The DOI matches its Crossref record; 51 of the 51 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 17 of the 50 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities
Open accessAbstract
This essay examines the implications of the COVID-19 pandemic for health inequalities. It outlines historical and contemporary evidence of inequalities in pandemics—drawing on international research into the Spanish influenza pandemic of 1918, the H1N1 outbreak of 2009 and the emerging international estimates of socio-economic, ethnic and geographical inequalities in COVID-19 infection and mortality rates. It then examines how these inequalities in COVID-19 are related to existing inequalities in chronic diseases and the social determinants of health, arguing that we are experiencing a syndemic pandemic . It then explores the potential consequences for health inequalities of the lockdown measures implemented internationally as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic, focusing on the likely unequal impacts of the economic crisis. The essay concludes by reflecting on the longer-term public health policy responses needed to ensure that the COVID-19 pandemic does not increase health inequalities for future generations.
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Claims the paper makes
16 No full text of the sources · 16 Own interpretation · 12 Sources not found · 9 Partly supported · 6 Supported · 4 Not checked yet · 4 No basis given · 1 Not supported · 1 Couldn’t confirm · accuracy not yet measured
At least one cited source doesn’t support this claim or points to a different paper, and none confirmed it — see the verdicts below.
In the paper
“Similarly, access to healthcare is lower in disadvantaged and marginalised communities-even in universal healthcare systems.32”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
What the sources say
- Disputedcites [32] Todd A , Copeland A , Kasim A , et al. Access all areas? An area-level analysis of the relationship between community pharmacy and primary care distribution, urbanity and social deprivation in England. BMJ Open 2015;5:e007328. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-007328 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Conclusions (page unavailable) report the opposite pattern for the access this study measured: a higher proportion of people in England’s most deprived areas live within a 20-minute walk of a GP premises. The Discussion’s principal findings likewise say GP-premises accessibility was highest in the most deprived areas. The paper measures proximity to GP premises and pharmacies, not healthcare access in general or access among all marginalised communities. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Disputed
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“and across Sweden, there were inequalities in mortality between the highest and lowest occupational classes -particularly among men.7”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 1. HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY EVIDENCE OF INEQUALITIES IN PANDEMICS
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [7] source
The Discussion reports social-class differences in excess mortality during the July 1918–June 1919 pandemic and says they were larger among men than women. The Regression results likewise identify low-skilled men as having the highest excess mortality and farmers the lowest; the paper does not claim a uniform class gradient. (LLM, conf=0.91)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In contrast, countries with smaller pre-existing social and economic inequalities, such as New Zealand, did not experience any socio-economic inequalities in mortality.8 9”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 1. HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY EVIDENCE OF INEQUALITIES IN PANDEMICS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [8] Rice G , Bryder L . Black november: the 1918 influenza pandemic in New Zealand . Christchurch: Canterbury University Press, 2005.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Partly supportedcites [9] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Univariate results, page unavailable) show no significant trend in mortality risk by occupational class among New Zealand military personnel; the paper also reports no significant occupational-class association in its fully adjusted model. But it does not establish that New Zealand had smaller pre-existing social and economic inequalities or that the country experienced no socioeconomic inequalities in pandemic mortality. The study was restricted to New Zealand military personnel in the Northern Hemisphere, so the claim generalizes beyond its population. (LLM, conf=0.87)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Another study found positive associations between people with financial issues (eg, financial barriers to healthcare access) and influenza-like illnesses during the 2009 H1N1 pandemic in the USA.15”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 1. HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY EVIDENCE OF INEQUALITIES IN PANDEMICS
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [15] source
The COMMENT section (page not provided) reports that respondents with financial barriers to healthcare were more likely to report influenza-like illness, even after adjustment for age, medical conditions, and employment. This directly supports the cited association in the US pandemic study. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“For example, globally, Mexico experienced a higher mortality rate than that in higher-income countries.12”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 1. HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY EVIDENCE OF INEQUALITIES IN PANDEMICS
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [12] source
The Discussion states that Mexico had higher 2009 pandemic-related mortality rates than the United States, Europe, or Australia. It also compares an estimated 11.1 deaths per 100,000 in Mexico with 4 per 100,000 in the United States. (LLM, conf=0.91)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Various studies on cyclical winter influenza in North America have also found associations between mortality, morbidity and symptom severity and socio-economic status among adults and children.16 17”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 1. HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY EVIDENCE OF INEQUALITIES IN PANDEMICS
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [16] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports that influenza-related hospitalizations increased as neighborhood socioeconomic status decreased among adults in New Haven County across four seasons. The Introduction also reports an earlier Connecticut finding for children. These passages support an association with hospitalization, but not the claimed associations with mortality or symptom severity across North America. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [17] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Similarly, old-age pensions in the UK were protected from austerity cuts after the GFC and research has suggested that this prevented health inequalities increasing amongst the older population.45”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 3. THE GREAT LOCKDOWN: THE COVID-19 ECONOMIC CRISIS AND HEALTH INEQUALITIES
