The DOI matches its Crossref record; 51 of the 51 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 17 of the 50 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities
Open accessAbstract
This essay examines the implications of the COVID-19 pandemic for health inequalities. It outlines historical and contemporary evidence of inequalities in pandemics—drawing on international research into the Spanish influenza pandemic of 1918, the H1N1 outbreak of 2009 and the emerging international estimates of socio-economic, ethnic and geographical inequalities in COVID-19 infection and mortality rates. It then examines how these inequalities in COVID-19 are related to existing inequalities in chronic diseases and the social determinants of health, arguing that we are experiencing a syndemic pandemic . It then explores the potential consequences for health inequalities of the lockdown measures implemented internationally as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic, focusing on the likely unequal impacts of the economic crisis. The essay concludes by reflecting on the longer-term public health policy responses needed to ensure that the COVID-19 pandemic does not increase health inequalities for future generations.
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Claims the paper makes
16 No full text of the sources · 16 Own interpretation · 12 Sources not found · 9 Partly supported · 6 Supported · 4 Not checked yet · 4 No basis given · 1 Not supported · 1 Couldn’t confirm · accuracy not yet measured
At least one cited source doesn’t support this claim or points to a different paper, and none confirmed it — see the verdicts below.
In the paper
“Similarly, access to healthcare is lower in disadvantaged and marginalised communities-even in universal healthcare systems.32”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
What the sources say
- Disputedcites [32] Todd A , Copeland A , Kasim A , et al. Access all areas? An area-level analysis of the relationship between community pharmacy and primary care distribution, urbanity and social deprivation in England. BMJ Open 2015;5:e007328. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-007328 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Conclusions (page unavailable) report the opposite pattern for the access this study measured: a higher proportion of people in England’s most deprived areas live within a 20-minute walk of a GP premises. The Discussion’s principal findings likewise say GP-premises accessibility was highest in the most deprived areas. The paper measures proximity to GP premises and pharmacies, not healthcare access in general or access among all marginalised communities. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Disputed
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“and across Sweden, there were inequalities in mortality between the highest and lowest occupational classes -particularly among men.7”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 1. HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY EVIDENCE OF INEQUALITIES IN PANDEMICS
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [7] source
The Discussion reports social-class differences in excess mortality during the July 1918–June 1919 pandemic and says they were larger among men than women. The Regression results likewise identify low-skilled men as having the highest excess mortality and farmers the lowest; the paper does not claim a uniform class gradient. (LLM, conf=0.91)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In contrast, countries with smaller pre-existing social and economic inequalities, such as New Zealand, did not experience any socio-economic inequalities in mortality.8 9”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 1. HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY EVIDENCE OF INEQUALITIES IN PANDEMICS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [8] Rice G , Bryder L . Black november: the 1918 influenza pandemic in New Zealand . Christchurch: Canterbury University Press, 2005.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Partly supportedcites [9] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Univariate results, page unavailable) show no significant trend in mortality risk by occupational class among New Zealand military personnel; the paper also reports no significant occupational-class association in its fully adjusted model. But it does not establish that New Zealand had smaller pre-existing social and economic inequalities or that the country experienced no socioeconomic inequalities in pandemic mortality. The study was restricted to New Zealand military personnel in the Northern Hemisphere, so the claim generalizes beyond its population. (LLM, conf=0.87)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Another study found positive associations between people with financial issues (eg, financial barriers to healthcare access) and influenza-like illnesses during the 2009 H1N1 pandemic in the USA.15”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 1. HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY EVIDENCE OF INEQUALITIES IN PANDEMICS
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [15] source
The COMMENT section (page not provided) reports that respondents with financial barriers to healthcare were more likely to report influenza-like illness, even after adjustment for age, medical conditions, and employment. This directly supports the cited association in the US pandemic study. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“For example, globally, Mexico experienced a higher mortality rate than that in higher-income countries.12”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 1. HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY EVIDENCE OF INEQUALITIES IN PANDEMICS
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [12] source
The Discussion states that Mexico had higher 2009 pandemic-related mortality rates than the United States, Europe, or Australia. It also compares an estimated 11.1 deaths per 100,000 in Mexico with 4 per 100,000 in the United States. (LLM, conf=0.91)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Various studies on cyclical winter influenza in North America have also found associations between mortality, morbidity and symptom severity and socio-economic status among adults and children.16 17”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 1. HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY EVIDENCE OF INEQUALITIES IN PANDEMICS
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [16] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports that influenza-related hospitalizations increased as neighborhood socioeconomic status decreased among adults in New Haven County across four seasons. The Introduction also reports an earlier Connecticut finding for children. These passages support an association with hospitalization, but not the claimed associations with mortality or symptom severity across North America. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [17] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Similarly, old-age pensions in the UK were protected from austerity cuts after the GFC and research has suggested that this prevented health inequalities increasing amongst the older population.45”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 3. THE GREAT LOCKDOWN: THE COVID-19 ECONOMIC CRISIS AND HEALTH INEQUALITIES
