Effect of the Pregnant+ smartphone application in women with gestational diabetes mellitus: a randomised controlled trial in Norway
Open accessAbstract
Objective: To assess the effect of the Pregnant+ app on the 2-hour glucose level of the routine postpartum oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) among women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). The Pregnant+ app was designed to provide information about GDM, and promote physical activity and a healthy diet. Design: A multicentre, non-blinded randomised controlled trial. Setting: Five diabetes outpatient clinics in the Oslo region. Participants: Women ≥18 years old with a 2-hour OGTT blood glucose level ≥9 mmol/L who owned a smartphone; understood Norwegian, Urdu or Somali; and were <33 weeks pregnant. A total of 238 women were randomised; 158 women completed the OGTT post partum. Intervention: The Pregnant+ app and usual care, the control group received usual care. Primary and secondary outcomes: The primary outcome was the 2-hour blood glucose level of the routine postpartum OGTT. Secondary outcomes reported were mode of delivery, induction of labour, Apgar score, birth weight, transfer to the neonatal intensive care unit and breast feeding practice. Blood glucose levels during pregnancy, knowledge of diabetes, diet and physical activity are not reported. Results: No difference was found for the 2-hour blood glucose level of the postpartum OGTT, with 6.7 mmol/L (95% CI 6.2 to 7.1) in the intervention group and 6.0 mmol/L (95% CI 5.6 to 6.3) in the control group. The significant difference in the proportion of emergency caesarean sections between the intervention group, 10 (8.8%) and the usual care group, 27 (22.1%), disappeared when adjusted for parity. There were no differences in birth weight, breast feeding practice, obstetric complications or transfer to the intensive neonatal care unit. No adverse events were registered. Conclusion: The Pregnant+ app had no effect on 2-hour glucose level at routine postpartum OGTT. After controlling for parity, the difference in emergency caesarean section was not statistically significant. Trial registration number: NCT02588729 .
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Of the 27 papers, 4 focused on GDM, with 339 patients in the intervention groups and 343 in the control groups.
“4 were focused on GDM (339 patients in the intervention groups and 343 patients in the control groups) [62-65]”
From Effectiveness of Disease-Specific mHealth Apps in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus: Scoping Review (2021) · cites this paper as [63]
Neither Guo et al nor Borgen et al found significant differences in fasting OGTT or 2-hour OGTT.
“Regarding oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) results, neither Guo et al [62] nor Borgen et al [63] found significant differences in fasting OGTT or 2-hour OGTT.”
From Effectiveness of Disease-Specific mHealth Apps in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus: Scoping Review (2021) · cites this paper as [63]
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Effectiveness of Disease-Specific mHealth Apps in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus: Scoping Review
Eberle, C., Löhnert, M., & Stichling, S. (2021) · JMIR mHealth and uHealth · doi:10.2196/23477 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
“Regarding oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) results, neither Guo et al [62] nor Borgen et al [63] found significant differences in fasting OGTT or 2-hour OGTT.”
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- Authors
- Borgen, I., Småstuen, M. C., Jacobsen, A. F., Garnweidner-Holme, L. M., Fayyad, S., Noll, J., & Lukasse, M.
- Affiliations
- Oslo University Hospital (NO)
- OsloMet – Oslo Metropolitan University (NO)
- University of Oslo (NO)
- Corresponding author
- Lukasse, Mirjam
- ORCID
- Venue
- BMJ Open
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2019-11
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- e030884
- ISSN
- 2044-6055 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6858205
- OpenAlex
- W2984303857
- Cited by
- 100
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 4
- FWCI
- 11.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- BMJ Open (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- The Norwegian Research Council (ID number: 228517)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Gestational Diabetes Research and Management
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Mobile Health and mHealth Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
- Keywords
- gestational diabetes mellitus, mobile application, emergency cesarean section, mode of delivery, parity, breastfeeding, neonatal intensive care admission, physical activity, diet
- MeSH terms
- Smartphone, Adolescent, Adult, Blood Glucose, Diet Therapy, Exercise Therapy, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Glucose Tolerance Test, Humans, Norway, Pregnancy, Prenatal Care, Biomarkers, Diabetes, Gestational, Treatment Outcome, Postpartum Period, Young Adult, Mobile Applications
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