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Effect of school based physical activity programme (KISS) on fitness and adiposity in primary schoolchildren: cluster randomised controlled trial
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness of a school based physical activity programme during one school year on physical and psychological health in young schoolchildren. DESIGN: Cluster randomised controlled trial. SETTING: 28 classes from 15 elementary schools in Switzerland randomly selected and assigned in a 4:3 ratio to an intervention (n=16) or control arm (n=12) after stratification for grade (first and fifth grade), from August 2005 to June 2006. PARTICIPANTS: 540 children, of whom 502 consented and presented at baseline. INTERVENTION: Children in the intervention arm (n=297) received a multi-component physical activity programme that included structuring the three existing physical education lessons each week and adding two additional lessons a week, daily short activity breaks, and physical activity homework. Children (n=205) and parents in the control group were not informed of an intervention group. For most outcome measures, the assessors were blinded. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Primary outcome measures included body fat (sum of four skinfolds), aerobic fitness (shuttle run test), physical activity (accelerometry), and quality of life (questionnaires). Secondary outcome measures included body mass index and cardiovascular risk score (average z score of waist circumference, mean blood pressure, blood glucose, inverted high density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides). RESULTS: 498 children completed the baseline and follow-up assessments (mean age 6.9 (SD 0.3) years for first grade, 11.1 (0.5) years for fifth grade). After adjustment for grade, sex, baseline values, and clustering within classes, children in the intervention arm compared with controls showed more negative changes in the z score of the sum of four skinfolds (-0.12, 95 % confidence interval -0.21 to -0.03; P=0.009). Likewise, their z scores for aerobic fitness increased more favourably (0.17, 0.01 to 0.32; P=0.04), as did those for moderate-vigorous physical activity in school (1.19, 0.78 to 1.60; P<0.001), all day moderate-vigorous physical activity (0.44, 0.05 to 0.82; P=0.03), and total physical activity in school (0.92, 0.35 to 1.50; P=0.003). Z scores for overall daily physical activity (0.21, -0.21 to 0.63) and physical quality of life (0.42, -1.23 to 2.06) as well as psychological quality of life (0.59, -0.85 to 2.03) did not change significantly. CONCLUSIONS: A school based multi-component physical activity intervention including compulsory elements improved physical activity and fitness and reduced adiposity in children. Trial registration Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN15360785.
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“A number of studies combined aspects of the TEO in a multicomponent approach.64, 91, 99”
From A mixed-studies systematic review and meta-analysis of school-based interventions to promote physical activity and/or reduce sedentary time in children (2020) · cites this paper as [64]
In the citing paper
“Low risk Comment: intention-to-treat principle employed”
From School-based physical activity programs for promoting physical activity and fitness in children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 (2013) · cites this paper as Kriemler 2010
In the citing paper
“Low risk Comment: relevant confounders taken into account”
From School-based physical activity programs for promoting physical activity and fitness in children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 (2013) · cites this paper as Kriemler 2010
In the citing paper
“Low risk Comment: randomized using a random numbers table”
From School-based physical activity programs for promoting physical activity and fitness in children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 (2013) · cites this paper as Kriemler 2010
In the citing paper
“Low risk Comment: criterion not applicable because all participants were allocated at 1 point in time following recruitment, so at time of recruitment allocation was not known”
From School-based physical activity programs for promoting physical activity and fitness in children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 (2013) · cites this paper as Kriemler 2010
In the citing paper
“High risk Quote:”
From School-based physical activity programs for promoting physical activity and fitness in children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 (2013) · cites this paper as Kriemler 2010
In the citing paper
“Low risk Comment: all outcomes identified a priori were reported on”
From School-based physical activity programs for promoting physical activity and fitness in children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 (2013) · cites this paper as Kriemler 2010
In the citing paper
“Low risk Comment: data collection tools reported to be valid and reliable”
From School-based physical activity programs for promoting physical activity and fitness in children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 (2013) · cites this paper as Kriemler 2010
In the citing paper
“Kriemler 2010 End of intervention 502 boys and girls 101 102 P = 0.88 0 (95% CI -0.3 to 0.2)”
From School-based physical activity programs for promoting physical activity and fitness in children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 (2013) · cites this paper as Kriemler 2010
In the citing paper
“Another more recent 1-year multicomponent school-based physical activity intervention found improvements in accelerometer-assessed moderate to vigorous physical activity as well as in body composition.257”
From Population Approaches to Improve Diet, Physical Activity, and Smoking Habits: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2012) · cites this paper as [257]
In the citing paper
“In controlled trials, such multicomponent interventions often increase the amount and/or intensity of physical activity during school hours.”