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [45] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Background and Discussion say UK pensioners were largely protected from austerity and suggest that maintaining these benefits may explain why the mental-health gap did not widen in the study’s older cohort. The Conclusion limits that finding to an 18-month study of the most and least deprived neighbourhoods of Stockton-on-Tees; it does not establish that pension protection prevented health inequalities from increasing among the UK’s older population generally. (LLM, conf=0.85)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Housing is also an important factor in driving health inequalities.34”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [34] source
The Introduction describes housing and neighbourhood conditions as an upstream determinant that plays a role in health inequalities. The Abstract also calls them important social determinants of health. Together, these passages support the citing sentence's broad claim. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Decades of research into the psychosocial determinants of health have found that the chronic stress of material and psychological deprivation is associated with immunosuppression.36”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [36] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report that chronic stressors, including unemployment and caregiving, were associated with reduced function on almost all immune measures examined. The Discussion describes the most chronic stressors as associated with broad immunosuppression. The paper does not establish material and psychological deprivation as distinct categories of stressor, so that specificity goes beyond its findings. (LLM, conf=0.82)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Likewise, there is increasing evidence that living in disadvantaged environments may produce a sense of powerlessness and collective threat among residents, leading to chronic stressors that, in time, damage health.39”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [39] source
Section 3.3 (Meso/community level theories; page not provided) states that disadvantaged living environments may produce collective threat and powerlessness, which act as chronic stressors damaging health over time. This directly supports the attributed claim. (LLM, conf=0.95)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Supported
- It may state two separate claims as one. 21
- Probably not a substantial claim. 2
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Housing also impacts health inequalities materially through costs (eg, as a result of high rents) and psychosocially through insecurity (eg, short-term leases).34”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [34] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page unavailable) says housing tenure may affect health psychosocially: home ownership may provide greater security than renting, while debt may cause anxiety. It does not identify high rents as a material pathway or short-term leases as the source of insecurity, and it qualifies the tenure effect rather than asserting it outright. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“For example, exposure to poor quality housing is associated with certain health outcomes, for example, damp housing can lead to respiratory diseases such as asthma while overcrowding can result in higher infection rates and increased risk of injury from household accidents.34”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [34] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction says cold and damp housing may cause or exacerbate respiratory conditions, and that some housing-related hazards can cause injuries. The Results identify overcrowding as a housing-risk category, but the passages do not link it specifically to higher infection rates or household-accident injuries. The paper also does not specifically identify asthma as an outcome of damp housing. (LLM, conf=0.87)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“For example, inequalities in premature mortality and infant mortality by income and ethnicity in the USA decreased during the period of welfare expansion in the USA ('war on poverty' era 1966 to 1980), but they increased again during the Reagan-Bush period (1980-2002) when welfare services and healthcare coverage were cut.46”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 3. THE GREAT LOCKDOWN: THE COVID-19 ECONOMIC CRISIS AND HEALTH INEQUALITIES
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [46] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The ‘Post-treatment reduction of clinical risk’ and ‘Duration of Follow-Up’ sections discuss antimalarial treatment trials, not US mortality inequalities. Searches for premature and infant mortality by income and ethnicity, the war on poverty, and the Reagan–Bush period found no passage addressing the claimed trends. (LLM, conf=0.78)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“COVID-19 has laid bare our longstanding social, economic and political inequalities -even before the COVID-19 pandemic, life expectancy amongst the poorest groups was already declining in the UK and the USA and health inequalities in some European countries have been increasing over the last decade.50”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > CONCLUSION
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [50] Forster T , Kentikelenis A , Bambra C . Health inequalities in Europe: setting the stage for progressive policy action, Foundation for European Progressive Studies and the Think Tank for Action on Social Change (TASC). 2018. Available https://www.feps-europe.eu/component/attachments/attachments.html?task=attachment&id=168 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The “Healthier but Still Unequal” section (page not provided) reports widening life-expectancy gaps in Denmark and in England between 2010 and 2015, supporting the claim that health inequalities increased in some European countries before COVID-19. It does not establish that life expectancy itself declined among the poorest groups in the UK or USA; the search for that claim found no such passage. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The international literature demonstrates that there were inequalities in prevalence and mortality rates: between high-income and low-income countries, more and less affluent neighbourhoods, higher and lower socio-economic groups, and urban and rural areas.”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 1. HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY EVIDENCE OF INEQUALITIES IN PANDEMICS
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These health impacts were not shared equally though-areas of the UK with higher unemployment rates had greater increases in suicide rates and inequalities in mental health increased with people living in the most deprived areas experiencing the largest increases in psychiatric morbidity and self-harm.43”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 3. THE GREAT LOCKDOWN: THE COVID-19 ECONOMIC CRISIS AND HEALTH INEQUALITIES