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [45] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Background and Discussion say UK pensioners were largely protected from austerity and suggest that maintaining these benefits may explain why the mental-health gap did not widen in the study’s older cohort. The Conclusion limits that finding to an 18-month study of the most and least deprived neighbourhoods of Stockton-on-Tees; it does not establish that pension protection prevented health inequalities from increasing among the UK’s older population generally. (LLM, conf=0.85)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Housing is also an important factor in driving health inequalities.34”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [34] source
The Introduction describes housing and neighbourhood conditions as an upstream determinant that plays a role in health inequalities. The Abstract also calls them important social determinants of health. Together, these passages support the citing sentence's broad claim. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Decades of research into the psychosocial determinants of health have found that the chronic stress of material and psychological deprivation is associated with immunosuppression.36”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [36] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report that chronic stressors, including unemployment and caregiving, were associated with reduced function on almost all immune measures examined. The Discussion describes the most chronic stressors as associated with broad immunosuppression. The paper does not establish material and psychological deprivation as distinct categories of stressor, so that specificity goes beyond its findings. (LLM, conf=0.82)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Likewise, there is increasing evidence that living in disadvantaged environments may produce a sense of powerlessness and collective threat among residents, leading to chronic stressors that, in time, damage health.39”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [39] source
Section 3.3 (Meso/community level theories; page not provided) states that disadvantaged living environments may produce collective threat and powerlessness, which act as chronic stressors damaging health over time. This directly supports the attributed claim. (LLM, conf=0.95)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Supported
- It may state two separate claims as one. 21
- Probably not a substantial claim. 2
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Housing also impacts health inequalities materially through costs (eg, as a result of high rents) and psychosocially through insecurity (eg, short-term leases).34”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [34] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page unavailable) says housing tenure may affect health psychosocially: home ownership may provide greater security than renting, while debt may cause anxiety. It does not identify high rents as a material pathway or short-term leases as the source of insecurity, and it qualifies the tenure effect rather than asserting it outright. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“For example, exposure to poor quality housing is associated with certain health outcomes, for example, damp housing can lead to respiratory diseases such as asthma while overcrowding can result in higher infection rates and increased risk of injury from household accidents.34”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [34] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction says cold and damp housing may cause or exacerbate respiratory conditions, and that some housing-related hazards can cause injuries. The Results identify overcrowding as a housing-risk category, but the passages do not link it specifically to higher infection rates or household-accident injuries. The paper also does not specifically identify asthma as an outcome of damp housing. (LLM, conf=0.87)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“For example, inequalities in premature mortality and infant mortality by income and ethnicity in the USA decreased during the period of welfare expansion in the USA ('war on poverty' era 1966 to 1980), but they increased again during the Reagan-Bush period (1980-2002) when welfare services and healthcare coverage were cut.46”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 3. THE GREAT LOCKDOWN: THE COVID-19 ECONOMIC CRISIS AND HEALTH INEQUALITIES
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [46] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The ‘Post-treatment reduction of clinical risk’ and ‘Duration of Follow-Up’ sections discuss antimalarial treatment trials, not US mortality inequalities. Searches for premature and infant mortality by income and ethnicity, the war on poverty, and the Reagan–Bush period found no passage addressing the claimed trends. (LLM, conf=0.78)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“COVID-19 has laid bare our longstanding social, economic and political inequalities -even before the COVID-19 pandemic, life expectancy amongst the poorest groups was already declining in the UK and the USA and health inequalities in some European countries have been increasing over the last decade.50”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > CONCLUSION
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [50] Forster T , Kentikelenis A , Bambra C . Health inequalities in Europe: setting the stage for progressive policy action, Foundation for European Progressive Studies and the Think Tank for Action on Social Change (TASC). 2018. Available https://www.feps-europe.eu/component/attachments/attachments.html?task=attachment&id=168 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The “Healthier but Still Unequal” section (page not provided) reports widening life-expectancy gaps in Denmark and in England between 2010 and 2015, supporting the claim that health inequalities increased in some European countries before COVID-19. It does not establish that life expectancy itself declined among the poorest groups in the UK or USA; the search for that claim found no such passage. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The international literature demonstrates that there were inequalities in prevalence and mortality rates: between high-income and low-income countries, more and less affluent neighbourhoods, higher and lower socio-economic groups, and urban and rural areas.”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 1. HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY EVIDENCE OF INEQUALITIES IN PANDEMICS
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These health impacts were not shared equally though-areas of the UK with higher unemployment rates had greater increases in suicide rates and inequalities in mental health increased with people living in the most deprived areas experiencing the largest increases in psychiatric morbidity and self-harm.43”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 3. THE GREAT LOCKDOWN: THE COVID-19 ECONOMIC CRISIS AND HEALTH INEQUALITIES
