The DOI matches its Crossref record; 51 of the 51 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 17 of the 50 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities
Open accessAbstract
This essay examines the implications of the COVID-19 pandemic for health inequalities. It outlines historical and contemporary evidence of inequalities in pandemics—drawing on international research into the Spanish influenza pandemic of 1918, the H1N1 outbreak of 2009 and the emerging international estimates of socio-economic, ethnic and geographical inequalities in COVID-19 infection and mortality rates. It then examines how these inequalities in COVID-19 are related to existing inequalities in chronic diseases and the social determinants of health, arguing that we are experiencing a syndemic pandemic . It then explores the potential consequences for health inequalities of the lockdown measures implemented internationally as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic, focusing on the likely unequal impacts of the economic crisis. The essay concludes by reflecting on the longer-term public health policy responses needed to ensure that the COVID-19 pandemic does not increase health inequalities for future generations.
Overview
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Verification
Claims the paper makes
17 of 50 cited sources checked · 6 supported · 1 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
At least one cited source doesn’t support this claim or points to a different paper, and none confirmed it — see the verdicts below.
In the paper
“Similarly, access to healthcare is lower in disadvantaged and marginalised communities-even in universal healthcare systems.32”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
What the sources say
- Disputedcites [32] Todd A , Copeland A , Kasim A , et al. Access all areas? An area-level analysis of the relationship between community pharmacy and primary care distribution, urbanity and social deprivation in England. BMJ Open 2015;5:e007328. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-007328 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Conclusions (page unavailable) report the opposite pattern for the access this study measured: a higher proportion of people in England’s most deprived areas live within a 20-minute walk of a GP premises. The Discussion’s principal findings likewise say GP-premises accessibility was highest in the most deprived areas. The paper measures proximity to GP premises and pharmacies, not healthcare access in general or access among all marginalised communities. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Disputed
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“and across Sweden, there were inequalities in mortality between the highest and lowest occupational classes -particularly among men.7”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 1. HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY EVIDENCE OF INEQUALITIES IN PANDEMICS
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [7] source
The Discussion reports social-class differences in excess mortality during the July 1918–June 1919 pandemic and says they were larger among men than women. The Regression results likewise identify low-skilled men as having the highest excess mortality and farmers the lowest; the paper does not claim a uniform class gradient. (LLM, conf=0.91)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In contrast, countries with smaller pre-existing social and economic inequalities, such as New Zealand, did not experience any socio-economic inequalities in mortality.8 9”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 1. HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY EVIDENCE OF INEQUALITIES IN PANDEMICS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [8] Rice G , Bryder L . Black november: the 1918 influenza pandemic in New Zealand . Christchurch: Canterbury University Press, 2005.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Partly supportedcites [9] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Univariate results, page unavailable) show no significant trend in mortality risk by occupational class among New Zealand military personnel; the paper also reports no significant occupational-class association in its fully adjusted model. But it does not establish that New Zealand had smaller pre-existing social and economic inequalities or that the country experienced no socioeconomic inequalities in pandemic mortality. The study was restricted to New Zealand military personnel in the Northern Hemisphere, so the claim generalizes beyond its population. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Not matched
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Another study found positive associations between people with financial issues (eg, financial barriers to healthcare access) and influenza-like illnesses during the 2009 H1N1 pandemic in the USA.15”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 1. HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY EVIDENCE OF INEQUALITIES IN PANDEMICS
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [15] source
The COMMENT section (page not provided) reports that respondents with financial barriers to healthcare were more likely to report influenza-like illness, even after adjustment for age, medical conditions, and employment. This directly supports the cited association in the US pandemic study. (LLM, conf=0.94)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“For example, globally, Mexico experienced a higher mortality rate than that in higher-income countries.12”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 1. HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY EVIDENCE OF INEQUALITIES IN PANDEMICS
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [12] source
The Discussion states that Mexico had higher 2009 pandemic-related mortality rates than the United States, Europe, or Australia. It also compares an estimated 11.1 deaths per 100,000 in Mexico with 4 per 100,000 in the United States. (LLM, conf=0.91)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Various studies on cyclical winter influenza in North America have also found associations between mortality, morbidity and symptom severity and socio-economic status among adults and children.16 17”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 1. HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY EVIDENCE OF INEQUALITIES IN PANDEMICS
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [16] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports that influenza-related hospitalizations increased as neighborhood socioeconomic status decreased among adults in New Haven County across four seasons. The Introduction also reports an earlier Connecticut finding for children. These passages support an association with hospitalization, but not the claimed associations with mortality or symptom severity across North America. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [17] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Similarly, old-age pensions in the UK were protected from austerity cuts after the GFC and research has suggested that this prevented health inequalities increasing amongst the older population.45”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 3. THE GREAT LOCKDOWN: THE COVID-19 ECONOMIC CRISIS AND HEALTH INEQUALITIES