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [43] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The COVID-19 pandemic is occurring against a backdrop of social and economic inequalities in existing non-communicable diseases (NCDs) as well as inequalities in the social determinants of health.”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“With regard to ethnic inequalities in COVID-19, data from England and Wales have found that people who are black, Asian and minority ethnic (BAME) accounted for 34.5% of 4873 critically ill COVID-19 patients (in the period ending April 16, 2020) and much higher than the 11.5% seen for viral pneumonia between 2017 and 2019.20”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 1. HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY EVIDENCE OF INEQUALITIES IN PANDEMICS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [20] Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre . Report on COVID-19 in critical care 17 April 2020 . London: Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre, 2020.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelationaln = 4,873- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: 14% of the population of England and Wales are from BAME backgrounds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“For example, in Chicago (in the period ending April 17, 2020), 59.2% of COVID-19 deaths were among black residents and the COVID-19 mortality rate for black Chicagoans was 34.8 per 100 000 population compared to 8.2 per 100 000 population among white residents.21”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 1. HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY EVIDENCE OF INEQUALITIES IN PANDEMICS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [21] Chicago Department of Public Health . COVID-19 death characteristics for Chicago residents. 2020. Available https://www.chicago.gov/city/en/sites/covid-19/home/latest-data.html (accessed 18 Apr 2020).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, lower-paid workers (where BAME groups are disproportionately represented)-particularly in the service sector (eg, food, cleaning or delivery services)-are much more likely to be designated as key workers and thereby are still required to go to work and rely on public transport for doing so.All these increase their exposure to the virus.”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Lower socio-economic groups have a higher exposure to poor quality or unaffordable, insecure housing and therefore have a higher rate of negative health consequences.35”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [35] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“People with existing chronic conditions (eg, cancer or cardiovascular disease (CVD)) are less likely to receive treatment and diagnosis as health services are overwhelmed by dealing with the pandemic.”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Just like the 1918 influenza pandemic (which had severe impacts on economic performance and increased poverty rates), the COVID-19 crisis will have huge economic, social and-ultimately-health consequences.”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 3. THE GREAT LOCKDOWN: THE COVID-19 ECONOMIC CRISIS AND HEALTH INEQUALITIES
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Minority ethnic groups, people living in areas of higher socioeconomic deprivation, those in poverty and other marginalised groups (such as homeless people, prisoners and street-based sex workers) generally have a greater number of coexisting NCDs, which are more severe and experienced at at a younger age.”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“For example, deprived neighbourhoods are more likely to contain houses of multiple occupation and smaller houses with a lack of outside space, as well as have higher population densities (particularly in deprived urban areas) and lower access to communal green space.27”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [27] Bambra C . Health divides: where you live can kill you . Bristol: Policy Press, 2016.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
In the paper
“Previous research has found that sudden economic shocks (like the collapse of communism in the early 1990s and the global financial crisis (GFC) of 2008 41 ) lead to increases in morbidity, mental ill health, suicide and death from alcohol and substance use.”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 3. THE GREAT LOCKDOWN: THE COVID-19 ECONOMIC CRISIS AND HEALTH INEQUALITIES
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [41] Stuckler D , Basu S . The body economic. why austerity kills . London: Thomas Allen, 2013.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“So, the health consequences of the COVID-19 economic crisis are likely to be similarly unequally distributed-exacerbating heath inequalities.”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 3. THE GREAT LOCKDOWN: THE COVID-19 ECONOMIC CRISIS AND HEALTH INEQUALITIES
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The prevalence and severity of the COVID-19 pandemic is magnified because of the pre-existing epidemics of chronic disease-which are themselves socially patterned and associated with the social determinants of health.”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Similarly, the Gypsy/Roma community-one of the most marginalised minority groups in Europe-has a smoking rate that is two to three times the European average and increased rates of respiratory diseases (such as COPD) and other COVID-19 risk factors.29”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [29] European commission . Roma health report: health status of the Roma population in the member states of the European union . Brussels: European Commission, 2014.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
In the paper
“These will likely increase COVID-19 transmission rates-as was the case with H1N1 where strong associations were found with urbanity.13”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [13] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These state-imposed restrictionsusually requiring the government to take on emergency powershave been implemented to varying levels of severity, but all have in common a significant increase in social isolation and confinement within the home and immediate neighbourhood.”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 3. THE GREAT LOCKDOWN: THE COVID-19 ECONOMIC CRISIS AND HEALTH INEQUALITIES
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This reduced access to healthcare-before and during the outbreak -contributes to inequalities in chronic disease and is also likely to lead to worse outcomes from COVID-19 in more disadvantaged areas and marginalised communities.”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It seems likely that there will be a post-COVID-19 global economic slumpwhich could make the health equity situation even worse, particularly if health-damaging policies of austerity are implemented again.”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > CONCLUSION
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
14% of the population of England and Wales are from BAME backgrounds.