From Population Approaches to Improve Diet, Physical Activity, and Smoking Habits: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2012) · cites this paper as [257]
In the citing paper
“More recent multicomponent school-based PE/physical activity interventions in Europe demonstrated improvements over 1 academic year in aerobic fitness, skin-fold thickness, and/or BMI z score overall or in certain subgroups.257,261”
From Population Approaches to Improve Diet, Physical Activity, and Smoking Habits: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2012) · cites this paper as [257]
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Items 201–300 of 525
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“Researchers used a cluster randomised controlled trial design to assess the effectiveness of a multicomponent physical activity programme on the physical and psychological health of young schoolchildren.”
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“Even though school-based interventions have been clearly shown to be more effective than interventions in other settings, it has not been demonstrated that interventions consisting of multiple elements are more advantageous than ones consisting of a single element [20, 22, 23].”
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“[21] Effect of school based physical activity programme (KISS) on fitness and adiposity in primary schoolchildren: cluster randomised controlled trial.”
BackgroundWhat is health-related fitness? Investigating the underlying factor structure of fitness in youth
Britton, Ú., Issartel, J., Fahey, G., Conyngham, G., & Belton, S. (2019) · European Physical Education Review · doi:10.1177/1356336x19882060 · Cited by 33
“If CRE alone is used as a measure of HRF, as has been the case in many studies (Barnett et al., 2008; Kriemler et al., 2010; Woods et al., 2010), then the important contribution of MS and ME would be ignored.”
BackgroundMethodEvidence for the Efficacy of the Youth-Physical Activity towards Health (Y-PATH) Intervention
O’Brien, W., Issartel, J., & Belton, S. (2013) · Advances in Physical Education · doi:10.4236/ape.2013.34024 · Cited by 36
“Another recent study, by Kriemler et al. (2010) evaluating the effect of a school based PA programme on children found that intervention participants successfully obtained 11 more minutes of daily MVPA than control participants.”
Fitness, Stress, and Body Composition in Primary Schoolchildren
Gerber, M., Endes, K., Herrmann, C., Colledge, F., Brand, S., Donath, L., Faude, O., Pühse, U., Hanssen, H., & Zahner, L. (2016) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001123 · Cited by 30
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Julian, V., Bergsten, P., Forslund, A. H., Ahlström, H. K., Ciba, I., Dahlbom, M., Furthner, D., Gomahr, J., Kullberg, J., Maruszczak, K., et al. (2022) · Pediatric Obesity · doi:10.1111/ijpo.12897 · Cited by 32
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“[77] The sample size calculation was performed using the sample size calculator for cluster randomized trials of Campbell et al.”
MethodEffect of a school environment intervention on adolescent adiposity and physical fitness
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“To change the general physical fitness for a large group, PA interventions must add activities that fulfill the demands of intensity, duration, frequency, and compliance (Armstrong et al., 2011; Kriemler et al., 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialSuchert, V., Isensee, B., Sargent, J. D., Weisser, B., & Hanewinkel, R. (2015) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.10.002 · Cited by 28
Eather, N., Morgan, P. J., & Lubans, D. R. (2012) · Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy · doi:10.1080/17408989.2012.690375 · Cited by 28
“Similar successes were reported during the KISS programme (Kriemler et al. 2010).”
ResultSmit, M. S., Boelens, M., Mölenberg, F. J. M., Raat, H., & Jansen, W. (2022) · Pediatric Obesity · doi:10.1111/ijpo.12997 · Cited by 30
Effects of a health‐promotion programme in sixth grade German students' physical education
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“…Science interventions exist that simultaneously examine the effects of a health-promotion PE programme on objective measures such as students’ motor performance, BMI and the subjective health-related quality of life (HRQOL) (Hartmann, Zahner, Pühse, Puder, & Kriemler, 2010; Kriemler et al., 2010).”