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [45] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Background and Discussion say UK pensioners were largely protected from austerity and suggest that maintaining these benefits may explain why the mental-health gap did not widen in the study’s older cohort. The Conclusion limits that finding to an 18-month study of the most and least deprived neighbourhoods of Stockton-on-Tees; it does not establish that pension protection prevented health inequalities from increasing among the UK’s older population generally. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Housing is also an important factor in driving health inequalities.34”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [34] source
The Introduction describes housing and neighbourhood conditions as an upstream determinant that plays a role in health inequalities. The Abstract also calls them important social determinants of health. Together, these passages support the citing sentence's broad claim. (LLM, conf=0.93)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Decades of research into the psychosocial determinants of health have found that the chronic stress of material and psychological deprivation is associated with immunosuppression.36”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [36] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report that chronic stressors, including unemployment and caregiving, were associated with reduced function on almost all immune measures examined. The Discussion describes the most chronic stressors as associated with broad immunosuppression. The paper does not establish material and psychological deprivation as distinct categories of stressor, so that specificity goes beyond its findings. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Likewise, there is increasing evidence that living in disadvantaged environments may produce a sense of powerlessness and collective threat among residents, leading to chronic stressors that, in time, damage health.39”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [39] source
Section 3.3 (Meso/community level theories; page not provided) states that disadvantaged living environments may produce collective threat and powerlessness, which act as chronic stressors damaging health over time. This directly supports the attributed claim. (LLM, conf=0.95)
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Supported
- It may state two separate claims as one. 21
- Probably not a substantial claim. 2
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Housing also impacts health inequalities materially through costs (eg, as a result of high rents) and psychosocially through insecurity (eg, short-term leases).34”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [34] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page unavailable) says housing tenure may affect health psychosocially: home ownership may provide greater security than renting, while debt may cause anxiety. It does not identify high rents as a material pathway or short-term leases as the source of insecurity, and it qualifies the tenure effect rather than asserting it outright. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“For example, exposure to poor quality housing is associated with certain health outcomes, for example, damp housing can lead to respiratory diseases such as asthma while overcrowding can result in higher infection rates and increased risk of injury from household accidents.34”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [34] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction says cold and damp housing may cause or exacerbate respiratory conditions, and that some housing-related hazards can cause injuries. The Results identify overcrowding as a housing-risk category, but the passages do not link it specifically to higher infection rates or household-accident injuries. The paper also does not specifically identify asthma as an outcome of damp housing. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“For example, inequalities in premature mortality and infant mortality by income and ethnicity in the USA decreased during the period of welfare expansion in the USA ('war on poverty' era 1966 to 1980), but they increased again during the Reagan-Bush period (1980-2002) when welfare services and healthcare coverage were cut.46”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 3. THE GREAT LOCKDOWN: THE COVID-19 ECONOMIC CRISIS AND HEALTH INEQUALITIES
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [46] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The ‘Post-treatment reduction of clinical risk’ and ‘Duration of Follow-Up’ sections discuss antimalarial treatment trials, not US mortality inequalities. Searches for premature and infant mortality by income and ethnicity, the war on poverty, and the Reagan–Bush period found no passage addressing the claimed trends. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“COVID-19 has laid bare our longstanding social, economic and political inequalities -even before the COVID-19 pandemic, life expectancy amongst the poorest groups was already declining in the UK and the USA and health inequalities in some European countries have been increasing over the last decade.50”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > CONCLUSION
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [50] Forster T , Kentikelenis A , Bambra C . Health inequalities in Europe: setting the stage for progressive policy action, Foundation for European Progressive Studies and the Think Tank for Action on Social Change (TASC). 2018. Available https://www.feps-europe.eu/component/attachments/attachments.html?task=attachment&id=168 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The “Healthier but Still Unequal” section (page not provided) reports widening life-expectancy gaps in Denmark and in England between 2010 and 2015, supporting the claim that health inequalities increased in some European countries before COVID-19. It does not establish that life expectancy itself declined among the poorest groups in the UK or USA; the search for that claim found no such passage. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The international literature demonstrates that there were inequalities in prevalence and mortality rates: between high-income and low-income countries, more and less affluent neighbourhoods, higher and lower socio-economic groups, and urban and rural areas.”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 1. HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY EVIDENCE OF INEQUALITIES IN PANDEMICS
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These health impacts were not shared equally though-areas of the UK with higher unemployment rates had greater increases in suicide rates and inequalities in mental health increased with people living in the most deprived areas experiencing the largest increases in psychiatric morbidity and self-harm.43”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 3. THE GREAT LOCKDOWN: THE COVID-19 ECONOMIC CRISIS AND HEALTH INEQUALITIES
