Reporting and transparent research practices in sports medicine and orthopaedic clinical trials: a meta-research study
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Transparent reporting of clinical trials is essential to assess the risk of bias and translate research findings into clinical practice. While existing studies have shown that deficiencies are common, detailed empirical and field-specific data are scarce. Therefore, this study aimed to examine current clinical trial reporting and transparent research practices in sports medicine and orthopaedics. SETTING: Exploratory meta-research study on reporting quality and transparent research practices in orthopaedics and sports medicine clinical trials. PARTICIPANTS: The sample included clinical trials published in the top 25% of sports medicine and orthopaedics journals over 9 months. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Two independent reviewers assessed pre-registration, open data and criteria related to scientific rigour, like randomisation, blinding, and sample size calculations, as well as the study sample, and data analysis. RESULTS: The sample included 163 clinical trials from 27 journals. While the majority of trials mentioned rigour criteria, essential details were often missing. Sixty per cent (95% confidence interval (CI) 53% to 68%) of trials reported sample size calculations, but only 32% (95% CI 25% to 39%) justified the expected effect size. Few trials indicated the blinding status of all main stakeholders (4%; 95% CI 1% to 7%). Only 18% (95% CI 12% to 24%) included information on randomisation type, method and concealed allocation. Most trials reported participants' sex/gender (95%; 95% CI 92% to 98%) and information on inclusion and exclusion criteria (78%; 95% CI 72% to 84%). Only 20% (95% CI 14% to 26%) of trials were pre-registered. No trials deposited data in open repositories. CONCLUSIONS: These results will aid the sports medicine and orthopaedics community in developing tailored interventions to improve reporting. While authors typically mention blinding, randomisation and other factors, essential details are often missing. Greater acceptance of open science practices, like pre-registration and open data, is needed. As these practices have been widely encouraged, we discuss systemic interventions that may improve clinical trial reporting.
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The literature contains studies with questionable methodologies, missing or incomplete data, false or exaggerated effect measures, and many studies do not mention funding or potential conflicts of interest.
“However, the literature contains studies with questionable methodologies, missing or incomplete data, false or exaggerated effect measures, and many studies do not mention funding or potential conflicts of interest [4–8].”
From Assessing transparency practices in dental randomized controlled trials (2024) · cites this paper as [6]
The Results report substantial gaps in trial-method reporting and incomplete information about participant exclusions; the Introduction discusses questionable research practices, and the Discussion suggests that some effect sizes may be inflated. The paper does not establish that the trials reported false effect measures, and the passages found do not substantiate the claim that many studies omitted funding or conflict-of-interest disclosures. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAlthough many authors agree on the importance of transparent practices, they are often neglected.
“Studies indicate that, although many authors agree on the importance of these transparent practices, they are often neglected [6, 7].”
From Assessing transparency practices in dental randomized controlled trials (2024) · cites this paper as [6]
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Self-citationHamilton, D. G., Hong, K., Fraser, H., Rowhani-Farid, A., Fidler, F., & Page, M. J. (2023) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2023-075767 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Prill, R., Królikowska, A., de Girolamo, L., Becker, R., & Karlsson, J. (2023) · Knee Surgery Sports Traumatology Arthroscopy · doi:10.1007/s00167-023-07442-8 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationChatGPT for Sample-Size Calculation in Sports Medicine and Exercise Sciences: A Cautionary Note
Methnani, J., Latiri, I., Dergaa, I., Chamari, K., & Saad, H. B. (2023) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2023-0109 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Prill, R., Królikowska, A., Becker, R., & Karlsson, J. (2022) · Knee Surgery Sports Traumatology Arthroscopy · doi:10.1007/s00167-022-07179-w · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationGPT for RCTs? Using AI to determine adherence to clinical trial reporting guidelines
Wrightson, J. G., Blazey, P., Moher, D., Khan, K. M., & Ardern, C. L. (2025) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-088735 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Tiller, N. B., & Panteleimon Ekkekakis, A. (2023) · Kinesiology Review · doi:10.1123/kr.2022-0039 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Replacing bar graphs of continuous data with more informative graphics: are we making progress?
Riedel, N., Schulz, R., Kazezian, V., & Weissgerber, T. L. (2022) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs20220287 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationPrill, R., Pieper, D., Klugar, M., Ayeni, O. R., Karlsson, J., & Lund, H. (2024) · Knee Surgery Sports Traumatology Arthroscopy · doi:10.1002/ksa.12047 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationGPT for RCTs?: Using AI to determine adherence to reporting guidelines
Wrightson, J. G., Blazey, P., Moher, D., Khan, K. M., & Ardern, C. L. (2023) · doi:10.1101/2023.12.14.23299971 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Improving reporting practices in sports medicine should be a priority for researchers and publishers [16,21].”