BackgroundGerber, M., Ayekoé, S. A., Beckmann, J., Bonfoh, B., Coulibaly, J. T., Dao, D., du Randt, R., Finda, L., Gall, S., Mollel, G. J., et al. (2020) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-019-3883-5 · Cited by 26
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“Included studies consisted of 15 randomised controlled trials (RCTs; n = 13 cluster, n = 2 parallel) and four non-RCTs (parallel).”
BackgroundInfluentialGetting Active with Active Video Games: A Quasi-Experimental Study
Liang, Y., Lau, W. C., Jiang, Y., & Maddison, R. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17217984 · Cited by 30
“At least two valid days of data were required for inclusion [30].”
BackgroundFeasibility of the InPACT Intervention to Enhance Movement and Learning in the Classroom
Beemer, L. R., Ajibewa, T. A., O’Sullivan, M. P., Nagy, M. R., Ransier, B., Stockdill, D. B., Vance, U. S., Colabianchi, N., & Hasson, R. E. (2018) · Translational Journal of the American College of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1249/tjx.0000000000000069 · Cited by 25
“Several programs have been developed that combine MVPAwith the teaching and review of academic content across the United States and globally, including Happy 10 (19), Take 10! (18), Physical Activity Across the Curriculum (14), The Class Moves (16), Texas Initiatives for Children’s Activity and Nutrition (I-CAN!) (15)…”
BackgroundHigh‐volume sports club participation and autonomic nervous system activity in children
Radtke, T., Khattab, K., Brugger, N., Eser, P., Saner, H. E., & Wilhelm, M. (2013) · European Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1111/eci.12112 · Cited by 24
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“More recently, a school-based multi-component PA intervention carried out in Switzerland reported reduced adiposity among children who also had improved PA and fitness [25].”
BackgroundSkrede, T., Aadland, E., Andersen, L. B., Stavnsbo, M., Anderssen, S. A., Resaland, G. K., & Ekelund, U. (2018) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/s41366-018-0108-z · Cited by 25
“Some PA interventions in healthy children successfully manage to increase CRF and subsequently detect favourable changes in cardiometabolic outcomes [42, 43].”
BackgroundRexen, C. T., Ersbøll, A. K., Møller, N. C., Klakk, H., Wedderkopp, N., & Andersen, L. B. (2014) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.12293 · Cited by 24
“Kriemler et al. (2010) identified a 5% intervention effect on aerobic shuttle run, and Walther et al. (2009) identified a VO2max intervention effect of 8.11%.”
BackgroundInfluentialMouratidou, T., Mesana, M. I., Μanios, Y., Koletzko, B. V., Chinapaw, M. J. M., Bourdeaudhuij, I. D., Socha, P., Iotova, V., Moreno, L. A., & ToyBox‐study group (2012) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1467-789x.2011.00958.x · Cited by 23
“Five out of the 25 papers refer to the follow-up findings of five original included studies (38,41,43,45,47).”
BackgroundInfluentialAriza, C., Sánchez‐Martínez, F., Serral, G., Valmayor, S., Juárez, O., Pasarín, M. I., Castell, C., Rajmil, L., & López, M. J. (2018) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/nxy259 · Cited by 27
CHAMP: A cluster randomized-control trial to prevent obesity in child care centers
Armstrong, B., Trude, A. C. B., Johnson, C., Castelo, R. J., Zemanick, A., Haber-Sage, S., Arbaiza, R., & Black, M. M. (2019) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2019.105849 · Cited by 23
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“7 cm (30,31) to others showing no change (9,32,33).”
Ardoy, D. N., Artero, E., Ruiz, J., Labayen, I., Sjöström, M., Castillo, M., & Ortega, F. (2013) · Nutrición Hospitalaria · doi:10.3305/nh.2013.28.1.6146 · Cited by 17
“Kriemler et al.(16) observed that increasing the frequency of PE a week (from 2 days a week to daily) had a positive effect on HDLc and triglycerides, but not on systolic-diastolic blood pressure and glucose level, after one school-year of intervention (KISS study).”