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [43] source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The COVID-19 pandemic is occurring against a backdrop of social and economic inequalities in existing non-communicable diseases (NCDs) as well as inequalities in the social determinants of health.”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes? Based: unclearIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“With regard to ethnic inequalities in COVID-19, data from England and Wales have found that people who are black, Asian and minority ethnic (BAME) accounted for 34.5% of 4873 critically ill COVID-19 patients (in the period ending April 16, 2020) and much higher than the 11.5% seen for viral pneumonia between 2017 and 2019.20”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 1. HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY EVIDENCE OF INEQUALITIES IN PANDEMICS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [20] Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre . Report on COVID-19 in critical care 17 April 2020 . London: Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre, 2020.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: 14% of the population of England and Wales are from BAME backgrounds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“For example, in Chicago (in the period ending April 17, 2020), 59.2% of COVID-19 deaths were among black residents and the COVID-19 mortality rate for black Chicagoans was 34.8 per 100 000 population compared to 8.2 per 100 000 population among white residents.21”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 1. HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY EVIDENCE OF INEQUALITIES IN PANDEMICS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [21] Chicago Department of Public Health . COVID-19 death characteristics for Chicago residents. 2020. Available https://www.chicago.gov/city/en/sites/covid-19/home/latest-data.html (accessed 18 Apr 2020).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, lower-paid workers (where BAME groups are disproportionately represented)-particularly in the service sector (eg, food, cleaning or delivery services)-are much more likely to be designated as key workers and thereby are still required to go to work and rely on public transport for doing so.All these increase their exposure to the virus.”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Lower socio-economic groups have a higher exposure to poor quality or unaffordable, insecure housing and therefore have a higher rate of negative health consequences.35”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [35] source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“People with existing chronic conditions (eg, cancer or cardiovascular disease (CVD)) are less likely to receive treatment and diagnosis as health services are overwhelmed by dealing with the pandemic.”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Just like the 1918 influenza pandemic (which had severe impacts on economic performance and increased poverty rates), the COVID-19 crisis will have huge economic, social and-ultimately-health consequences.”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 3. THE GREAT LOCKDOWN: THE COVID-19 ECONOMIC CRISIS AND HEALTH INEQUALITIES
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Minority ethnic groups, people living in areas of higher socioeconomic deprivation, those in poverty and other marginalised groups (such as homeless people, prisoners and street-based sex workers) generally have a greater number of coexisting NCDs, which are more severe and experienced at at a younger age.”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For example, deprived neighbourhoods are more likely to contain houses of multiple occupation and smaller houses with a lack of outside space, as well as have higher population densities (particularly in deprived urban areas) and lower access to communal green space.27”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [27] Bambra C . Health divides: where you live can kill you . Bristol: Policy Press, 2016.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Previous research has found that sudden economic shocks (like the collapse of communism in the early 1990s and the global financial crisis (GFC) of 2008 41 ) lead to increases in morbidity, mental ill health, suicide and death from alcohol and substance use.”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 3. THE GREAT LOCKDOWN: THE COVID-19 ECONOMIC CRISIS AND HEALTH INEQUALITIES
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [41] Stuckler D , Basu S . The body economic. why austerity kills . London: Thomas Allen, 2013.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“So, the health consequences of the COVID-19 economic crisis are likely to be similarly unequally distributed-exacerbating heath inequalities.”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 3. THE GREAT LOCKDOWN: THE COVID-19 ECONOMIC CRISIS AND HEALTH INEQUALITIES
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The prevalence and severity of the COVID-19 pandemic is magnified because of the pre-existing epidemics of chronic disease-which are themselves socially patterned and associated with the social determinants of health.”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Similarly, the Gypsy/Roma community-one of the most marginalised minority groups in Europe-has a smoking rate that is two to three times the European average and increased rates of respiratory diseases (such as COPD) and other COVID-19 risk factors.29”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [29] European commission . Roma health report: health status of the Roma population in the member states of the European union . Brussels: European Commission, 2014.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“These will likely increase COVID-19 transmission rates-as was the case with H1N1 where strong associations were found with urbanity.13”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [13] source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These state-imposed restrictionsusually requiring the government to take on emergency powershave been implemented to varying levels of severity, but all have in common a significant increase in social isolation and confinement within the home and immediate neighbourhood.”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 3. THE GREAT LOCKDOWN: THE COVID-19 ECONOMIC CRISIS AND HEALTH INEQUALITIES
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This reduced access to healthcare-before and during the outbreak -contributes to inequalities in chronic disease and is also likely to lead to worse outcomes from COVID-19 in more disadvantaged areas and marginalised communities.”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It seems likely that there will be a post-COVID-19 global economic slumpwhich could make the health equity situation even worse, particularly if health-damaging policies of austerity are implemented again.”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > CONCLUSION
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
14% of the population of England and Wales are from BAME backgrounds.
“Only 14% of the population of England and Wales are from BAME backgrounds.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Most countries failed to pursue traditional public health surveillance measures and were forced to implement lockdowns.
“While traditional public health surveillance measures of contact tracing and individual quarantine were successfully pursued by some countries (most notably by South Korea and Germany) as a way of tackling the virus in the early stages, most other countries failed to do so, and governments worldwide were eventually forced to implement mass quarantine measures -in the form of lockdowns.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“What we do know with more certainty is that times of crisis or periods of austerity are likely to disadvantage entire cohorts/generations [60], but that this will amplify prior forms of exclusion and marginalisation [3].”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Conclusion attributes 1918 inequalities to COVID-19
MinorThe conclusion says inequalities both then and now arose through COVID-19. Earlier, the paper identifies the historical inequalities as occurring during the 1918 Spanish influenza pandemic, not the COVID-19 pandemic.
“Both then and now, these inequalities have emerged through the syndemic nature of COVID-19-as it interacts with and exacerbates existing social inequalities in chronic disease and the social determinants of health.”