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [43] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The COVID-19 pandemic is occurring against a backdrop of social and economic inequalities in existing non-communicable diseases (NCDs) as well as inequalities in the social determinants of health.”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“With regard to ethnic inequalities in COVID-19, data from England and Wales have found that people who are black, Asian and minority ethnic (BAME) accounted for 34.5% of 4873 critically ill COVID-19 patients (in the period ending April 16, 2020) and much higher than the 11.5% seen for viral pneumonia between 2017 and 2019.20”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 1. HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY EVIDENCE OF INEQUALITIES IN PANDEMICS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [20] Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre . Report on COVID-19 in critical care 17 April 2020 . London: Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre, 2020.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelationaln = 4,873- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: 14% of the population of England and Wales are from BAME backgrounds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“For example, in Chicago (in the period ending April 17, 2020), 59.2% of COVID-19 deaths were among black residents and the COVID-19 mortality rate for black Chicagoans was 34.8 per 100 000 population compared to 8.2 per 100 000 population among white residents.21”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 1. HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY EVIDENCE OF INEQUALITIES IN PANDEMICS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [21] Chicago Department of Public Health . COVID-19 death characteristics for Chicago residents. 2020. Available https://www.chicago.gov/city/en/sites/covid-19/home/latest-data.html (accessed 18 Apr 2020).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, lower-paid workers (where BAME groups are disproportionately represented)-particularly in the service sector (eg, food, cleaning or delivery services)-are much more likely to be designated as key workers and thereby are still required to go to work and rely on public transport for doing so.All these increase their exposure to the virus.”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Lower socio-economic groups have a higher exposure to poor quality or unaffordable, insecure housing and therefore have a higher rate of negative health consequences.35”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [35] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“People with existing chronic conditions (eg, cancer or cardiovascular disease (CVD)) are less likely to receive treatment and diagnosis as health services are overwhelmed by dealing with the pandemic.”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Just like the 1918 influenza pandemic (which had severe impacts on economic performance and increased poverty rates), the COVID-19 crisis will have huge economic, social and-ultimately-health consequences.”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 3. THE GREAT LOCKDOWN: THE COVID-19 ECONOMIC CRISIS AND HEALTH INEQUALITIES
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Minority ethnic groups, people living in areas of higher socioeconomic deprivation, those in poverty and other marginalised groups (such as homeless people, prisoners and street-based sex workers) generally have a greater number of coexisting NCDs, which are more severe and experienced at at a younger age.”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“For example, deprived neighbourhoods are more likely to contain houses of multiple occupation and smaller houses with a lack of outside space, as well as have higher population densities (particularly in deprived urban areas) and lower access to communal green space.27”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [27] Bambra C . Health divides: where you live can kill you . Bristol: Policy Press, 2016.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
In the paper
“Previous research has found that sudden economic shocks (like the collapse of communism in the early 1990s and the global financial crisis (GFC) of 2008 41 ) lead to increases in morbidity, mental ill health, suicide and death from alcohol and substance use.”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 3. THE GREAT LOCKDOWN: THE COVID-19 ECONOMIC CRISIS AND HEALTH INEQUALITIES
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [41] Stuckler D , Basu S . The body economic. why austerity kills . London: Thomas Allen, 2013.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“So, the health consequences of the COVID-19 economic crisis are likely to be similarly unequally distributed-exacerbating heath inequalities.”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 3. THE GREAT LOCKDOWN: THE COVID-19 ECONOMIC CRISIS AND HEALTH INEQUALITIES
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The prevalence and severity of the COVID-19 pandemic is magnified because of the pre-existing epidemics of chronic disease-which are themselves socially patterned and associated with the social determinants of health.”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Similarly, the Gypsy/Roma community-one of the most marginalised minority groups in Europe-has a smoking rate that is two to three times the European average and increased rates of respiratory diseases (such as COPD) and other COVID-19 risk factors.29”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [29] European commission . Roma health report: health status of the Roma population in the member states of the European union . Brussels: European Commission, 2014.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
In the paper
“These will likely increase COVID-19 transmission rates-as was the case with H1N1 where strong associations were found with urbanity.13”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [13] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These state-imposed restrictionsusually requiring the government to take on emergency powershave been implemented to varying levels of severity, but all have in common a significant increase in social isolation and confinement within the home and immediate neighbourhood.”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 3. THE GREAT LOCKDOWN: THE COVID-19 ECONOMIC CRISIS AND HEALTH INEQUALITIES
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This reduced access to healthcare-before and during the outbreak -contributes to inequalities in chronic disease and is also likely to lead to worse outcomes from COVID-19 in more disadvantaged areas and marginalised communities.”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 2. THE SYNDEMIC OF COVID-19, CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It seems likely that there will be a post-COVID-19 global economic slumpwhich could make the health equity situation even worse, particularly if health-damaging policies of austerity are implemented again.”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > CONCLUSION
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
14% of the population of England and Wales are from BAME backgrounds.
“Only 14% of the population of England and Wales are from BAME backgrounds.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Most countries failed to pursue traditional public health surveillance measures and were forced to implement lockdowns.