Miguel‐Etayo, P. D., Moreno, L. A., Iglesia, I., Bel‐Serrat, S., Mouratidou, T., & Garagorri, J. M. (2013) · PubMed · doi:10.3305/nh.2013.28.1.6264 · Cited by 23
Thakur, J. S., Bharti, B., Tripathy, J. P., Dhawan, V., & Bhansali, A. (2016) · Journal of Tropical Pediatrics · doi:10.1093/tropej/fmw020 · Cited by 23
Rueegg, C. S., Kriemler, S., Zürcher, S. J., Schindera, C., Renner, A., Hebestreit, H. U., Meier, C., Eser, P., & von der Weid, N. (2017) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12885-017-3801-8 · Cited by 23
“A longitudinal study showed that a clustered score in adolescents predicted metabolic syndrome in adulthood [33] and was sensitive to change by a physical activity intervention in youth [34].”
BackgroundSelf-citationAddressing Disparities in Physical Activity Participation Among African American and Latino Youth
Hasson, R. E. (2018) · Kinesiology Review · doi:10.1123/kr.2018-0015 · Cited by 23
Quitério, A. L. D. (2013) · Health Education Journal · doi:10.1177/0017896912460934 · Cited by 22
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Wright, C. M., Chomitz, V. R., Duquesnay, P. J., Amin, S. A., Economos, C. D., & Sacheck, J. M. (2019) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-018-6335-3 · Cited by 22
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“Studies from the last decade related to ‘physical activity’ in the field of biomedicine and health argue that there is evidence of the benefits of moderate to vigorous PA for the future health of children and youth (Adab, Pallan, Lancashire, & Cheng, 2018; Kriemler et al., 2010; Ma, Le Mare, & Gurd, 2014; OECD, 2019;…”
BackgroundAdolescent Running Biomechanics - Implications for Injury Prevention and Rehabilitation
McSweeney, S. C., Silbernagel, K. G., Gruber, A. H., Heiderscheit, B. C., Krabak, B. J., Rauh, M. J., Tenforde, A. S., Wearing, S. C., Zech, A., & Hollander, K. (2021) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2021.689846 · Cited by 22
Wang, G., Zi, Y., Li, B., Su, S., Sun, L., Wang, F., Ren, C., & Liu, Y. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19106331 · Cited by 29
“Furthermore, small improvements in children’s fitness are accompanied by significant improvements in cardiovascular health [23,24].”
BackgroundResult of school-based intervention on cardiovascular risk factors
Hrafnkelsson, H., Magnússon, K. T., Þórsdóttir, I., Jóhannsson, E., & Sigurðsson, E. L. (2014) · Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care · doi:10.3109/02813432.2014.982363 · Cited by 23
Yap, P., Müller, I., Walter, C., Seelig, H., Gerber, M., Steinmann, P., Damons, B. P., Smith, D., Gall, S., Bänninger, D., et al. (2015) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-015-2636-y · Cited by 22
“(i) Physical activity [9, 16]: Regular physical activity opportunities, including two physical education (PE) lessons a week, weekly dancing-to-music classes, and in-class activity breaks will be incorporated into the main school curriculum and a physical activity friendly school environment will be created.”
BackgroundXu, H., Ecker, O., Zhang, Q., Du, S., Liu, A., Li, Y., Hu, X., Li, T., Guo, H., Li, Y., et al. (2020) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0235951 · Cited by 21
Li, Z., Liu, Y., Han, X., & Zhou, Z. (2023) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2023.1060216 · Cited by 27
“, 2009) and has been used in large intervention trials with children (Kriemler et al., 2010).”
MethodMüller, I., Smith, D., Adams, L., Aerts, A., Damons, B. P., Degen, J., Gall, S., Gani, Z., Gerber, M., Gresse, A., et al. (2019) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/14097 · Cited by 21
“A randomized controlled trial (RCT) with Swiss elementary school learners (first and fifth graders) has shown that a 1-year school-based intervention can markedly improve physical activity and fitness, while simultaneously reducing obesity [26].”
