Biomedical research: increasing value, reducing waste.

The behaviour change wheel: A new method for characterising and designing behaviour change interventions

Michie, S., van Stralen, M. M., & West, R. (2011) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/1748-5908-6-42 · Cited by 13,697 · see citing works

Social determinants of health inequalities

Marmot, M. (2005) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)71146-6 · Cited by 5,086 · see citing works

The answer is 17 years, what is the question: understanding time lags in translational research

Morris, Z. S., Wooding, S., & Grant, J. (2011) · Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine · doi:10.1258/jrsm.2011.110180 · Cited by 3,340 · see citing works

Avoidable waste in the production and reporting of research evidence

Chalmers, I., & Glasziou, P. (2009) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60329-9 · Cited by 2,208 · see citing works

Increasing value and reducing waste in research design, conduct, and analysis

Ioannidis, J. P. A., Greenland, S., Hlatky, M. A., Khoury, M. J., Macleod, M. R., Moher, D., Schulz, K. F., & Tibshirani, R. (2014) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)62227-8 · Cited by 1,597 · see citing works

How to increase value and reduce waste when research priorities are set

Chalmers, I., Bracken, M. B., Djulbegovic, B., Garattini, S., Grant, J., Gülmezoglu, A. M., Howells, D. W., Ioannidis, J. P. A., & Oliver, S. (2014) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)62229-1 · Cited by 1,436 · see citing works

Reducing waste from incomplete or unusable reports of biomedical research

Glasziou, P., Altman, D. G., Bossuyt, P., Boutron, I., Clarke, M., Julious, S., Michie, S., Moher, D., & Wager, E. (2014) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)62228-x · Cited by 1,319 · see citing works

Increasing value and reducing waste: addressing inaccessible research

Chan, A.-W., Song, F., Vickers, A., Jefferson, T., Dickersin, K., Gøtzsche, P. C., Krumholz, H. M., Ghersi, D., & van der Worp, H. B. (2014) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)62296-5 · Cited by 887 · see citing works

The Clinical Plasma Proteome: A Survey of Clinical Assays for Proteins in Plasma and Serum

Anderson, N. L. (2009) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1373/clinchem.2009.126706 · Cited by 564 · see citing works

Increasing value and reducing waste in biomedical research regulation and management

Salman, R. A., Beller, E., Kagan, J., Hemminki, E., Phillips, R. S., Savulescu, J., Macleod, M. R., Wisely, J., & Chalmers, I. (2014) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)62297-7 · Cited by 532 · see citing works

Mapping of available health research and development data: what's there, what's missing, and what role is there for a global observatory?

Røttingen, J.-A., Regmi, S., Eide, M., Young, A. J., Viergever, R. F., Årdal, C., Guzman, J., Edwards, D., Matlin, S. A., & Terry, R. F. (2013) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)61046-6 · Cited by 477 · see citing works

Funding of US Biomedical Research, 2003-2008

Dorsey, E. R. (2010) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2009.1987 · Cited by 337 · see citing works

Almost all articles on cancer prognostic markers report statistically significant results

Kyzas, P., Denaxa-Kyza, D., & Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2007) · European Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2007.08.030 · Cited by 231 · see citing works

Effect of a US National Institutes of Health programme of clinical trials on public health and costs

Johnston, S. C., Rootenberg, J. D., Katrak, S. S., Smith, W. S., & Elkins, J. S. (2006) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(06)68578-4 · Cited by 157 · see citing works

Peer review of grant applications: what do we know?

Wessely, S. C. (1998) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(97)11129-1 · Cited by 146 · see citing works

Undue industry influences that distort healthcare research, strategy, expenditure and practice: a review

Stamatakis, E., Weiler, R., & Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2013) · European Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1111/eci.12074 · Cited by 112 · see citing works

The James Lind Alliance: tackling research mismatches

Petit-Zeman, S., Firkins, L., & Scadding, J. W. (2010) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(10)60712-x · Cited by 95 · see citing works

A randomised controlled trial of the use of aciclovir and/or prednisolone for the early treatment of Bell's palsy: the BELLS study

Sullivan, F., Swan, I., Donnan, P. T., Morrison, J., Smith, B. H., McKinstry, B., Davenport, R., Vale, L. D., Clarkson, J., Hernández, R. A., et al. (2009) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta13470 · Cited by 79 · see citing works

Study of Neurontin: Titrate to Effect, Profile of Safety (STEPS) Trial

Krumholz, S. D., Egilman, D. S., & Ross, J. S. (2011) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2011.241 · Cited by 49 · see citing works

Methodological Quality of Preclinical Stroke Studies is Not Required for Publication in High-Impact Journals

Minnerup, J., Wersching, H., Diederich, K., Schilling, M., Ringelstein, E. B., Wellmann, J., & Schäbitz, W. (2010) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/jcbfm.2010.74 · Cited by 29 · see citing works

Research governance: regulating risk and reducing harm?