“While traditional public health surveillance measures of contact tracing and individual quarantine were successfully pursued by some countries (most notably by South Korea and Germany) as a way of tackling the virus in the early stages, most other countries failed to do so, and governments worldwide were eventually forced to implement mass quarantine measures -in the form of lockdowns.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“What we do know with more certainty is that times of crisis or periods of austerity are likely to disadvantage entire cohorts/generations [60], but that this will amplify prior forms of exclusion and marginalisation [3].”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > CONCLUSION
“Both then and now, these inequalities have emerged through the syndemic nature of COVID-19-as it interacts with and exacerbates existing social inequalities in chronic disease and the social determinants of health.”
§ The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities > PART 1. HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY EVIDENCE OF INEQUALITIES IN PANDEMICS
“More recent studies have confirmed Sydenstricker's early findings: there were significant inequalities in the 1918 Spanish influenza pandemic.”
Citations
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“Decades of research into the psychosocial determinants of health have found that the chronic stresses of material and psychological deprivation is associated with immunosuppression [36].”
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“There is also some evidence from the USA that the pandemic had long term impacts on child health and development [11].”
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“For example, India had a mortality rate 40 times higher than Denmark and the mortality rate was 20 times higher in some South American countries than in Europe.4 In Norway, mortality rates were highest among the working-class districts of Oslo5; in the USA, they were highest among the unemployed and the urban poor in…”
BackgroundInfluentialGibson, M., Petticrew, M., Bambra, C., Sowden, A. J., Wright, K. E., & Whitehead, M. (2011) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.09.011 · Cited by 539 · cited 2×
“Housing is also an important factor in driving health inequalities [34].”
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Cited by
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Items 1,101–1,200 of 1,981
A Game Theory Analysis of Decentralized Epidemic Management With Opinion Dynamics
de Silva, O. L., Lasaulce, S., Morărescu, I., & Varma, V. S. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Control of Network Systems · doi:10.1109/tcns.2024.3432821 · Cited by 3
“Each player represents a region, which is assumed to choose its control to implement a tradeoff be-tween socioeconomic aspects and health aspects; the con-trol comprises both epidemic control physical measures and influence actions on the region’s opinion.”
Roma Women’s Role in the Health Preservation of Their Communities during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Abella, P., Aubert, A., Domandzic, M. V. M., & Pascual, A. M. (2024) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph21080985 · Cited by 3
Crellin, N. E., Herlitz, L., Sidhu, M. S., Ellins, J., Georghiou, T., Litchfield, I. J., Massou, E., Ng, P. L., Sherlaw‐Johnson, C., Tomini, S. M., et al. (2024) · Health Expectations · doi:10.1111/hex.14145 · Cited by 3
Amura, C. R., Medina, R., Bean, M., Centi, S. M., Cook, P. F., Barton, A. J., & Jones, J. (2024) · Journal of Transcultural Nursing · doi:10.1177/10436596241271301 · Cited by 3
“The COVID-19 pandemic exposed long-standing socio-structural determinants of health that are interlinked with class, ethnicity, gender, education level, and economic disparities (Bambra et al., 2020).”
Moorthie, S. A., Oguzman, E., Evans, S., Brayne, C., & Lafortune, L. (2024) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-084352 · Cited by 3
Fong, W. L. E., Beale, S., Nguyen, V. G., et al. (2025) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2024-223491 · Cited by 3
A Study in the Children’s Health-Oriented Health Policies After COVID-19 Pandemic Period in Turkey
Durgun, Ö. (2021) · Düzce Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.18678/dtfd.861559 · Cited by 3
“(15) examined the potential consequences for health inequalities.”
BackgroundPerfil epidemiológico dos óbitos por COVID-19 no município de Marabá-Pará
Queiroz, D. D. S., de Almeida, C. P. B., & Campos, A. C. V. (2021) · Revista de Saúde Pública do Paraná · doi:10.32811/25954482-2020v3n2p107 · Cited by 3
What does the future hold for pulmonary rehabilitation?
Rochester, C. L., Langer, D., & Singh, S. J. (2021) · European Respiratory Society eBooks · doi:10.1183/2312508x.10019320 · Cited by 3
La pandémie de Covid-19 sous le microscope des sciences sociales. Premières analyses
Lanssens, C. (2021) · Droit et société · doi:10.3917/drs1.108.0491 · Cited by 3
Uluslararası Öğrencilerin COVID-19 Pandemisi Deneyimleri: Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Üniversitesi Örneği
Güzel, B. (2022) · Üniversite Araştırmaları Dergisi · doi:10.32329/uad.953964 · Cited by 3
Socioeconomic status as a cardiovascular risk modulator: An emerging target for interventions
Ignatiuk, B. (2022) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2022.05.012 · Cited by 3
Personas mayores y pandemia. Análisis de contenido sobre titulares de prensa en Argentina
Pochintesta, P., & Baglione, M. F. (2022) · INTERdisciplina · doi:10.22201/ceiich.24485705e.2022.28.83313 · Cited by 3
“Esta pandemia pone al descubierto desigualdades estructurales prexistentes al tiempo que refleja experiencias dispares influenciadas por los determinantes sociales de la salud (Bambra et al. 2020).”