BackgroundDurá-Travé, T., Gallinas-Victoriano, F., Chueca-Guindulain, M. J., Berrade‐Zubiri, S., Urretavizcaya-Martinez, M., & Ahmed-Mohamed, L. (2019) · Nutrition and Diabetes · doi:10.1038/s41387-019-0083-z · Cited by 21
Hassan, M. A. S., McDonough, D. J., Ryu, S., Zhou, W., Oginni, J., & Gao, Z. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1504279 · Cited by 37
Reproducibility of domain-specific physical activity over two seasons in children
Aadland, E., Andersen, L. B., Ekelund, U., Anderssen, S. A., & Resaland, G. K. (2018) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-018-5743-8 · Cited by 21
Adapting the InPACT Intervention to Enhance Implementation Fidelity and Flexibility
Hasson, R. E., Beemer, L. R., Ajibewa, T. A., & Eisman, A. B. (2021) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-020-01199-z · Cited by 20
“…in-school physical activity, improving fitness, weight status, on-task behavior, and academic achievement in children (Bartholomew and Jowers 2011; De Meij et al. 2010; Donnelly et al. 2009; Katz et al. 2010; Kibbe et al. 2011; Kriemler et al. 2010; Liu et al. 2008; Whitt-Glover et al. 2011).”
BackgroundHerouvi, D., Paltoglou, G., Soldatou, A., Kalpia, C., Karanasios, S., & Karavanaki, K. (2023) · Children · doi:10.3390/children10071230 · Cited by 28
“The results of further studies are inconclusive; some studies report a significant decrease [41] and others report no change in adiposity [42].”
ResultIntervention effects of a school-based health promotion program on children’s motor skills
Lämmle, C., Kobel, S., Wartha, O., Wirt, T., & Steinacker, J. M. (2016) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/s10389-016-0715-x · Cited by 20
“Similar results were shown in a 1- year intervention aiming to improve fitness of first graders in Switzerland by adding two extra PE lessons per week (Kriemler et al. 2010).”
ResultCvejic, D., & Ostojić, S. M. (2018) · Facta Universitatis Series Physical Education and Sport · doi:10.22190/fupes1703437c · Cited by 23
“Some interventions include additional classes of PE (Kriemler et al., 2010).”
BackgroundResultGłąbska, D., Guzek, D., Mellová, B., Zadka, K., Żywczyk, K., & Gutkowska, K. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16030405 · Cited by 20
Marta, C., Alves, A. R., Esteves, P., Casanova, N., Marinho, D. A., Neiva, H. P., Aguado-Jiménez, R., Alonso-Martínez, A. M., Izquierdo, M., & Marques, M. C. (2019) · Pediatric Exercise Science · doi:10.1123/pes.2018-0287 · Cited by 20
“Schools can provide a supportive environment for promoting physical activity and fitness among young people (20,31), and a number of studies underscore the value of school-based programs to achieve this goal (11,21).”
BackgroundWhich school-based interventions work better to combat obesity in children? A network meta-analysis
Nikooyeh, B., Yari, Z., Hariri, Z., Baghdadi, G., Yazdani, H., Motlagh, M. E., & Neyestani, T. R. (2025) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/s13643-025-02871-7 · Cited by 31
Lane, G. L., Nisbet, C., Johnson, S., Candow, D. G., Chilibeck, P. D., & Vatanparast, H. (2021) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2020-0666 · Cited by 22
Yu, J., Huang, F., Zhang, X., Xue, H., Ni, X., Yang, J., Zou, Z., & Du, W. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15194164 · Cited by 19
Aires, L., Silva, G., Martins, C., Marques, E. A., Lagoa, M. J., Ribeiro, J. C., Rêgo, C., Nascimento, H., Rocha‐Pereira, P., Santos‐Silva, A., et al. (2015) · Annals of Human Biology · doi:10.3109/03014460.2015.1059889 · Cited by 22
“Furthermore, the long-term impact of interventions is also unclear (Kelishadi & Azizi-Soleiman, 2014; Kriemler et al., 2010; Meyer et al., 2014).”
BackgroundSigmund, E., Sigmundová, D., Baďura, P., & Voráčová, J. (2015) · Central European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.21101/cejph.a4181 · Cited by 19
Cecchetto, F. H., Peña, D. B., & Pellanda, L. C. (2017) · Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia · doi:10.5935/abc.20170107 · Cited by 20
“Diferença média (IC 95%) 2,2 (1,0; 3,4) 2,4 (1,5; 3,3)”
Chronic Disorders in Children and Adolescents
Goldstein, M. L., & Morewitz, S. J. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-9764-7 · Cited by 19
Pinto‐Escalona, T., Gobbi, E., Valenzuela, P. L., Bennett, S. J., Aschieri, P., Martín‐Loeches, M., Paoli, A., & Martínez‐de‐Quel, Ó. (2021) · Journal of sport and health science/Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2021.06.005 · Cited by 19
RetractedTeacher Training and Engagement in Health Promotion Mediates Health Behavior Outcomes
Husseini, M. N., Zwas, D. R., & Donchin, M. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19053128 · Cited by 18
“These findings add to the descriptive literature that suggests that training of teachers and coordinators is a major component in the success of school-based health promotion interventions [27,28] and interventions specifically targeting physical activity [29,30].”