Shaw, S. E. (2005) · Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine · doi:10.1258/jrsm.99.1.14 · Cited by 29 · see citing works

A manifesto for reproducible science

Munafò, M. R., Nosek, B. A., Bishop, D. V. M., Button, K. S., Chambers, C. D., Percie du Sert, N., Simonsohn, U., Wagenmakers, E.-J., Ware, J. J., & Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2017) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-016-0021 · Cited by 3,397 · see citing works

The Mass Production of Redundant, Misleading, and Conflicted Systematic Reviews and Meta‐analyses

IOANNIDIS, J. P. A. (2016) · The Milbank Quarterly · doi:10.1111/1468-0009.12210 · Cited by 1,483 · see citing works

How to increase value and reduce waste when research priorities are set

Chalmers, I., Bracken, M. B., Djulbegovic, B., Garattini, S., Grant, J., Gülmezoglu, A. M., Howells, D. W., Ioannidis, J. P. A., & Oliver, S. (2014) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)62229-1 · Cited by 1,436 · see citing works

Progress in evidence-based medicine: a quarter century on

Djulbegovic, B., & Guyatt, G. H. (2017) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31592-6 · Cited by 1,022 · see citing works

The economics of reproducibility in preclinical research

Freedman, L. P., Cockburn, I. M., & Simcoe, T. S. (2015) · PLOS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002165 · Cited by 1,055 · see citing works

How to Make More Published Research True

Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2014) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001747 · Cited by 760 · see citing works

Best practices in data analysis and sharing in neuroimaging using MRI

Nichols, T. E., Das, S., Eickhoff, S. B., Evans, A. C., Glatard, T., Hanke, M., Kriegeskorte, N., Milham, M. P., Poldrack, R. A., Poline, J.-B., et al. (2017) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.4500 · Cited by 714 · see citing works

Living systematic review: 1. Introduction-the why, what, when, and how

Elliott, J. H., Synnot, A., Turner, T., Simmonds, M., Akl, E. A., McDonald, S., Salanti, G., Meerpohl, J., MacLehose, H., Hilton, J., et al. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2017.08.010 · Cited by 655 · see citing works

Why Most Clinical Research Is Not Useful

Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2016) · PLOS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002049 · Cited by 655 · see citing works

Hypertension Canada’s 2020 Comprehensive Guidelines for the Prevention, Diagnosis, Risk Assessment, and Treatment of Hypertension in Adults and Children

Rabi, D. M., McBrien, K. A., Sapir-Pichhadze, R., Nakhla, M., Ahmed, S. B., Dumanski, S. M., Butalia, S., Leung, A. A., Harris, K. C., Cloutier, L., et al. (2020) · Canadian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2020.02.086 · Cited by 583 · see citing works

PRISMA harms checklist: improving harms reporting in systematic reviews

Zorzela, L., Loke, Y. K., Ioannidis, J. P., Golder, S., Santaguida, P., Altman, D. G., Moher, D., Vohra, S., & PRISMA harms group (2016) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.i157 · Cited by 557 · see citing works

Meta-research: Evaluation and Improvement of Research Methods and Practices

Ioannidis, J. P. A., Fanelli, D., Dunne, D. D., & Goodman, S. N. (2015) · PLOS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002264 · Cited by 495 · see citing works

Towards understanding the de-adoption of low-value clinical practices: a scoping review

Niven, D. J., Mrklas, K. J., Holodinsky, J. K., Straus, S. E., Hemmelgarn, B. R., Jeffs, L. P., & Stelfox, H. T. (2015) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-015-0488-z · Cited by 369 · see citing works