BackgroundWard, F., Halliday, E. C., Holt, V., Khan, K., Sadler, G., Wheeler, P., & Goldthorpe, J. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-057774 · Cited by 4
Boivin, P., Gautier, L., Coulibaly, A., et al. (2022) · Health Policy and Planning · doi:10.1093/heapol/czac097 · Cited by 3
Moreira, I., Ferrer, M., Vilagut, G., Mortier, P., Félez-Nóbrega, M., Domènech‐Abella, J., Haro, J. M., & Alonso, J. (2023) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/s12939-023-01933-3 · Cited by 3
“Health inequalities in COVID-19 incidence and mortality have been widely and consistently documented in Spain and other countries [18, 21, 42, 43] but, beyond the infectious disease, the COVID-19 crisis needs a short-to-medium term approach to understand how the Government measures and the crisis…”
BackgroundRoberts, J. M. D. (2021) · Prospects · doi:10.1007/s11125-020-09531-9 · Cited by 3
The Arc of the Data Scientific Universe
Leslie, D. (2021) · Harvard Data Science Review · doi:10.1162/99608f92.938a18d7 · Cited by 4
“…factors—such as the social determinants of infectious disease vulnerability or the “perpetuating configurations of noxious social conditions” (Bambra et al., 2020, 965) behind the pandemic’s disparate effects—that should inform responsible, sustainable, and effective public health…”
BackgroundProtection against COVID-19: beyond antibodies
Lacerda, M., & Bargieri, D. Y. (2021) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(21)00561-2 · Cited by 3
Kaur, M., Black, D., Fine, J., et al. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0259679 · Cited by 3
“With the limitations imposed by the Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, there are reasons to suspect that barriers to PT in OA patients may have increased.”
BackgroundInfluentialA Health Equity Lens Contributes to an Effective Pandemic Response: A Canadian Regional Perspective
Lam, A., Bacani-Angus, K., Richards, K., Griffin, R., & Karachiwalla, F. (2022) · Health Promotion Practice · doi:10.1177/15248399211072530 · Cited by 4
Determinantes sociales y salud mental en las pandemias: nuevos retos
Lima‐Serrano, M. (2022) · Enfermería Clínica · doi:10.1016/j.enfcli.2022.05.001 · Cited by 3
Experiences of COVID-19 infection in North Carolina: A qualitative analysis
Seidenfeld, J., Tupetz, A., Fiorino, C., Limkakeng, A. T., Silva, L. L., Staton, C. A., Vissoci, J. R. N., & Purakal, J. D. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0269338 · Cited by 3
“The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has disproportionately impacted marginalized communities in the United States, especially Black and Hispanic populations [1,2].”
BackgroundEffects of COVID-19 pandemic on education and society
Dagdia, Z. C., & Silva, A. C. S. E. (2022) · STEM Education · doi:10.3934/steme.2022013 · Cited by 4
Fisk, E., & Russell, B. S. (2022) · Maternal and Child Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10995-022-03523-1 · Cited by 3
Health and wealth in pandemic times: not a zero sum game
Greenhalgh, T. (2021) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.n1681 · Cited by 3
Searching and Analyzing Patent-Relevant Information for Evaluating COVID-19 InnovationPreprint
Falciola, L., & Barbieri, M. (2020) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3771756 · Cited by 3
Glodeanu, A., Bilal, U., & Gullón, P. (2021) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/apz4e · Cited by 3
Isherwood, K. R., Kyle, R. G., Gray, B. J., et al. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.07.23.21261020 · Cited by 3
“disproportionately impacting those who are in low-skilled employment, of younger age or have underlying health conditions[23].”
BackgroundWahrendorf, M., Reuter, M., Hoebel, J., Wachtler, B., Höhmann, A., & Dragano, N. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1327912/v1 · Cited by 3
Vaccine and COVID-19 Trajectories: Equal vaccine rates do not reduce inequality in COVID-19 ratesPreprint
Choi, K. H., Denice, P. A., & Ramaj, S. (2021) · SocArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/27dvz · Cited by 3
Case, A. C., & Kraftman, L. (2022) · doi:10.1920/re.ifs.2022.0227 · Cited by 3
Bambra, C. L., & Marmot, M. G. (2024) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.q413 · Cited by 3
Self-citationBrains Under Stress: Unravelling the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Brain AgeingPreprint
Mohammadi‐Nejad, A., Craig, M., Cox, E. F., Chen, X., Jenkins, G. R., Francis, S., Sotiropoulos, S. N., & Auer, D. P. (2024) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.07.22.24310790 · Cited by 3
“This further emphasises the urgent need for policies addressing health inequalities, as the pandemic has exacerbated pre-existing disparities 40–42 .”