BackgroundRueegg, C. S., Zürcher, S. J., Schindera, C., Jung, R., Deng, W. H., Baenteli, I., Schaeff, J., Hebestreit, H. U., von der Weid, N., & Kriemler, S. (2023) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/s41416-023-02410-y · Cited by 25
“Randomisation and sample size A 1-year PA intervention in children and adolescents found a 14% reduction in the same CVD risk score used in our study [72].”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationSensitivity of Blood Lipids to Changes in Adiposity, Exercise, and Diet in Children
Telford, R. D., Cunningham, R. B., Waring, P. M., Telford, R. M., Potter, J. M., Hickman, P. E., & Abhayaratna, W. P. (2014) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000000493 · Cited by 18
Development of physical fitness in Austrian primary school children
Ruedl, G., Franz, D., Frühauf, A., Kopp, M., Niedermeier, M., Drenowatz, C. J., & Greier, K. (2018) · Wiener klinische Wochenschrift · doi:10.1007/s00508-018-1336-x · Cited by 18
“increase motor abilities and decrease daily sedentary activities [18, 28, 29].”
BackgroundNqweniso, S., Walter, C., du Randt, R., Aerts, A., Adams, L., Degen, J., Gall, S., Gani, Z., Joubert, N., Müller, I., et al. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12166581 · Cited by 18
“This is in line with previous studies showing that school-based PA interventions can contribute to the prevention of overweight/obesity among school-aged children [38,39].”
ResultGall, S., Walter, C., du Randt, R., Adams, L., Joubert, N., Müller, I., Nqweniso, S., Pühse, U., Seelig, H., Smith, D., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2020.492618 · Cited by 18
Simon, C., Schweitzer, B., Triby, E., Haußer, F., Copin, N., Kellou, N., Platat, C., & Blanc, S. (2011) · Cahiers de Nutrition et de Diététique · doi:10.1016/j.cnd.2011.03.003 · Cited by 21
Völgyi, E., Alén, M., Xu, L., Lyytikäinen, A., Wang, Q., Munukka, E., Wiklund, P., Tylavsky, F. A., & Cheng, S. (2011) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00996.2010 · Cited by 18
Kelley, G. A., & Kelley, K. S. (2016) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011258 · Cited by 18
Preventing obesity in primary schoolchildren
van Sluijs, E. M. F., & McMinn, A. M. (2010) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.c819 · Cited by 18
A Scoping Review on Quality Physical Education Programmes and Their Outcomes on Primary-Level Pupils
Kingston, Ú., Adamakis, M., Lester, D., & Costa, J. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20043575 · Cited by 17
“Another experiment showed that the planning and delivery of PE lessons by PE-specialist teachers in comparison to generalist teachers resulted in a relative improvement of physical fitness in the quasi-test group in comparison to the quasi-control group [41].”
ResultManojlović, M., Roklicer, R., Trivić, T., Milic, R., Maksimovic, N., Tabakov, R., Sekulić, D., Bianco, A., & Drid, P. (2023) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2023.1180639 · Cited by 18
“Various types of physical activity interventions carried out in school surroundingwere efficient in enhancing cardiorespiratory fitness (Kriemler et al., 2010; Meyer et al., 2014; García-Hermoso et al., 2020; Kolle et al., 2020), muscular fitness (Martínez-Vizcaíno et al.”