Investigating the replicability of preclinical cancer biology

Errington, T. M., Mathur, M., Soderberg, C. K., Denis, A., Perfito, N., Iorns, E., & Nosek, B. A. (2021) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.71601 · Cited by 393 · see citing works

Guidelines for Reporting Trial Protocols and Completed Trials Modified Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic and Other Extenuating Circumstances: The CONSERVE 2021 Statement

Orkin, A. M., Gill, P. J., Ghersi, D., Campbell, L., Sugarman, J., Emsley, R., Steg, P. G., Weijer, C., Simes, J., Rombey, T., et al. (2021) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2021.9941 · Cited by 299 · see citing works

When Null Hypothesis Significance Testing Is Unsuitable for Research: A Reassessment

Szucs, D., & Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2017) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2017.00390 · Cited by 298 · see citing works

Machine learning reduced workload with minimal risk of missing studies: development and evaluation of a randomized controlled trial classifier for Cochrane Reviews

Thomas, J., McDonald, S., Noel-Storr, A., Shemilt, I., Elliott, J., Mavergames, C., & Marshall, I. J. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2020.11.003 · Cited by 253 · see citing works

Use of positive and negative words in scientific PubMed abstracts between 1974 and 2014: retrospective analysis

Vinkers, C. H., Tijdink, J. K., & Otte, W. M. (2015) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.h6467 · Cited by 237 · see citing works

Is animal research sufficiently evidence based to be a cornerstone of biomedical research?

Pound, P., & Bracken, M. B. (2014) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.g3387 · Cited by 207 · see citing works

Evolution of poor reporting and inadequate methods over time in 20 920 randomised controlled trials included in Cochrane reviews: research on research study

Dechartres, A., Trinquart, L., Atal, I., Moher, D., Dickersin, K., Boutron, I., Perrodeau, E., Altman, D. G., & Ravaud, P. (2017) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.j2490 · Cited by 171 · see citing works

Update on the endorsement of CONSORT by high impact factor journals: a survey of journal “Instructions to Authors” in 2014

Shamseer, L., Hopewell, S., Altman, D. G., Moher, D., & Schulz, K. F. (2016) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-016-1408-z · Cited by 168 · see citing works

Use of cost-effectiveness analysis to compare the efficiency of study identification methods in systematic reviews

Shemilt, I., Khan, N., Park, S., & Thomas, J. (2016) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/s13643-016-0315-4 · Cited by 168 · see citing works

Evidence-based vector control? Improving the quality of vector control trials

Wilson, A. L., Boelaert, M., Kleinschmidt, I., Pinder, M., Scott, T. W., Tusting, L. S., & Lindsay, S. W. (2015) · Trends in Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.pt.2015.04.015 · Cited by 157 · see citing works

Estimates of the Continuously Publishing Core in the Scientific Workforce

Ioannidis, J. P. A., Boyack, K. W., & Klavans, R. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0101698 · Cited by 160 · see citing works

Reproducible and replicable pain research: a critical review

Lee, H., Lamb, S. E., Bagg, M. K., Toomey, E., Cashin, A. G., & Moseley, G. L. (2018) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001254 · Cited by 150 · see citing works

Systematic review identifies the design and methodological conduct of studies on machine learning-based prediction models

Andaur Navarro, C. L., Damen, J. A. A., van Smeden, M., Takada, T., Nijman, S. W. J., Dhiman, P., Ma, J., Collins, G. S., Bajpai, R., Riley, R. D., et al. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2022.11.015 · Cited by 121 · see citing works

Talking the talk, but not walking the walk: RT-qPCR as a paradigm for the lack of reproducibility in molecular research

Bustin, S., & Nolan, T. (2017) · European Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1111/eci.12801 · Cited by 113 · see citing works

Where Have All the Rodents Gone? The Effects of Attrition in Experimental Research on Cancer and Stroke

Holman, C., Piper, S. K., Grittner, U., Diamantaras, A. A., Kimmelman, J., Siegerink, B., & Dirnagl, U. (2016) · PLOS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002331 · Cited by 114 · see citing works

Engaging policy-makers, health system managers, and policy analysts in the knowledge synthesis process: a scoping review

Tricco, A. C., Zarin, W., Rios, P., Nincic, V., Khan, P. A., Ghassemi, M., Diaz, S., Pham, B., Straus, S. E., & Langlois, E. V. (2018) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/s13012-018-0717-x · Cited by 100 · see citing works