BackgroundLandstra, C. P., Ruissen, M. M., Regeer, H., et al. (2024) · Transplant International · doi:10.3389/ti.2024.12278 · Cited by 2
“The COVID-19 pandemic has brought much attention to health inequalities, as certain groups were found to have been more highly impacted during the pandemic than others [48, 49].”
BackgroundDeploying AI-Driven Natural Language Processing Systems for Public Health Crisis Management
Dempere, J. M. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-57773-4_10 · Cited by 3
Esquives, B. S. N., Natori, A., Antoni, M. H., Otto, A. K., Prinsloo, S., Wagner, R. W., Gomez, T. I., Hathaway, C. A., Ulrich, C. M., Peoples, A. R., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1423106 · Cited by 2
Sze, K. Y. P., Ho, S. Y., Lai, A. Y. K., Sit, S. M.-M., Lam, T. H., & Wang, M. P. (2024) · Applied Research in Quality of Life · doi:10.1007/s11482-024-10378-x · Cited by 3
“…well-being dis - parities repeatedly before, during, and after the pandemic, while similar disparities have been observed in other aspects of life, such as access to healthcare, education, and employment opportunities (Bambra et al., 2020; Planchuelo-Gómez et al., 2020; Shevlin et al., 2020).”
Das‐Munshi, J., Bakolis, I., Bécares, L., Dasch, H. K., Dyer, J., Hotopf, M. H., Hildersley, R., Ocloo, J. E., Stewart, R. J., Stuart, R., et al. (2024) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291724001843 · Cited by 2
“Increasingly, the notion of syndemics, first used to describe the socially patterned clustering of HIV and substance use disorders (Singer, 2000), has been extended to considering the impact of COVID-19 on marginalized and excluded populations (Bambra et al., 2020).”
BackgroundInfluentialPhysical development of infants born to patients with COVID-19 during pregnancy: 2 years of age
Eligulashvili, A., Gordon, M., Nemerofsky, S. L., Havranek, T., Bernstein, P. S., Yee, J., Hou, W., & Duong, T. Q. (2024) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.18481 · Cited by 2
Couples and parenting dynamics during Covid-19 pandemic: A systematic review of the literature
Sentieiro, M. L., Ferreira, L. C., de Miranda, M. P., & Vitória, B. D. A. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0315417 · Cited by 8
Social Structures as Determinants of Health Risks
Burton‐Jeangros, C. (2024) · Critical studies in risk and uncertainty · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-65377-3_6 · Cited by 2
On value compatibility: reflections on the ethical framework for pandemic healthcare distribution
Wang, Y. (2025) · Medicine Health Care and Philosophy · doi:10.1007/s11019-025-10261-y · Cited by 2
“In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, vulnerable populations often suffer from a combination of worse health conditions, worse social conditions, and limited access to healthcare resources (Bambra et al. 2020).”
Hyman, I., Khan, A., & Effiong, I. (2025) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph22040493 · Cited by 2
“Nationally and internationally, much attention has focused on reducing COVID-19 inequities in hard-to-reach or marginalized population groups who face a myriad of individual, social, and economic barriers to COVID-19 vaccine uptake [7].”
Green, S., Santaolalla, A., Russell, B. A., et al. (2025) · ecancermedicalscience · doi:10.3332/ecancer.2025.1885 · Cited by 2
COVID-19 and health inequality: Evidence from risky behaviors
Huang, C., Li, C., Liu, F., Wei, S., & Xu, R. (2025) · Journal of Comparative Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jce.2025.06.001 · Cited by 2
Caruso, R., Muzio, M. D., Simone, E. D., Dionisi, S., Magon, A., Conte, G., Stievano, A., Girani, E., Boveri, S., Perrone, P. M., et al. (2025) · BMJ Quality & Safety · doi:10.1136/bmjqs-2025-019077 · Cited by 2
The pursuit of equity in COVID-19 policy and policymaking: A qualitative systematic review
Cairney, P., & Intropido, S. (2025) · Open Research Europe · doi:10.12688/openreseurope.20563.1 · Cited by 3
A pyramid of human ecology of disease for pandemic preparedness
Li, S. L., & Emch, M. (2025) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2025.118492 · Cited by 2
Hamilton, F. L., Imran, S., Mahmood, A., Dobbin, J., Bradbury, K. J., Poduval, S., Scuffell, J., Thomas, F., & Stevenson, F. A. (2025) · Health and Social Care Delivery Research · doi:10.3310/gjhg1331 · Cited by 4
Bhalla, M., Dubé, È., MacDonald, N., Boutros, H., & Meyer, S. B. (2025) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph22111668 · Cited by 2
Price, T., McGowan, V. J., Cooper, C., & Scott, S. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-25603-x · Cited by 5
“These widening health gaps have been further exacerbated by multiple crises, including the COVID-19 pandemic and rapid increases in cost of living, which amplified social, economic, political, and cultural inequities [6–8].”