“More recent studies have confirmed Sydenstricker's early findings: there were significant inequalities in the 1918 Spanish influenza pandemic.”
Citations
Cites
Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health
Marmot, M. G., Friel, S., Bell, R., Houweling, T. A. J., & Taylor, S. A. J. (2008) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(08)61690-6 · Cited by 8,473
Psychological stress and the human immune system: a meta-analytic study of 30 Years of inquiry
Segerstrom, S. C., & Miller, G. E. (2004) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.4.601 · Cited by 3,334 · cited 1×
“Decades of research into the psychosocial determinants of health have found that the chronic stresses of material and psychological deprivation is associated with immunosuppression [36].”
BackgroundAlmond, D. (2006) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/507154 · Cited by 1,190 · cited 1×
“There is also some evidence from the USA that the pandemic had long term impacts on child health and development [11].”
BackgroundMurray, C. J., Lopez, A. D., Chin, B., Feehan, D., & Hill, K. H. (2006) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(06)69895-4 · Cited by 605 · cited 4×
“For example, India had a mortality rate 40 times higher than Denmark and the mortality rate was 20 times higher in some South American countries than in Europe.4 In Norway, mortality rates were highest among the working-class districts of Oslo5; in the USA, they were highest among the unemployed and the urban poor in…”
BackgroundInfluentialGibson, M., Petticrew, M., Bambra, C., Sowden, A. J., Wright, K. E., & Whitehead, M. (2011) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.09.011 · Cited by 539 · cited 2×
“Housing is also an important factor in driving health inequalities [34].”
BackgroundSelf-citationIntroduction to Syndemics: A Critical Systems Approach to Public and Community Health
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Clinical Features Predicting Mortality Risk in Patients With Viral Pneumonia: The MuLBSTA Score
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GLOBAL TRENDS IN HEALTH INEQUALITIES RESEARCH: A COMPREHENSIVE BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS (2000-2023)
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“…disproportionally exposed to covid-19 risk factors, including chronic illness, poor working and housing conditions, limited access to healthcare (Bambra et al., 2020), and economic burdens (J. a. Patel et al., 2020), such as job loss and business closure (Maliszewska et al., 2020). these…”
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InfluentialThe unintended health effects of US COVID-19 lockdowns: a systematic review
Taylor, H., Cuadros, P., Gee, M., & Menachemi, N. (2025) · Health Affairs Scholar · doi:10.1093/haschl/qxaf208 · Cited by 2
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Loneliness Before and After the COVID-19 Pandemic
Ernst, M. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-02959-1_8 · Cited by 1
Reimagining global health architecture: the way forward to ensure global health security
Kaseya, J., Dereje, N., Fallah, M. P., et al. (2025) · The Lancet Regional Health - Africa · doi:10.1016/j.lanafr.2025.100005 · Cited by 1
Maduka, O. C., & Akintola, S. (2025) · Wellcome Open Research · doi:10.12688/wellcomeopenres.24070.2 · Cited by 1
“The arguments on decolonisation have been applied within the context of global health research, especially since the COVID-19 pandemic 56 .”
Mohajer-Bastami, A., Moin, S., Ahmad, S., Ahmed, A., Agarwal, A., Pouwels, S., Hammoda, M., Yang, W., & Exadaktylos, A. K. (2025) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.97402 · Cited by 2
Moreno‐Agostino, D., & Gessa, G. D. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2025.101012 · Cited by 1
“The pandemic also exacerbated existing inequalities in mental health (Bambra et al. 2020; Marmot et al. 2020; Parenteau et al. 2023).”
Perceived Social Exclusion during the COVID-19 Pandemic: a European Perspective
Zannella, M., Ambrosetti, E., & Edwards, J. R. (2026) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-025-03748-x · Cited by 1
“…in terms of COVID-19 morbidity and mortality rates, but also in terms of the impact of the implemented restrictions and emergency lockdown measures (Bambra et al., 2020 ), the aim of this article is to study the self-perceived social exclusion of EU citizens, taking into account their…”
Environmental Health Geographies: Absorption and the “New Abnormal”
Hinchliffe, S. (2026) · Progress in Environmental Geography · doi:10.1177/27539687251415563 · Cited by 2
“…became ever more evident during the COVID-19 pandemic, as regional differences in age structure, economic precarity, obesity rates, racialization, and living conditions became critical in understanding disparities in disease outcomes (Bambra et al. 2020; Andrews et al. 2021; Landecker 2025).”
AlEissa, M. M., Aloufi, M. E., Eskandarani, A., Alshehri, A. M., Alrwois, M. M., AlMazni, Y. A., Alomary, S. A., Assiri, A. M., & Alabdulaali, M. K. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1758899 · Cited by 2
“The PHO provides real-time updates on the disease burden and SDoH on a national scale, focusing on those with disabilities and other vulnerable populations, including migrants, by monitoring, updating, and creating solutions for new and impactful national policies (78, 79).”