“Only 14% of the population of England and Wales are from BAME backgrounds.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Most countries failed to pursue traditional public health surveillance measures and were forced to implement lockdowns.
“While traditional public health surveillance measures of contact tracing and individual quarantine were successfully pursued by some countries (most notably by South Korea and Germany) as a way of tackling the virus in the early stages, most other countries failed to do so, and governments worldwide were eventually forced to implement mass quarantine measures -in the form of lockdowns.”
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Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“What we do know with more certainty is that times of crisis or periods of austerity are likely to disadvantage entire cohorts/generations [60], but that this will amplify prior forms of exclusion and marginalisation [3].”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > CONCLUSION
“Both then and now, these inequalities have emerged through the syndemic nature of COVID-19-as it interacts with and exacerbates existing social inequalities in chronic disease and the social determinants of health.”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 1. HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY EVIDENCE OF INEQUALITIES IN PANDEMICS
“More recent studies have confirmed Sydenstricker's early findings: there were significant inequalities in the 1918 Spanish influenza pandemic.”
Citations
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BackgroundCOVID-19 mortality and deprivation: pandemic, syndemic, and endemic health inequalities
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“1,144 Originating in anthropology, a syndemic describes “a set of closely intertwined and mutual enhancing health problems that significantly affect the overall health status of a population within the context of a perpetuating configuration of noxious social conditions”.”
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“Importantly, wearables should not seek to widen the health inequalities that have worsened during the COVID-19 pandemic [92], especially for the poorest in society who tend to be in the greatest need of care but least likely to receive such care [93].”
BackgroundLazarus, J. V., Ratzan, S., Palayew, A., Billari, F. C., Binagwaho, A., Kimball, S., Larson, H. J., Melegaro, A., Rabin, K., White, T. M., et al. (2020) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0240011 · Cited by 232
“For example, families without running water cannot wash hands, the homeless cannot shelter in place, those in prisons and high-density urban slums cannot physically distance, low-wage and essential workers cannot telework, and overcrowding in reception and detention centres may increase exposure of migrants and refuge…”
BackgroundImpact of COVID-19 outbreak by income: hitting hardest the most deprived
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COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on social relationships and health
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“As mentioned by Bambra et al, [28] inequalities in COVID-19 are related to existing inequalities in chronic diseases and the social determinants of health.”
Ogunleye, O. O., Basu, D., Mueller, D., Sneddon, J., Seaton, R. A., Yinka-Ogunleye, A. F., Wamboga, J., Miljković, N., Mwita, J. C., Rwegerera, G. M., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2020.01205 · Cited by 213
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“FIGURE 1 | Fueling factors responsible for COVID 19 syndemic outcomes among PLWNCDs [adapted from Singer (8), Bambra (9), and Shaiu (10)].”
BackgroundAburto, J. M., Kashyap, R., Schöley, J., Angus, C., Ermisch, J., Mills, M. C., & Dowd, J. B. (2021) · Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2020-215505 · Cited by 159
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“Research on place-based public health interventions, therefore, is timely, especially in light of the COVID-19 pandemic (given the high geographical inequalities in COVID-19 – associated with inequalities in chronic diseases [33]), international economic uncertainty, and acknowledgement amongst policymakers of the nee…”
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“The pandemic has been recognized to have a syndemic nature [43], as COVID-19, adverse social conditions, and structural inequalities have been found to work together to increase risk from the virus [44].”