Impact of the mandatory implementation of reporting guidelines on reporting quality in a surgical journal: A before and after study

Agha, R. A., Fowler, A. J., Limb, C., Whitehurst, K., Coe, R., Sagoo, H., Jafree, D. J., Chandrakumar, C., & Gundogan, B. (2016) · International Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2016.04.032 · Cited by 99 · see citing works

“It is important to reinforce the importance of …”: ‘Hype’ in reports of randomized controlled trials

Millar, N., Salager-Meyer, F., & Budgell, B. (2019) · English for Specific Purposes · doi:10.1016/j.esp.2019.02.004 · Cited by 85 · see citing works

Improving transparency and scientific rigor in academic publishing

Prager, E. M., Chambers, K. E., Plotkin, J. L., McArthur, D. L., Bandrowski, A. E., Bansal, N., Martone, M. E., Bergstrom, H. C., Bespalov, A., & Graf, C. (2019) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.24340 · Cited by 83 · see citing works

Living cumulative network meta-analysis to reduce waste in research: A paradigmatic shift for systematic reviews?

Vandvik, P. O., Brignardello-Petersen, R., & Guyatt, G. H. (2016) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-016-0596-4 · Cited by 69 · see citing works

Refining animal research: The Animal Study Registry

Bert, B., Heinl, C., Chmielewska, J., Schwarz, F., Grune, B., Hensel, A., Greiner, M., & Schönfelder, G. (2019) · PLOS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000463 · Cited by 67 · see citing works

Protect us from poor-quality medical research

ESHRE Capri Workshop Group, Ioannidis, J. P. A., Bhattacharya, S., Evers, J. L. H., der Veen, F. V., Somigliana, E., Barratt, C. L. R., Bontempi, G., Baird, D. T., Crosignani, P., et al. (2018) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/dey056 · Cited by 59 · see citing works

<scp>ChatGPT</scp> in Education: An Effect in Search of a Cause

Weidlich, J., Gašević, D., Drachsler, H., & Kirschner, P. (2025) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1111/jcal.70105 · Cited by 52 · see citing works

What Affects Authors’ and Editors’ Use of Reporting Guidelines? Findings from an Online Survey and Qualitative Interviews

Fuller, T., Pearson, M., Peters, J., & Anderson, R. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0121585 · Cited by 47 · see citing works

Combining Animal Welfare With Experimental Rigor to Improve Reproducibility in Behavioral Neuroscience.

Loss, C. M., Melleu, F. F., Domingues, K., Lino-de-Oliveira, C., & Viola, G. G. (2021) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2021.763428 · Cited by 44 · see citing works

The relationship between study sponsorship, risks of bias, and research outcomes in atrazine exposure studies conducted in non-human animals: Systematic review and meta-analysis

Bero, L., Anglemyer, A., Vesterinen, H., & Krauth, D. (2016) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2015.10.011 · Cited by 41 · see citing works

An approach for setting evidence-based and stakeholder-informed research priorities in low- and middle-income countries

Rehfuess, E. A., Durão, S., Kyamanywa, P., Meerpohl, J. J., Young, T., Rohwer, A., CEBHA+, O. B. O. T., & consortium (2016) · Bulletin of the World Health Organization · doi:10.2471/blt.15.162966 · Cited by 39 · see citing works

The ethics of animal research: a survey of the public and scientists in North America

Joffe, A. R., Bara, M., Anton, N., & Nobis, N. (2016) · BMC Medical Ethics · doi:10.1186/s12910-016-0100-x · Cited by 33 · see citing works

Evidence appraisal: a scoping review, conceptual framework, and research agenda

Goldstein, A., Venker, E., & Weng, C. (2017) · Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association · doi:10.1093/jamia/ocx050 · Cited by 30 · see citing works

Enhancing reproducibility: Failures from Reproducibility Initiatives underline core challenges

Mullane, K., & Williams, M. (2017) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2017.04.008 · Cited by 28 · see citing works

Trends and predictors of biomedical research quality, 1990-2015: a meta-research study

Catillon, M. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030342 · Cited by 27 · see citing works

Transparency in clinical trials: Adding value to paediatric dental research

Cenci, M. S., Franco, M. C., Raggio, D. P., Moher, D., & Pereira‐Cenci, T. (2020) · International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry · doi:10.1111/ipd.12769 · Cited by 21 · see citing works