Baker, C., Lavender, V., Harris, C., et al. (2026) · Journal of research in nursing · doi:10.1177/17449871261422643 · Cited by 1
Chen, C., Tan, Z., & Liu, S. (2026) · International Journal of Finance & Economics · doi:10.1002/ijfe.70195 · Cited by 1
Whispers of Pathogens; Social Contagion in Infectious Disease Dynamics: A Review
Fayez, S. M. (2026) · Health Science Reports · doi:10.1002/hsr2.72463 · Cited by 1
“Social factors operate as intelligence networks which interact with each other to create different patterns of disease spread and danger levels, which researchers use to evaluate and control diseases [9].”
García-Marín, N. M., & Curvo, S. D. (2026) · Atención Primaria · doi:10.1016/j.aprim.2026.103516 · Cited by 1
Roy, R., Giordano, A., Kefas, R., Ferrara, A., & D’Angiulli, A. (2026) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app16104851 · Cited by 1
Hoffmeister, L. V., Peixoto, V. R., Gama, A. F., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1726269 · Cited by 1
Diversity Science in Perioperative Medicine: Key Concepts and Guidance for Publishing and Reviewing
Kraus, M. B., Schools-Cropper, A., Faloye, A. O., Wixson, M. C., & Purnell, T. S. (2026) · Anesthesia & Analgesia · doi:10.1213/ane.0000000000007999 · Cited by 1
Institutional Health Communication in the Information Age
Rubinelli, S. (2026) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009379984 · Cited by 1
Wang, P., Yao, J., Li, Y., Zhang, Z., & 黄晓蓉 (2026) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2026.1865725 · Cited by 1
Powell, R. A., Dsouza, N. M., Armani, K., et al. (2026) · Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine · doi:10.1177/01410768261461984 · Cited by 1
Haigh, F., El-Haddad, N., Barr, M., & Wendy, J. (2026) · Health Promotion International · doi:10.1093/heapro/daag101 · Cited by 1
“The COVID-19 pandemic brought renewed attention to the scale and consequences of health inequities, exposing and amplifying preexisting social and structural advantages (Bambra et al .”
Geographical Inequalities in the Distribution of Healthcare Specialists in Poland
Rój, J. (2026) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare14152427 · Cited by 1
The inverse care law in critical care during the COVID-19 pandemic
Hainey, K., & Katikireddi, S. V. (2020) · The Lancet Regional Health - Europe · doi:10.1016/j.lanepe.2020.100008 · Cited by 1
“The inequity in clinical outcomes of COVID-19 disease across the socioeconomic gradient will be compounded by the unequal distribution of the indirect consequences of the pandemic and its impact on individuals’ future health [6].”
Environmental Inequalities in Global Health
Santana, P., Almendra, R., Pilot, E., Doreleijers, S., & Krafft, T. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-05325-3_55-1 · Cited by 3
Skinner, S. (2021) · Matter Journal of New Materialist Research · doi:10.1344/jnmr.v2i1.33381 · Cited by 1
Añón, C. L. (2021) · The Age of Human Rights Journal · doi:10.17561/tahrj.v16.6326 · Cited by 1
Glodeanu, A., Gullón, P., & Bilal, U. (2021) · Gaceta Sanitaria · doi:10.1016/j.gaceta.2021.04.003 · Cited by 1
Stoner, L. R., Faghy, M. A., & Conners, R. T. (2021) · Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.31083/j.rcm2202031 · Cited by 1
“The broadening of health inequalities has been exposed by COVID-19, especially in those fromunderserved populations [5].”
BackgroundThompson, K., Dutton, D. J., McNabb, K., Liu, T., Blades, S., & Asbridge, M. (2021) · Promotion de la santé et prévention des maladies chroniques au Canada · doi:10.24095/hpcdp.41.9.02f · Cited by 1
Bartoll, X., Gotsens, M., & Palència, L. (2021) · Journal of Public Mental Health · doi:10.1108/jpmh-01-2021-0013 · Cited by 1
Uribe, F. L., Arteaga, Ó., Bruchhausen, W., Cheung, G., Cullum, S. J., Fuentes‐García, A., Miranda‐Castillo, C., Kerse, N. M., Kirk, R., Muru‐Lanning, M., et al. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su131810247 · Cited by 1
“Furthermore, even prior to COVID-19, accessing and utilizing care has not been equal, with the pandemic potentially further widening inequalities [42].”
BackgroundÖztürk, A., & Dilek, Ö. (2021) · Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi · doi:10.11611/yead.941192 · Cited by 1
Crises, Politics, Psychology—An Introduction
Straßer, I., & Dege, M. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-76939-0_1 · Cited by 1
Gil, A., & Дёмин, А. К. (2021) · Bulletin of Russian State Medical University · doi:10.24075/vrgmu.2021.064 · Cited by 2
“Because changes in alcohol consumption during the current pandemic may have serious long-term social and economic implications for individuals, groups of people and society as a whole [14, 15], there is a need to monitor these changes and analyze the contributing factors that come forward during a largescale crisis.”