BackgroundShoesmith, A., Hall, A. E., Hope, K. G., Sutherland, R., Hodder, R. K., Trost, S. G., Lecathelinais, C., Lane, C., McCarthy, N., & Nathan, N. (2020) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2020.101179 · Cited by 17
Robbins, L. B., Ling, J., Törüner, E. K., Bourne, K. A., & Pfeiffer, K. A. (2016) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3329-x · Cited by 25
Durá-Travé, T., Gallinas-Victoriano, F., Urretavizcaya-Martinez, M., Ahmed-Mohamed, L., Guinduláin, M. J. C., & Berrade‐Zubiri, S. (2018) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2018.08.007 · Cited by 17
Ruedl, G., Greier, K., Niedermeier, M., Posch, M., Prünster, V., Faulhaber, M., & Burtscher, M. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16214117 · Cited by 16
“In addition, there is evidence that daily lessons in physical education reduce adiposity and show a significantly lower rise in BMI during primary school as well as increase motor abilities and decrease daily sedentary activities [45].”
BackgroundMcGrane, B., Powell, D., Belton, S., & Issartel, J. (2017) · Journal of Motor Learning and Development · doi:10.1123/jmld.2016-0073 · Cited by 16
“The minimum number of valid days required for inclusion in analysis was two weekdays (Kriemler et al., 2010).”
BackgroundSzeszulski, J., Lorenzo, E., Shaibi, G. Q., Buman, M. P., Vega‐López, S., Hooker, S. P., & Lee, R. E. (2019) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2019.100915 · Cited by 16
Physical fitness attenuates the genetic predisposition to obesity in children and adolescents
Todendi, P. F., Brand, C., Silveira, J. F. D. C., Gaya, A. R., Agostinis‐Sobrinho, C., Fiegenbaum, M., Burns, R. D., Valim, A. R. D. M., & Reuter, C. P. (2020) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.13899 · Cited by 19
Suchert, V., Isensee, B., Hansen, J., Johannsen, M., Krieger, C., Müller, K., Sauer, I., Weisser, B., Sargent, J. D., & Hanewinkel, R. (2013) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-14-416 · Cited by 16
“The ICC for physical fitness and adiposity was taken from another cluster randomized controlled trial, the Kindersportstudie (KISS) [28,29] and estimated with approximately 0.”
MethodInfluentialRuedl, G., Greier, K., Kirschner, W., & Kopp, M. (2015) · Wiener klinische Wochenschrift · doi:10.1007/s00508-015-0887-3 · Cited by 16
Guo, L., He, H., & Wang, C. (2025) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2025.1532035 · Cited by 22
Aerobic fitness thresholds to define poor cardiometabolic health in children and youth
Aadland, E., Anderssen, S. A., Andersen, L. B., Resaland, G. K., Kolle, E., & Steene‐Johannessen, J. (2018) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.13330 · Cited by 15
Yüksel, H. S. (2018) · European Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.12973/eu-jer.8.1.199 · Cited by 17
“Various studies on school-based physical activities have also found that such programs have an important contribution to physical fitness (Dobbins et al., 2009; Gorely et al., 2009; Harris, Kuramoto, Schulzer, and Retallack, 2009; Kriemler et al., 2010).”
BackgroundDifferential effects of a school‐based obesity prevention program: A cluster randomized trial
Nickel, N. C., Doupe, M. B., Enns, J. E., Brownell, M. D., Sarkar, J., Chateau, D. G., Burland, E., Chartier, M., Katz, A., Crockett, L. K., et al. (2020) · Maternal and Child Nutrition · doi:10.1111/mcn.13009 · Cited by 15
“…previous experimental trials of school-based healthy living interventions (Burke, Meyer, Kay, Allensworth, & Gazmararian, 2014; Jansen et al., 2011; Kriemler et al., 2010) and the original cluster randomized controlled trial of Healthy Buddies™ in Manitoba (Santos et al., 2014b), our study showed…”
ResultAndersen, E., Øvreås, S., Jørgensen, K. A., Borch-Jenssen, J., & Moser, T. (2020) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-020-09725-y · Cited by 15
RetractedRapid Realist Review of School-Based Physical Activity Interventions in 7- to 11-Year-Old Children
Defever, E., & Jones, M. A. (2021) · Children · doi:10.3390/children8010052 · Cited by 16
“Five studies (18%) reported the application of social cognitive theory [23–25,43,56], three studies (11%) reported intervention design around the socioecological model [29,45,53], one study (3%) reported use of a behavioral change model [22], one (3%) reported theories of organizational change and innovation [55], and…”
BackgroundInfluentialEndes, K., Faude, O., Donath, L., Bean-Eisenhut, S., Hanssen, H., & Zahner, L. (2015) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2015.1109703 · Cited by 15
“Families were classified as migrants in case both parents were from Eastern or Southern European countries, Africa, Asia, Central or South America or less developed countries (Kriemler et al., 2010).”