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BackgroundAccounting, management and accountability in times of crisis: lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic
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Placing intersectional inequalities in health
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“…mortality amongst men [Bambra et al., 2021]); between ethnic groups (e.g. COVID-19 death rates are three-times higher amongst Black Americans [Bambra et al., 2020); by migration status (including inequalities in access to health care [Gkiouleka et al., 2020]); and amongst other marginalised…”
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Covid-19 and College Students: Food Security Status before and after the Onset of a Pandemic
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“While helping to contain the virus and protect the health of Americans, these changes are challenging Americans financially, and disproportionately affecting Americans who already face social and economic inequalities [6].”
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Noncancerous disease-targeting AIEgens
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Disabled people in Britain and the impact of the COVID ‐19 pandemic
Shakespeare, T., Watson, N., Brunner, R., Cullingworth, J. B., Hameed, S., Scherer, N., Pearson, C., & Reichenberger, V. (2021) · Social Policy and Administration · doi:10.1111/spol.12758 · Cited by 105
“But it has also exposed inequalities and differing vulnerabilities within British society that may have previously been obscured or ignored (Bambra et al., 2020; Scambler, 2020).”
Jenness, S. M., Guillou, A. L., Chandra, C., Mann, L. M., Sanchez, T., Westreich, D. J., & Marcus, J. L. (2021) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiab051 · Cited by 101
Significant impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on race/ethnic differences in US mortality
Aburto, J. M., Tilstra, A. M., Floridi, G., & Dowd, J. B. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2205813119 · Cited by 99
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Higher risk of death from COVID-19 in low-income and non-White populations of São Paulo, Brazil
Li, S. L., Pereira, R. H. M., Junior, C. A. P., Zarebski, A. E., Emanuel, L., Alves, P. J. H., Peixoto, P. S., Braga, C. K. V., Santos, A. A. D. S., de Souza, W. M., et al. (2021) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2021-004959 · Cited by 97
Changing behaviour: an essential component of tackling health inequalities
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Raman, R., Rajalakshmi, R., Surya, J., Ramakrishnan, R., Sivaprasad, S., Conroy, D. M., Thethi, J. P., Mohan, V., & Netuveli, G. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043590 · Cited by 92
Pandemic inequalities: emerging infectious diseases and health equity
Bambra, C. L. (2022) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/s12939-021-01611-2 · Cited by 92
“Drawing on the three case studies (Zika, Ebola, COVID-19) - and informed by the wider health inequalities, EID and social determinants of health literature [3, 8, 9], this section sets out the four main interconnected pathways (unequal exposure, unequal transmission, unequal susceptibility, unequal treatment) whereby…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationPerry, M., Akbari, A., Cottrell, S. L., Gravenor, M. B., Roberts, R. J., Lyons, R. A., Bedston, S., Torabi, F., & Griffiths, L. J. (2021) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.09.019 · Cited by 88
COVID ‐19, the Great Recession and social policy: Is this time different?
Moreira, A., & Hick, R. (2021) · Social Policy and Administration · doi:10.1111/spol.12679 · Cited by 91
“…known underlying clinical risk factors that increase the severity and mortality of COVID-19, including hypertension, diabetes, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), heart disease, liver disease, renal disease, cancer, cardiovascular disease, obesity and smoking’ (Bambra, 2020: 2).”
Trajectories of eating behavior during COVID-19 lockdown: Longitudinal analyses of 22,374 adults
Herle, M., Smith, A. D., Bu, F., Steptoe, A., & Fancourt, D. E. (2021) · Clinical Nutrition ESPEN · doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.01.046 · Cited by 90
“Public health interventions face the challenge of informing at risk individuals how to stay healthy, without exacerbating stigma and weight-related anxiety [38], while protecting people with eating disorders [39].”
BackgroundStinson, E. A., Sullivan, R. M., Peteet, B. J., Tapert, S. F., Baker, F. C., Breslin, F. J., Dick, A. S., Gonzalez, M. R., Guillaumé, M., Marshall, A. T., et al. (2021) · Biological Psychiatry Global Open Science · doi:10.1016/j.bpsgos.2021.08.007 · Cited by 94
“, Black and Latinx), where COVID-19 circumstances compound on existing stressors (50,68).”