BackgroundBlume, A. W. (2022) · International and cultural psychology/International and cultural psychology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-92825-4_6 · Cited by 1
Galicia, P., Cuevas, J. J. G., Larrégola, L. S., & Rufo, M. L. (2022) · Atención Primaria · doi:10.1016/j.aprim.2022.102301 · Cited by 1
Rajan, S., Paton, L. W., Chowdhury, A. H., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.785059 · Cited by 1
“We observed no relationship between economic factors and knowledge or practices, which is perhaps surprising, as hygiene measures rely on access to cleaning materials (11, 47).”
BackgroundTesting Times: COVID-19 Testing and Healthcare Workers in South Africa
Lewins, K., Heusden, P. V., & Baldwin-Ragaven, L. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-6486-1_10 · Cited by 1
Rethinking COVID-19 and Beyond: Prevention, Remedies, and Recovery
Maffetone, P. B., & Laursen, P. B. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.748498 · Cited by 1
“Rather than an isolated COVID-19 pandemic, it is clear there are synergistic interactions between pre-existing biological and socioecological factors (19), the spreading of an acute infectious disease, COVID-19, fueled by the overfat pandemic and its downstream conditions including impaired immunity, malnutrition, inf…”
BackgroundFischer, F. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-821318-6.00014-1 · Cited by 1
Sociodemographic Factors Affecting Outdoor Exercise Trips During the COVID-19 Lockdown
Semple, T., Fountas, G., & Fonzone, A. (2022) · Transportation research procedia · doi:10.1016/j.trpro.2022.02.094 · Cited by 1
An Executed Plan to Combat COVID-19 in the United States
Hartman, W. R. (2022) · Advances in Anesthesia · doi:10.1016/j.aan.2022.07.002 · Cited by 1
“These comorbid conditions may predispose a person to developing severe disease from COVID-19 [15,16].”
Cheetham, M., Gorman, S., Pollard, F., Ward, S., & Wiseman, A. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-052623 · Cited by 1
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Prescott, S. M., Schminkey, D. L., Abukhalaf, D., DeGuzman, P. B., & Dreisbach, C. (2022) · Public Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/phn.13133 · Cited by 2
The Health Crisis and the Financial Situation of Households in France – A Study on Monthly Bank Data
Bonnet, O., Boutin, S., Loisel, T., & Olivia, T. (2022) · Economie et Statistique / Economics and Statistics · doi:10.24187/ecostat.2022.534.2077 · Cited by 1
Joshi, M., Di, Y., Bhattacharyya, S., et al. (2022) · COVID · doi:10.3390/covid2100102 · Cited by 1
“People living in more socio-economically disadvantaged neighborhoods and minority ethnic groups have higher rates of almost all the known underlying clinical risk factors associated with the severity and mortality of COVID-19, including hypertension, diabetes, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), hear…”
BackgroundLawal, O. (2022) · SN Social Sciences · doi:10.1007/s43545-022-00557-8 · Cited by 3
“Sitting with myself by myself”: Indian students in Canada during the pandemic
Varughese, A. M., Schwartz, S., & Sheen, N. (2022) · Comparative and International Education · doi:10.5206/cieeci.v51i1.14226 · Cited by 1
Sola, H. D., Salazar, A., Palomo‐Osuna, J., Dueñas, M., Failde, I., & Moral-Muñoz, J. A. (2022) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12483 · Cited by 2
“The results, however, are in line with the job-related fi ndings shown in other scienti fi carticlesregardingdifferencesintheimpactofthelockdowndueto theCOVID-19[47 – 49].”
Urban Planning and Health Equity. Integrating Global and European Perspectives in Local
Freitas, Â., & Santana, P. (2022) · Future city · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-93875-8_1 · Cited by 1
Parents and Parenting in the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Review of the COVID-19 Literature
Roman, N. V. (2022) · Science across cultures · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-15359-4_23 · Cited by 1
Percy‐Smith, B., Rizzo, S., Tay, C., Lorusso, E., Day, L., & Monchuk, L. (2022) · Children Youth and Environments · doi:10.1353/cye.2022.0028 · Cited by 1
Iglesias-Martínez, E., Legaspi, P. Y., Tomás, E. A., & Llosa, J. A. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20031824 · Cited by 1
“Furthermore, in accordance with Bambra [47], public health policies must ensure in the long term that pandemics do not increase social inequalities for future generations while taking into account their impact on mental health.”
BackgroundSocioeconomic inequalities in health – debates on the persistence
Molarius, A. (2023) · Perspectives in Public Health · doi:10.1177/17579139221138447 · Cited by 1
Piccolo, M. (2023) · Sociétés · doi:10.3917/soc.158.0097 · Cited by 1
Oberndorfer, M., Henery, P., Dundas, R., Leyland, A. H., Paranjothy, S., Stock, S. J., Wood, R., Nelson, S. M., Kearns, R. J., & Pearce, A. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-066293 · Cited by 1
Facteurs associés à la crainte de l’infection par la COVID-19 chez des personnes vivant avec le VIH
Piton, M., Vecchia, C. D., Mabire‐Yon, R., Alain, T., Robledo, M. S., Charpentier, N., Puppo, C., Petit, A. S., Carpentier, C., Perray, M., et al. (2023) · Santé Publique · doi:10.3917/spub.226.0771 · Cited by 1
Hirschfeld, M. N. C., Faria, L. R. R., Gil, G. D. S., & Fonseca, C. R. (2023) · Ethnobiology and Conservation · doi:10.15451/ec2023-03-12.02-1-15 · Cited by 1
Calle, P. L., & Dopico, S. P. (2023) · Lan Harremanak Revista de Relaciones Laborales · doi:10.1387/lan-harremanak.24133 · Cited by 1
Griewing, S., Gremke, N., Lingenfelder, M., et al. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11121683 · Cited by 1
“As such, although women have a longer average life expectancy in comparison to men, they spend this surplus of lifetime in poorer health [18,19].”
