versus Less Blood Pressure Lowering: An Update
Atkins, E. R., & Rodgers, A. (2016) · Clinical Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2016.08.007 · Cited by 12
Yusufu, M., Zhang, X., Sun, X., Raat, H., & Wang, N. (2019) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2019.107834 · Cited by 12
Zgibor, J. C., Kuo, S., Emerson, S., Gittinger, P., Solano, F. X., Tilves, D., Maloney, M., & Davidson, M. B. (2014) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2014.07.004 · Cited by 10
Deedwania, P. (2018) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.118.010752 · Cited by 9
Wang, H., Xu, Y., Chen, Q., & Wang, X. (2021) · Applied Intelligence · doi:10.1007/s10489-020-01824-y · Cited by 9
Omar, F. J., Sheeladevi, S., Rani, P. K., Ning, G., & Kabona, G. (2014) · BMC Ophthalmology · doi:10.1186/1471-2415-14-81 · Cited by 8
Sanon, V., Patel, S., Sanon, S., Rodriguez, R., Pham, S., & Chilton, R. (2017) · Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management · doi:10.2147/tcrm.s97619 · Cited by 6
L. P. de Oliveira, V., de Freitas, M. M., P. de Paula, T., Gubert, M. L., Miller, M. E. P., Schuchmann, R. A., Souza, K. L. A., & Viana, L. V. (2024) · Nutrition and Health · doi:10.1177/02601060221124201 · Cited by 8
Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes
American Diabetes Association (2005) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.28.suppl_1.s4 · Cited by 2
DreamTel; diabetes risk evaluation and management tele-monitoring study protocol
Tobe, S. W., Wentworth, J., Ironstand, L., Hartman, S., Hoppe, J., Whiting, J., Kennedy, J., McAllister, C., Kiss, A., Perkins, N., et al. (2009) · BMC Endocrine Disorders · doi:10.1186/1472-6823-9-13 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group
- Corresponding author
- UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group,
- Venue
- BMJ
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 1998-09-12
- Volume
- 317
- Issue
- 7160
- Pages
- 703-713
- ISSN
- 0007-1447 (ISSN-L)
- 0959-8138
- 1468-5833
- OpenAlex
- W3198570063
- Semantic Scholar
- 0689ea6f352bd212c4984871f32639f9e2ef70cb
- Cited by
- 6,683
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 61 · 2025: 99 · 2024: 96 · 2023: 129 · 2022: 145 · 2021: 120 · 2020: 140 · 2019: 168 · 2018: 208 · 2017: 204 · 2016: 230 · 2015: 212 · 2014: 263 · 2013: 277 · 2012: 268
- FWCI
- 173.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.bmj.com/company/legal-information/terms-conditions/legal-information/tdm-licencepolicy (tdm)
- Locations
- BMJ (publishedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Keywords
- tight blood pressure control, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, macrovascular complications, microvascular complications, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy, urinary albumin excretion, stroke, captopril, atenolol, ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, all-cause mortality, diabetes mortality, retinal photocoagulation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