Examining the predictive validity of NIH peer review scores

Lindner, M. D., & Nakamura, R. K. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0126938 · Cited by 24 · see citing works

Reporting and transparent research practices in sports medicine and orthopaedic clinical trials: a meta-research study

Schulz, R., Langen, G., Prill, R., Cassel, M., & Weissgerber, T. L. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-059347 · Cited by 23 · see citing works

Increase value and reduce waste in research on psychological therapies

Cristea, I. A., & Naudet, F. (2019) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2019.103479 · Cited by 22 · see citing works

Adaptations and modifications to a co-designed intervention and its clinical implementation: a qualitative study in Denmark

Kirk, J. W., Nilsen, P., Andersen, O., Stefánsdóttir, N. T., Grønfeldt, B., Brødsgaard, R., Pedersen, B. S., Bandholm, T., Tjørnhøj-Thomsen, T., & Pedersen, M. M. (2021) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-021-07142-4 · Cited by 21 · see citing works

Availability of results of clinical trials registered on EU Clinical Trials Register: cross sectional audit study

DeVito, N. J., Morley, J., Smith, J. A., Drysdale, H., Goldacre, B., & Heneghan, C. (2024) · BMJ Medicine · doi:10.1136/bmjmed-2023-000738 · Cited by 18 · see citing works

Is biomedical research self-correcting? Modelling insights on the persistence of spurious science

Grimes, D. R. (2024) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.231056 · Cited by 18 · see citing works

Pragmatic Comparative Effectiveness Trials and Learning Health Systems in Pain Medicine

Salmasi, V., Terkawi, A. S., & Mackey, S. C. (2023) · Anesthesiology Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.anclin.2023.03.010 · Cited by 16 · see citing works

Analysis of articles directly related to randomized trials finds poor protocol availability and inconsistent linking of articles

Sender, D., Clark, J., & Hoffmann, T. C. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2020.04.017 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

Harmonizing research outcomes for polycystic ovary syndrome (HARP), a marathon not a sprint: current challenges and future research need

Al Wattar, B. H., Bueno, A., Martin, M. G., Ibáñez, N. C., Harasani, K., Garad, R., Franks, S., Balen, A., Bhide, P., Piltonen, T., et al. (2021) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/deaa331 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

Using the Barthel Index and modified Rankin Scale as Outcome Measures for Stroke Rehabilitation Trials; A Comparison of Minimum Sample Size Requirements

McGill, K., Sackley, C., Godwin, J., Gavaghan, D., Ali, M., Ballester, B. R., Brady, M. C., Brady, M. C., Ali, M., Ashburn, A., et al. (2022) · Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2021.106229 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

Meta-research on reporting guidelines for artificial intelligence: are authors and reviewers encouraged enough in radiology, nuclear medicine, and medical imaging journals?

Koçak, B., Keleş, A., & Köse, F. (2024) · Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology · doi:10.4274/dir.2024.232604 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

Nonpublication and Selective Outcome Reporting of Oral Health Trials

Diakonoff, H., Khalil, G., Jungo, S., Treluyer, J. M., Fron-Chabouis, H., & Smaïl-Faugeron, V. (2023) · Journal of Dental Research · doi:10.1177/00220345231158544 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Introducing quality measures in an academic research consortium: Lessons and recommendation from implementing an ad hoc quality management system for organ model research

Hülsemann, M., Wiebach, J., Drude, N. I., Kniffert, S., Behm, L., Hönzke, K., Baumgardt, M., Hippenstiel, S., Hocke, A. C., Dirnagl, U., et al. (2022) · The EMBO Reports · doi:10.15252/embr.202255095 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

The devil is in the details: Reporting and transparent research practices in sports medicine and orthopedic clinical trials

Schulz, R., Langen, G., Prill, R., Cassel, M., & Weissgerber, T. (2021) · doi:10.1101/2021.07.20.21260565 · Cited by 23 · see citing works

Reporting of flow diagrams in randomised controlled trials published in periodontology and implantology: a survey

Meyer, H.-G. J., Pandis, N., Seehra, J., & Faggion, C. M. (2023) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/s12874-023-01923-7 · Cited by 4 · see citing works