Feasibility of a blended group treatment (bGT) for major depression: uncontrolled interventional study in a university setting
Open accessAbstract
Objective: This study investigated the feasibility of a novel blended (face-to-face and computer-based) group intervention for the reduction of depressive symptoms in major depression. Design: Patient-centred uncontrolled interventional study. Setting: University setting in a general community sample. A multimodal recruitment strategy (public health centres and public areas) was applied. Participants: Based on independent interviews, 26 participants, diagnosed with major depressive disorder (81% female; 23% comorbidity >1 and 23% comorbidity >2), entered treatment. Intervention: Acceptance and mindfulness based, as well as self-management and resource-oriented psychotherapy principles served as the theoretical basis for the low-threshold intervention. The blended format included face-to-face sessions, complemented with multimedia presentations and a platform featuring videos, online work sheets, an unguided group chat and remote therapist–patient communication. Main outcome measures: The Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale and the 12-item General Health Questionnaire. Results: Large to very large within group effect sizes were found on self-reported depression ( F (2, 46.37) =25.69, p<0.001; d =1.80), general health ( F (2,46.73) =11.47, p<0.001; d =1.32), personal resources ( F (2,43.36) =21.17, p<0.001; d =0.90) and mindfulness ( F (2,46.22) =9.40, p<0.001; d =1.12) after a follow-up period of 3 months. Treatment satisfaction was high, and 69% ranked computer and multimedia use as a therapeutic factor. Furthermore, participants described treatment intensification as important advantage of the blended format. Half of the patients (48%) would have preferred more time for personal exchange. Conclusion: The investigated blended group format seems feasible for the reduction of depressive symptoms in major depression. The development of blended interventions can benefit from assuring that highly structured treatments actually meet patients’ needs. As a next step, the intervention should be tested in comparative trials in routine care. Trial registration number: DRKS00010894; Pre-results.
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Some participants in studies of CBT with in-person therapist sessions preferred longer individual therapy sessions (greater than the standard 50-70 minutes).
“some participants reported preference for both longer individual therapy sessions (greater than the standard 50-70 minutes) [151]”
From Barriers to and facilitators of user engagement with digital mental health interventions: Systematic review (2021) · cites this paper as [151]
The Results and Discussion report that 48% of participants wanted more time for interaction during in-person group sessions. They do not report a preference for longer individual therapy sessions. The Methods specify that the in-person sessions lasted 90 minutes; 50–70 minutes was the approximate time to complete an online session, not a standard in-person session length. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe length of the program and the length of individual sessions play a role in participants' satisfaction and motivation to continue with the program.
“The length of the program as well as the length of individual sessions played a role in participants’ satisfaction and their motivation to continue with the program [88,138,147-151].”
From Barriers to and facilitators of user engagement with digital mental health interventions: Systematic review (2021) · cites this paper as [151]
The Results (Applicability and process aspects; page not provided) report that participants preferred a longer program and that 48% wanted more time for discussion within sessions. The Discussion also treats these preferences as relevant to treatment design. But the paper does not establish that either duration affected satisfaction or motivation to continue; it reports those outcomes separately. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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Branquinho, M., Canavarro, M. C., & Fonseca, A. (2023) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1007/s41811-023-00182-0 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Cognitive behavioral therapy and adjustment disorder
Quero, S., Fernández-Buendía, S., Baños, R., & Botella, C. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-85726-0.00038-7 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Jiménez-Orenga, N., Díaz‐García, A., García‐Palacios, A., & Bretón-López, J. M. (2024) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2024.100761 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Netter, A.-L., Beintner, I., & Brakemeier, E. (2021) · doi:10.2196/preprints.35482
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We2U – Hybrid Mentalization-Based Group Therapy for Adolescents
Walle, M. F., Ulstein, K.-A., Hummelen, B., & Stänicke, L. I. (2026) · Journal of Infant Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/15289168.2026.2680900
- Authors
- Schuster, R., Fichtenbauer, I., Sparr, V. M., Berger, T., & Laireiter, A.-R.
- Affiliations
- University of Salzburg (AT)
- University of Vienna (AT)
- University of Bern (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Schuster, Raphael
- Venue
- BMJ Open
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2018-03
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- e018412
- ISSN
- 2044-6055 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5857649
- OpenAlex
- W2792152565
- Cited by
- 23
- References
- 77
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 5 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3
- FWCI
- 3.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- BMJ Open (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Phaidra (Universität Wien) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Bern Open Repository and Information System (University of Bern) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Open Access CRIS of the University of Bern
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Telemedicine and Telehealth Implementation
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- major depressive disorder, self-management, feasibility, depressive symptoms, treatment satisfaction, low-threshold intervention, multimedia presentations
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Depressive Disorder, Major, Major Depressive Disorder, Feasibility Studies, Female, Health Services Research, Humans, Male, Mental Health Services, Middle Aged, Therapy, Computer-Assisted, Universities, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Young Adult, Mindfulness
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