BackgroundSelf-citationReloba-Martínez, S., Ríos, L. J. C., Tamayo, I. M., Almeida, L. G., López-Gomez, M. A., & Campos‐Jara, C. (2016) · Motriz Revista de Educação Física · doi:10.1590/s1980-6574201600040022 · Cited by 15
Ruedl, G., Ewald, P., Niedermeier, M., Kirschner, W., Kopp, M., Drenowatz, C. J., & Greier, K. (2018) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.13316 · Cited by 15
Pedersen, N. H., Grøntved, A., Brønd, J. C., Møller, N. C., Larsen, K. T., Debrabant, B., Koch, S., Troelsen, J., Brage, S., Schipperijn, J., et al. (2023) · The Lancet Regional Health - Europe · doi:10.1016/j.lanepe.2022.100575 · Cited by 20
How Can We Help People to Develop Lean and Healthy Bodies? A New Perspective
Gutin, B. (2013) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/02701367.2013.762324 · Cited by 14
“Randomized trials that have emphasized vigorous PA, without any attempt to restrict energy intake, have generally shown beneficial effects on general and visceral fatness and bone mass (e.g., Friedenreich et al., 2011; Kriemler et al., 2010; Simon et al., 2008).”
BackgroundKühr, P., Lima, R. A., Grøntved, A., Wedderkopp, N., & Klakk, H. (2019) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/apa.15005 · Cited by 14
“Other studies conducted by Lazaar et al (4), Sollerhed and Ejlertsson (5) and Kriemler et al (6) observed a larger decrease in BMI in intervention groups than control groups in studies that lasted for a shorter period and provided fewer extra physical education classes.”
ResultChanges in physical activity behavior and development of cardiovascular risk in children
Lona, G., Hauser, C., Köchli, S., Infanger, D., Endes, K., Faude, O., & Hanssen, H. (2021) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.13931 · Cited by 16
da Silva, L. S. M., Fisberg, M., Pires, M. M. D. S., Nassar, S. M., & Sottovia, C. B. (2013) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/ejcn.2013.178 · Cited by 14
Gadais, T. (2016) · Staps · doi:10.3917/sta.109.0057 · Cited by 15
Tarp, J., Jespersen, E., Møller, N. C., Klakk, H., Wessner, B., Wedderkopp, N., & Bugge, A. (2018) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-018-5524-4 · Cited by 15
“These studies were based on provision of additional physical education and have evaluated both immediate post-intervention and long-term follow-up difference between intervention and control schools [41, 42, 51].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Kriemler, S., Zahner, L., Schindler, C., Meyer, U., Hartmann, T., Hebestreit, H., Brunner-La Rocca, H. P., van Mechelen, W., & Puder, J. J.
- Affiliations
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (CH)
- University of Basel (CH)
- Universitätsklinikum Würzburg (DE)
- University of Lausanne (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Kriemler, S.
- Venue
- BMJ
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2010-02-23
- Volume
- 340
- Issue
- feb23 1
- Pages
- c785-c785
- ISSN
- 0007-1447 (ISSN-L)
- 0959-8138
- 1468-5833
- PMC
- PMC2827713
- OpenAlex
- W1990388280
- Cited by
- 524
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 46 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 56 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 38 · 2013: 45 · 2012: 43
- FWCI
- 29.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- BMJ (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (publishedVersion)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- IRIS (submittedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- SERVAL (Université de Lausanne) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Universität Basel
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (114401)
- Economic and Social Research Council (ES/G007462/1)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Children's Physical and Motor Development
- Keywords
- elementary school students, physical education, adiposity, fat mass, cardiorespiratory fitness, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, quality of life, cardiovascular risk, blood pressure, blood glucose, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, active breaks, childhood obesity prevention, Switzerland, Lausanne
- MeSH terms
- Child, Exercise Therapy, Health Status, Humans, Mental Health, Obesity, Physical Fitness, School Health Services, Cluster Analysis, Treatment Outcome, Adiposity
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