Bower, M., Buckle, C., Rugel, E. J., Donohoe‐Bales, A., McGrath, L., Gournay, K., Barrett, E. L., Phibbs, P., & Teesson, M. (2021) · International Journal of Housing Policy · doi:10.1080/19491247.2021.1940686 · Cited by 91
“Emerging evidence suggests individuals living in lowquality or inadequate housing are at higher risk of COVID-19 infection and ill health (Bambra et al., 2020).”
BackgroundSocioeconomic patterns and COVID-19 outcomes before, during and after the lockdown in Italy (2020)
Mateo‐Urdiales, A., Fabiani, M., Rosano, A., Vescio, M. F., Manso, M. D., Bella, A., Riccardo, F., Pezzotti, P., Regidor, E., & Andrianou, X. D. (2021) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2021.102642 · Cited by 95
COVID-19 como sindemia: modelo teórico e fundamentos para a abordagem abrangente em saúde
Júnior, J. P. B., & dos Santos, D. B. (2021) · Cadernos de Saúde Pública · doi:10.1590/0102-311x00119021 · Cited by 93
Straw, I. (2020) · Artificial Intelligence in Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.artmed.2020.101965 · Cited by 86
COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom
Flynn, D., Moloney, E., Bhattarai, N., Scott, J., Breckons, M., Avery, L., & Moy, N. (2020) · Health Policy and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.hlpt.2020.08.003 · Cited by 90
Martins‐Filho, P. R., Quintans‐Júnior, L. J., Araújo, A. A. D. S., et al. (2020) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2020.11.005 · Cited by 86
Urban green equity and COVID-19: Effects on park use and sense of belonging in New York City
Pipitone, J. M., & Jović, S. (2021) · Urban forestry & urban greening · doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2021.127338 · Cited by 94
COVID-19, poverty and inclusive development
Gupta, J., Bavinck, M., Ros-Tonen, M. A. F., Asubonteng, K. O., Bosch, H., van Ewijk, E., Hordijk, M. A., Leynseele, Y. V., Cardozo, M. T. A. L., Miedema, E. A. J., et al. (2021) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105527 · Cited by 93
“The question is whether governments can scale up and sustain these over the longer-term (ILO, 2020a), and in doing so do not exacerbate pre-existing social inequalities (Bambra et al., 2020).”
BackgroundSocioeconomic inequalities in vaccine uptake: A global umbrella review
Sacre, A., Bambra, C. L., Wildman, J. M., Thomson, K. H., Bennett, N. C., Sowden, S. L., & Todd, A. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0294688 · Cited by 83
Self-citation‘Health in All Policies’—A Key Driver for Health and Well-Being in a Post-COVID-19 Pandemic World
Green, L., Ashton, K., Bellis, M. A., Clemens, T., & Douglas, M. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18189468 · Cited by 98
“This has led to the pandemic being described as a ‘syndemic’, which is a synergistic set of problems associated with a ‘perpetuating configuration of noxious social conditions’ that combine to damage health and increase health inequalities [113].”
BackgroundLone, N., McPeake, J. M., Stewart, N. I., Blayney, M. C., Seem, R. C., Donaldson, L., Glass, E., Haddow, C., Hall, R., Martin, C. S., et al. (2021) · The Lancet Regional Health - Europe · doi:10.1016/j.lanepe.2020.100005 · Cited by 93
“In addition, areas of socioeconomic deprivation have a higher proportion of people who suffer from the non-communicable health conditions which increase the risk of severe COVID-19 disease, such as hypertension, obesity, diabetes and heart disease [19].”
BackgroundCOVID-19 and the gender health paradox
Bambra, C. L., Albani, V., & Franklin, P. (2020) · Scandinavian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/1403494820975604 · Cited by 89
“[64] Bambra C, riordan r, Ford J, et al.”
BackgroundSelf-citationWho suffered most? Parental stress and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany
Li, J., Bünning, M., Kaiser, T., & Hipp, L. (2021) · Journal of Family Research · doi:10.20377/jfr-704 · Cited by 81
“Our interest in inequality in parental psychological wellbeing by gender, family structure, parent education and family financial situation during the pandemic stems from the sociological insights into the stress process (Pearlin 1989), and from empirical evidence for socioeconomic inequalities in the impact of the pa…”
BackgroundOjo, O., Wang, X., Ojo, O. O., Orjih, E., Pavithran, N., Adegboye, A. R. A., Feng, Q., & McCrone, P. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19031095 · Cited by 82
“In fact, the COVID-19 pandemic is also regarded as a syndemic, where health determinants, including social determinants and comorbidities interact and cumulatively and adversely exacerbate the pre-existing disease burden and its unfavourable effects [2,4].”