Chang, Y.-C., Liao, W.-C., Chen, L., et al. (2025) · Harm Reduction Journal · doi:10.1186/s12954-025-01354-1 · Cited by 2
“In addition, patients from deprived areas have multiple comorbidities, which put them at a higher risk of COVID-19 infection, and hence make them susceptible to self-isolation [36].”
Redefining power in social psychology
Bettache, K., Travaglino, G. A., & Beattie, P. (2025) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.70031 · Cited by 3
“The COVID-19 pandemic laid bare the deadly consequences of power inequalities, as marginalized communities suffered disproportionate mortality while wealthy nations hoarded vaccines (Bambra et al., 2020; Shadmi et al., 2020).”
Frazer, K., & Vijayaraghavan, M. (2025) · Health Promotion International · doi:10.1093/heapro/daaf216 · Cited by 2
Argentin, G., Fellini, I., & Piccitto, G. (2025) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-025-03730-7 · Cited by 2
“This work contributes to the literature on the pandemic’s impact on subjective well-being and related inequalities (Bambra et al., 2020; Zacher & Rudolph, 2021; Möhring et al., 2021 ), offering insights from different temporal perspectives.”
Barriers to optimal chronic pain management in refugees: a scoping review
Bilney, E. V. M., Vasenius, M., Mitchell, J., Downing, J. D., François, P.-M., McCall, S. J., & Forget, P. (2026) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-026-26206-w · Cited by 2
“Whilst legal and socio-economic situations vary, many refugees are at a high risk of inadequate healthcare and are disproportionately affected by ill-health and disease due to their transitory status and lack of access to basic needs [4, 5].”
Integrated assessment of environmental infrastructural and social risks for urban public safety
Liu, S. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-35822-w · Cited by 2
AlShurman, B. A., Majowicz, S. E., Grindrod, K., Goh, J., & Butt, Z. A. (2026) · Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/21645515.2026.2621473 · Cited by 3
Honkaniemi, H., & Juarez, S. P. (2026) · BMJ Public Health · doi:10.1136/bmjph-2025-004719 · Cited by 2
Rothmüller, B. (2021) · psychosozial · doi:10.30820/0171-3434-2021-4-50 · Cited by 2
Indigenous Online Creative Responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown in Western Australia
Budrikis, A., & Bracknell, C. (2022) · Preservation Digital Technology & Culture · doi:10.1515/pdtc-2022-0002 · Cited by 2
“…and Indigenous Creative Responses Indigenous communities have been disproportionately affected by the COVID-19 pandemic in terms of health outcomes (Bambra et al. 2020; Yashadhana et al. 2020); psychological effects of the COVID-19 pandemic in general (Newby et al. 2020); and the potential mental…”
BackgroundThe COVID-19 Pandemic and Health Inequities in the State of Sergipe
Filho, J. B. C., de Oliveira, R. M., Chagas, R. D. O., et al. (2022) · O Mundo da Saúde · doi:10.15343/0104-7809.202246301310 · Cited by 2
Recruitment Difficulties and Firms' Characteristics: An Analysis of French Company Data
Bergeaud, A., Cette, G., & Stary, J. (2022) · Economie et Statistique / Economics and Statistics · doi:10.24187/ecostat.2022.534.2078 · Cited by 2
Falkenstein, L., Eckel, N., Kadel, S. B., Koenig, J., Litaker, D. G., & Eichinger, M. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-054054 · Cited by 2
Raymond, C., Ouyang, D., D’Agostino, A., Rudman, S. L., & Ho, D. E. (2022) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101726 · Cited by 2
Gagné, T., & McMunn, A. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.01.101 · Cited by 2
“The COVID-19 pandemic has been the most recent illustration of the ways in which disasters exacerbate social and health inequalities (Bambra et al., 2020; Blundell et al., 2020; Kawachi, 2020).”
BackgroundFabrin, C., Boing, A. C., Garcia, L. P., & Boing, A. F. (2023) · Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia · doi:10.1590/1980-549720230015.2 · Cited by 2
Megaregions and COVID-19: a call for an innovative governing structure in the United States
Ross, C. L., Rao, A., & Yoo, C. (2023) · Regional Studies · doi:10.1080/00343404.2023.2183946 · Cited by 2
“…status (SES) neighbourhoods often lack access to essential resources and services, for example, healthy foods, educational and employment opportunities, transportation options, and adequate and timely healthcare (Bambra et al., 2020; Emeruwa et al., 2020; Lima et al., 2020; Singu et al., 2020).”
BackgroundInfluencia del índice de privación social en resultados durante la pandemia de COVID-19
Portuondo-Jiménez, J., Gascón, M., García, J., et al. (2023) · Gaceta Sanitaria · doi:10.1016/j.gaceta.2023.102301 · Cited by 2
“262 (6,27) < 0,001 Sangrado gastrointestinal 0,615 0,615 0,605 0,72 0,831–3 2463 (0,66) < 0,001 Asma 10,952–5 12,401,4,5 12,571,4,5 13,101–3,5 13,721–4 46.”