BackgroundAreas of enduring COVID-19 prevalence: drivers of prevalence and mitigating strategies
Lewis, C., Johnson, S. J., Hartwig, A., et al. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-15723-7 · Cited by 1
“[22] describe COVID-19 as a ‘syndemic’: a synergistic pandemic that interacts with and exacerbates a person’s existing non-communicable diseases and social conditions.”
BackgroundKim, S. J., Medina, M., Park, J.-H., & Chang, J. (2023) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-023-01707-1 · Cited by 1
Filho, J. B. C., Góes, M. A. D. O., Araújo, D. D. C., et al. (2023) · Geospatial health · doi:10.4081/gh.2023.1206 · Cited by 1
A Life Course Approach to Musculoskeletal Ageing
Cooper, R., Ward, K. A., & Sayer, A. A. (2023) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192864642.003.0007 · Cited by 1
Reid, S. D., Motilal, S., Pooransingh, S., Bernard, G. S., & Ivey, M. A. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20166543 · Cited by 1
“[30], the lockdown measures may have served to intensify the synergistic effects of social factors (including social isolation), and pandemic effects, contributing to health inequalities among persons with NCDs.”
BackgroundRatnayake, A., McDougal, A. N., KISSINGER, P. J., Sokol, T. M., & Zheng, C. Y. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-91812-1.00017-2 · Cited by 1
COVID-19 e o impacto de pacientes diabéticos e obesos durante o confinamento
do Nascimento, I. B., Barboza, E., & Fleig, R. (2023) · Medicina (Ribeirão Preto) · doi:10.11606/issn.2176-7262.rmrp.2023.195091 · Cited by 1
Co-production methods and working together at a distance
Williams, O., Tembo, D., Ocloo, J. E., et al. (2021) · Policy Press eBooks · doi:10.56687/9781447361794-003 · Cited by 1
Bertuccio, P., Vigezzi, G. P., Amerio, A., d’Oro, L. C., Iacoviello, L., Stückler, D., Signorelli, C., Zucchi, A., Gallus, S., Odone, A., et al. (2023) · Scandinavian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/14034948231184516 · Cited by 1
“Pandemic-related behavioural and environmental changes affected health status, especially among vulnerable groups, such as older individuals [32].”
BackgroundThrough COVID-19 – A Systems Perspective: from Square to Circular Systems
Solomonian, L., Batson, L., Franko, C., & Waunch, A. (2020) · CAND Journal · doi:10.54434/candj.68 · Cited by 1
Luchas comunitarias por la subsistencia en la vereda Granizal: entre la esperanza y la desesperanza
Jaramillo, J. V., & Delgado, C. E. Y. (2023) · Hacia la Promoción de la Salud · doi:10.17151/hpsal.2023.28.1.4 · Cited by 1
“La reciente pandemia de COVID-19 profundizó las inequidades en salud, gracias a la sindemia generada por la conjunción del virus biológico con la afectación social sobre los determinantes de la salud y la demanda no atendida de enfermedades crónicas; cuyos factores de riesgo se entremezclan para interactuar y acumular…”
Kültür ve Turizmin Kavşağında Peynir: 1996'dan 2023'e Bibliyometrik Bir Değerlendirme
Denk, E. (2023) · Özgür Yayınları eBooks · doi:10.58830/ozgur.pub143.c1055 · Cited by 1
The Pandemic and Health Inequalities in Southern European Countries. An Overview
Serapioni, M., & Hespanha, P. (2023) · e-cadernos CES · doi:10.4000/eces.8013 · Cited by 1
Tilannetietoisuuden paradoksit terveyskriisissä
Autioniemi, J., Nordin, P., Jalonen, H., Jalonen, K., & Uusikylä, P. (2023) · Politiikka · doi:10.37452/politiikka.125024 · Cited by 1
Income-Related Health Inequalities under COVID-19 in Greece
Papanastasiou, S. (2023) · e-cadernos CES · doi:10.4000/eces.8186 · Cited by 1
Jagganath, G., & Singh, S. B. (2023) · The Oriental Anthropologist A Bi-annual International Journal of the Science of Man · doi:10.1177/0972558x231204404 · Cited by 1
Godbout-Parent, M., Spilak, T., Pagé, M. G., Choinière, M., Dassieu, L., Clifford‐Faugère, G. D., & Lacasse, A. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12237233 · Cited by 2
“The COVID-19 pandemic and its consequences mentioned above have disproportionately affected vulnerable groups, such as persons marginalized by their social identities, the elderly, people living with disabilities, women, and people with chronic illness [4,7].”