BackgroundOccupational Safety and Health Staging Framework for Decent Work
Schulte, P. A., Iavicoli, I., Fontana, L., Leka, S., Dollard, M. F., Salmen-Navarro, A., Salles, F. J., Olympio, K. P. K., Lucchini, R. G., Fingerhut, M. A., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191710842 · Cited by 110
The Effect of Country-level Factors and Government Intervention on the Incidence of COVID-19
Haldar, A., & Sethi, N. (2020) · Asian Economics Letters · doi:10.46557/001c.17804 · Cited by 81
“Health inequalities due to inadequate health capacity, directly affect vulnerable people (Bambra et al., 2020).”
BackgroundA look into the future of the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe: an expert consultation
Iftekhar, E. N., Priesemann, V., Balling, R., Bauer, S., Beutels, P., Valdez, A. C., Cuschieri, S., Czypionka, T., Dumpis, U., Glaab, E., et al. (2021) · The Lancet Regional Health - Europe · doi:10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100185 · Cited by 132
“healthcare workers [141], and individuals already suffering from social disadvantage and discrimination [142-145], will have a pro-”
Digital disparities: designing telemedicine systems with a health equity aim
Samuels‐Kalow, M. E., Jaffe, T. A., & Zachrison, K. S. (2021) · Emergency Medicine Journal · doi:10.1136/emermed-2020-210896 · Cited by 79
“For example, wide variation in health outcomes among socioeconomic classes and neighbourhoods 23 was described in both the 1918 Spanish Influenza and H1N1 outbreak in 2009; similar differences in health outcomes have emerged during the COVID-19 pandemic.”
BackgroundBajos, N., Bajos, N., Jusot, F., Pailhé, A., Martin, C., Meyer, L., Meyer, L., Lydié, N., Franck, J.-E., Zins, M., et al. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-10521-5 · Cited by 81
“In this sense, the biomedical approach to prevention, which promotes preventive measures based on clinical knowledge without taking into account the socially differentiated effects of living conditions shows its limits, as was the case in the fight against previous epidemics [9, 33].”
BackgroundCOVID-19 and cardiovascular diseases
Mai, F., Pinto, R. D., & Ferri, C. (2020) · Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jjcc.2020.07.013 · Cited by 78
Arceo-Gomez, E. O., Campos-Vazquez, R. M., Esquivel, G., Alcaraz, E., Martinez, L. A., & Lopez, N. G. (2022) · The Lancet Regional Health - Americas · doi:10.1016/j.lana.2021.100115 · Cited by 77
Decolonising global health: where are the Southern voices?
Oti, S. O., & Ncayiyana, J. R. (2021) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2021-006576 · Cited by 77
Basterfield, L., Burn, N., Galna, B., Batten, H., Goffe, L., Karoblyte, G., Lawn, M., & Weston, K. L. (2022) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2022.2047504 · Cited by 77
Rydland, H. T., Friedman, J. R., Stringhini, S., Link, B. G., & Eikemo, T. A. (2022) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-022-01073-z · Cited by 76
“We are thus experiencing a syndemic pandemic, as the virus interacts with existing social inequalities in disease and the social determinants of health (Bambra et al., 2020).”
BackgroundEthics Guidance for Environmental Scientists Engaged in Surveillance of Wastewater for SARS-CoV‑2
Hrudey, S. E., Silva, D. S., Shelley, J., Pons, W., Isaac-Renton, J., Chik, A. H. S., & Conant, B. (2021) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.1c00308 · Cited by 75
Dolby, T., Finning, K., Baker, A., et al. (2022) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2021-218415 · Cited by 73
Reflections on oral health inequalities: Theories, pathways and next steps for research priorities
Tsakos, G., Watt, R. G., & Guarnizo-Herreño, C. C. (2023) · Community Dentistry And Oral Epidemiology · doi:10.1111/cdoe.12830 · Cited by 83
Martins-Filho, P. R., de Souza Araújo, A. A., Quintans-Júnior, L. J., & Santos, V. S. (2020) · Journal of Travel Medicine · doi:10.1093/jtm/taaa128 · Cited by 72
“Additionally, it is estimated that one in five Brazilian adults has two or more morbidities,3 which may increase the susceptibility to COVID-19 mortality, especially among poor people.4 As the association between COVID-19 and poverty is still poorly described, it is necessary to assess the impact of social inequalitie…”
BackgroundInfluentialShen, Y., Yu, J., Zhou, J., & Hu, G. (2024) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/59024 · Cited by 107
“…improving access to health care, enhancing support for individuals with chronic diseases, ensuring the availability of protective measures for individuals classified as immunocompromised, and addressing the broader socioeconomic and environmental factors that contribute to health disparities [154].”
den Broeder, L., South, J., Rothoff, A., Bagnall, A., Azarhoosh, F., van der Linden, G., Bharadwa, M., & Wagemakers, A. (2021) · Health Promotion International · doi:10.1093/heapro/daab098 · Cited by 70
“, 2020), are unequally distributed (Bambra et al., 2020; Schulz et al., 2020).”