BackgroundInfluentialA Pilot Study on the Reliability of Ultrasound-Based Assessment of Patella Diameter and Sulcus Angle
Schlüter, I.-M., Prill, R., Królikowska, A., Cruysen, C., & Becker, R. (2022) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics12123164 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationFerreira, B. M. P., Rocha, S. V., Nunes-Silva, A., Souza-Gomes, A. F., Rodrigues, F., COELHO, P. M. D. S. C., Bachi, A. L. L., de Oliveira, R. A., Barros, M. P., & Furtado, G. E. (2025) · Immunity & Ageing · doi:10.1186/s12979-025-00515-x · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Sports Metaresearch: An Emerging Discipline of Sport Science and Medicine
Warmenhoven, J., Menaspà, P., Borg, D. N., Vazire, S., White, N. M., Sainani, K. L., Nimphius, S., Coutts, A. J., & Impellizzeri, F. M. (2025) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-025-02181-x · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Assessing transparency practices in dental randomized controlled trials
Prado, M. C., Dotto, L., Agostini, B., & Sarkis-Onofre, R. (2024) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/s12874-024-02316-0 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Studies indicate that, although many authors agree on the importance of these transparent practices, they are often neglected [6, 7].”
BackgroundHamilton, D. G., Hong, K., Fraser, H. S., Rowhani-Farid, A., Fidler, F. M., & Page, M. J. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.03.22.23287607 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Knee Orthotics Do Not Influence Coordinative Skills—A Randomized Controlled Crossover Pilot Trial
Prill, R., Cruysen, C., Królikowska, A., Kopf, S., & Becker, R. (2022) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm12091509 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationReporting of generalized linear mixed models (GLMM) in sports sciences: A scoping review
Casals, M., Fernández, D., Olaskoaga, L. Z., Sánchez, A., & Zuccolotto, P. (2025) · Journal of Sports Analytics · doi:10.1177/22150218251384557 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Daszkiewicz, M., Prill, R., Lettner, J., Urban, N., Andrzejczak, K., Witkowski, W., Starzyk, K., Hunter-Giordano, A. O., Reichert, P., & Królikowska, A. (2026) · Knee Surgery Sports Traumatology Arthroscopy · doi:10.1002/ksa.70311 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationCall to integrate long tail and dark data for the advancement of sports medicine research
Kupperman, N., Magee, N. E., & Kuenze, C. M. (2025) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2024-108890
Rhon, D. I., McDevitt, A. W., Magel, J. S., & Donaldson, M. B. (2025) · JOSPT Methods · doi:10.2519/josptmethods.2025.0003
Aufgaben und Inhalte der Trainingswissenschaft
Ferrauti, A. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-69524-1_1
The Accuracy of ChatGPT in Classifying Lumbar Spondylolisthesis and Compression Fractures
Chung, J., Lin, R., Dunn, E., Kim, G., Choi, C., Mo, K., Fang, W., & Lee, D. (2026) · Journal of the American Osteopathic Academy of Orthopedics · doi:10.70709/qbghijluqge3j8
Global landscape of sports statistics: Initial census of researchers and academics in the field
Casals, M., Oliver, M., Fernández, D., Cortés, J., Lorenzo-Arribas, A., & Ley, C. (2026) · International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching · doi:10.1177/17479541261467942
- Authors
- Schulz, R., Langen, G., Prill, R., Cassel, M., & Weissgerber, T. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Potsdam (DE)
- Department of Strength, Power and Tactical Sports, Institute for Applied Training Science, Leipzig, Germany
- Medizinische Hochschule Brandenburg Theodor Fontane (DE)
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Weissgerber, Tracey L
- Venue
- BMJ Open
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2022-08
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- e059347
- ISSN
- 2044-6055 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9364413
- OpenAlex
- W4290673869
- Cited by
- 23
- References
- 90
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 6
- FWCI
- 3.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- BMJ Open (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- medRxiv (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Refubium (Universitätsbibliothek der Freien Universität Berlin) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Universitätsbibliothek der FU Berlin Hochschulschriftenstelle u. Dokumentenserver
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Information Systems and Management › Academic Publishing and Open Access
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmacology › Pharmaceutical industry and healthcare
- Keywords
- trial reporting quality, preregistration, open data, sample size justification, blinding, randomization, open science, research transparency, risk of bias
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Orthopedics, Sports Medicine
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