BackgroundConteh, I. N., Kasolo, F. C., Abiodun, P. O., et al. (2023) · World Journal of Public Health · doi:10.11648/j.wjph.20230804.14 · Cited by 1
OTS Panel: A cohort study to explore the relationship between work organization and health in Spain
Navarro, A., Esteve‐Matalí, L., Carrasquer, P., Feijoo-Cid, M., Fernández‐Cano, M. I., Llorens, C., Romo, Ó. M., Moriña, D., Martínez, A. P., Portell, M., et al. (2024) · Safety Science · doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2024.106443 · Cited by 1
“…less qualified workers where the COVID-19 is experienced as a syndemic that interacts with noncommunicable diseases and existing social conditions (Bambra et al., 2020; King and Lamontagne, 2021), leading to contexts particularly severe in some vulnerable groups, for example the essential women…”
Cash‐Gibson, L., & Benach, J. (2024) · International Journal of Social Determinants of Health and Health Services · doi:10.1177/27551938241230006 · Cited by 1
“In addition, the the role of gender in this sci-enti fi c production should be examined, 32 given the known gender bias in science, 5,60,61 as well as other factors and dynamics that create epistemic injustices within this fi eld of study.”
BackgroundConghail, L. M., Parker, S., & Burke, S. (2024) · HRB Open Research · doi:10.12688/hrbopenres.13848.1 · Cited by 1
Lebni, J. Y., Pavee, S., Ahmadi, A., Irandoost, S. F., & Masoumi, F. (2024) · International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction · doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2024.104363 · Cited by 1
Yuan, H.-Y., Wong, W., Khairunnasa, F., Ho, H.-C., & Chung, G. K. (2024) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-078838 · Cited by 1
Juras, M. M., Coêlho, A. C. F., Vázquez, A. L., Ribeiro, M. R., Kohlsdorf, M., Custódio, A. L., Buenabad, N. G. A., Pérez, L. V., Hooley, C., Barnett, M. L., et al. (2024) · Psicologia Reflexão e Crítica · doi:10.1186/s41155-024-00295-1 · Cited by 1
“Upper socioeconomic classes, with privileged access to resources, were the least impacted socially, economically, and health-wise by the COVID-19 pandemic (Bambra et al., 2020; Ben Brik et al., 2022; Valenzuela et al., 2020).”
BackgroundCOVID-19 and US Labor Force: County-Level Insights
Champion, A., Ojeda, D., Huang, C., et al. (2023) · doi:10.1109/csce60160.2023.00312 · Cited by 1
“Socioeconomic disadvantage is associated with larger COVID-19 disease burdens and pandemic-related economic impacts [1].”
BackgroundVitorino, C., Canavarro, M. C., & Carona, C. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0301527 · Cited by 1
“Although it has had an impact on the entire global community, there are specific social groups that have been more exposed to the deleterious consequences of COVID-19 [8].”
BackgroundPomeroy, E., & Fiori, F. (2024) · International Journal of Care and Caring · doi:10.1332/23978821y2024d000000040 · Cited by 1
Vameghi, M., Saatchi, M., Bahrami, G., et al. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0303043 · Cited by 1
Socioeconomic inequalities in the incidence of COVID-19 in Barcelona students
Olivella-Cirici, M., Pérez, G., Rodríguez‐Sanz, M., et al. (2024) · Public Health in Practice · doi:10.1016/j.puhip.2024.100527 · Cited by 1
“On schools, demographic and socioeconomic factors have played a potential role in the spread of the virus in this setting [23], suggesting the occurrence of a syndemic pandemic [24].”
BackgroundStressors in an Urban Environmental Justice Community During the Early COVID-19 Pandemic
Johnston, J., Tobar, M., Jimenez, A., et al. (2024) · Environmental Justice · doi:10.1089/env.2024.0008 · Cited by 1
Kim, E., Lee, W., & Cho, S. (2024) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2023-221763 · Cited by 1
Boat, A. A., Hsieh, T., & Wu, C. (2024) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2024.107797 · Cited by 5
Metadata
- Authors
- Bambra, C., Riordan, R., Ford, J., & Matthews, F.
- Affiliations
- Newcastle University (GB)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Bambra, Clare
- Venue
- Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2020-06-13
- Volume
- 74
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 964-968
- ISSN
- 0141-7681 (ISSN-L)
- 0143-005X
- 1470-2738
- PMC
- PMC7298201
- OpenAlex
- W3034285292
- Cited by
- 2,118
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 216 · 2025: 196 · 2024: 298 · 2023: 364 · 2022: 508 · 2021: 454 · 2020: 80
- FWCI
- 174.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Repository@Hull (Worktribe) (University of Hull) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR200173)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Public Health and Social Inequalities
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Healthcare Systems and Challenges
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, health disparities, syndemic, social determinants of health, socioeconomic disparities, ethnic inequality, regional disparities, economic impact of lockdown, public health policy
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Humans, Pneumonia, Viral, Socioeconomic Factors, Coronavirus Infections, Health Status Disparities, Healthcare Disparities, Pandemics, Social Determinants of Health
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-11, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-11 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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