BackgroundAustralia in 2030: what is our path to health for all?
Backholer, K., Baum, F. E., Finlay, S. M., Friel, S., Giles‐Corti, B., Jones, A., Patrick, R., Shill, J., Townsend, B., Armstrong, F., et al. (2021) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/mja2.51020 · Cited by 69
BNT162b2 COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy among Parents of 4023 Young Adolescents (12–15 Years) in Qatar
Musa, S., Dergaa, I., Abdulmalik, M., Ammar, A., Chamari, K., & Saad, H. B. (2021) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines9090981 · Cited by 71
“Evidence suggests that children have shown lower susceptibility to COVID-19 infection [48], very few children developed severe COVID-19 (even if they were in a clinical risk group), and their role in the transmission of COVID-19 was unclear [44].”
BackgroundLin, S. (2022) · Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health · doi:10.1007/s10903-022-01337-5 · Cited by 69
“A burgeoning body of evidence has demonstrated overrepresentation of immigrants, low-income, and other socially marginalized populations among cases of and deaths from COVID-19 across the globe [3, 7].”
BackgroundScott, S., McGowan, V. J., & Visram, S. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18073837 · Cited by 64
“What we do know with more certainty is that times of crisis or periods of austerity are likely to disadvantage entire cohorts/generations [60], but that this will amplify prior forms of exclusion and marginalisation [3].”
BackgroundTransforming health systems to reduce health inequalities
Ford, J. A., Sowden, S. L., Olivera, J., Bambra, C. L., Gimson, A., Aldridge, R. W., & Brayne, C. (2021) · Future Healthcare Journal · doi:10.7861/fhj.2021-0018 · Cited by 66
Self-citationLee, J., Bullen, C., Amor, Y. B., Bush, S. R., Colombo, F., Gaviría, A., Karim, S. S. A., Kim, B., Lavis, J. N., Lazarus, J. V., et al. (2021) · International Health · doi:10.1093/inthealth/ihab022 · Cited by 60
Diamond‐Smith, N., Logan, R. G., Marshall, C. J., Corbetta-Rastelli, C. M., Gutierrez, S., Adler, A., & Kerns, J. (2021) · Contraception · doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2021.08.011 · Cited by 65
Parkes, T., Carver, H., Masterton, W., Falzon, D., Dumbrell, J., Grant, S., & Wilson, I. (2021) · Harm Reduction Journal · doi:10.1186/s12954-021-00472-w · Cited by 51
“Although preexisting health conditions increase risk, the social determinants of health also make people from marginalised communities, such as people who are homeless, more vulnerable to COVID-19, even without underlying health conditions [5].”
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An intersectional analysis of long COVID prevalence
Cohen, J., & Rodgers, Y. V. D. M. (2023) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/s12939-023-02072-5 · Cited by 67
“Inequalities in COVID outcomes are related to disparities in other chronic diseases and have a complex relationship with biological and social determinants of health [27].”
Metadata
- Authors
- Bambra, C., Riordan, R., Ford, J., & Matthews, F.
- Affiliations
- Newcastle University (GB)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Bambra, Clare
- Venue
- Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2020-06-13
- Volume
- 74
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 964-968
- ISSN
- 0141-7681 (ISSN-L)
- 0143-005X
- 1470-2738
- PMC
- PMC7298201
- OpenAlex
- W3034285292
- Cited by
- 2,118
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 216 · 2025: 196 · 2024: 298 · 2023: 364 · 2022: 508 · 2021: 454 · 2020: 80
- FWCI
- 174.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Repository@Hull (Worktribe) (University of Hull) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR200173)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Public Health and Social Inequalities
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Healthcare Systems and Challenges
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, health disparities, syndemic, social determinants of health, socioeconomic disparities, ethnic inequality, regional disparities, economic impact of lockdown, public health policy
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Humans, Pneumonia, Viral, Socioeconomic Factors, Coronavirus Infections, Health Status Disparities, Healthcare Disparities, Pandemics, Social Determinants of Health
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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