Rocha, J. Q. S., Dutra, R. P., Vieira, Y. P., Duro, S. M. S., & Saes, M. D. O. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-15914-2 · Cited by 8
Telehealth Use in a National Pediatric Weight Management Sample During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Stackpole, K., Kharofa, R. Y., Tucker, J. M., Novick, M. B., Fals, A. M., Bernier, A. V., Tammi, E. M., Khoury, P. R., Siegel, R., Paul, S. M., et al. (2023) · Childhood Obesity · doi:10.1089/chi.2023.0041 · Cited by 2
“29,30 By collecting additional qualitative data from non-English speaking and at-risk families ( e.g., through patient advisory boards), developing more culturally sensitive, translated resources to facilitate telehealth use, and training team members to provide culturally competent care, we can…”
Racapé, J., Noel, A.-C., Lurel, J., et al. (2023) · PLOS Global Public Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0002039 · Cited by 2
“COVID-19 has been characterized as a syndemic pandemic referring to the interaction between diseases, biological, social, and environmental factors that, when combined, worsen the impact of the disease on a specific population [22, 23].”
BackgroundSalaguinto, T., Guzman, Y., Lowry, S., Liljenquist, K. S., LaFontaine, R., Ortiz, J., Szilagyi, P. G., Fiscella, K. A., Weaver, M. R., & Coker, T. R. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20146407 · Cited by 2
“Introduction COVID-19 has had a disproportionate impact on low-income racial and ethnic minoritized populations [1].”
BackgroundRacapé, J., Dauby, N., Goffard, J., et al. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-072914 · Cited by 2
Global health crisis index (GHCI): searching country-wise scenarios during the COVID-19 pandemic
Halder, S., Chatterjee, U., & Sarda, R. (2023) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/s10389-023-02045-6 · Cited by 2
“Additionally, the unprecedented nature of the novel coronavirus and its rapid mutation has already enhanced the global threats to human health (Saha et al. 2021) and raised health inequalities (Bambra et al. 2020).”
Ahumada-Newhart, V., de la Peña, A., & Riek, L. D. (2023) · The International Journal of the Inclusive Museum · doi:10.18848/1835-2014/cgp/v16i02/67-86 · Cited by 2
Juboori, R. A., Subramaniam, D. S., Hinyard, L., & Sandoval, J. S. O. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20176643 · Cited by 2
“Furthermore, individuals with preexisting comorbidities might have had less opportunity to obtain the required healthcare during the pandemic as healthcare facilities were overwhelmed with COVID-19 cases [14].”
BackgroundCare, politics, and the political: the case of the COVID-19 global pandemic
FitzGerald, M. (2023) · International Feminist Journal of Politics · doi:10.1080/14616742.2023.2269947 · Cited by 2
Multiplying Learning: Remote Tutoring to Enhance Schooling
Zoido, P., Facundo Albornoz, A., Prieto, A., Almeyda, G., Cardozo, J. C. H., Oubiña, V., & Calderón, M. (2023) · Inter-American Development Bank eBooks · doi:10.18235/0005309 · Cited by 4
Valenzuela‐Levi, N., Bordón, P., Livert, F., & Henríquez, M. (2023) · Revista de Administração Pública · doi:10.1590/0034-761220220325x · Cited by 2
Ricotta, G. (2024) · Oñati Socio-legal Series · doi:10.35295/osls.iisl.1775 · Cited by 2
Deadly places: The role of geography in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander COVID-19 vaccination
Soares, G. H., Hedges, J., Poirier, B., et al. (2024) · Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.anzjph.2024.100130 · Cited by 2
Finning, K., Haeffner, A., Patel, S. D., Longdon, B., Hayes, R. A., Ukoumunne, O. C., & Ford, T. J. (2024) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-024-02385-y · Cited by 2
d’Elia, A., Baranskaya, A., Haroon, S. M., Hammond, B., Adderley, N. J., Nirantharakumar, K., Chandan, J. S., Falahee, M., & Raza, K. (2024) · Rheumatology · doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keae157 · Cited by 2
“Beyond RA, these groups experience worse overall health outcomes (for example during the COVID-19 pandemic [27]), and reducing these health inequities is a priority and statutory duty for health-care systems [28], including the English National Health Service, which forms the setting of this…”
A study of the attenuation stage of a global infectious disease
Sun, T., Jin, B., Wu, Y., & Bao, J. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1379481 · Cited by 2
Schultz, A., Nelson-Bakkum, E. R., Nikodémová, M., et al. (2024) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2024.04.001 · Cited by 2
Introducción: Pandemia y desigualdades sociales y económicas en México
Ascencio, F. L., López, M. V., & González, M. Á. H. M. (2023) · doi:10.22201/ch.9786073068857e.2023.ca · Cited by 2
Popular logistics for collective unpredictabilities in pandemic Madrid
Jiménez, A. C. (2024) · Environment and Planning D Society and Space · doi:10.1177/02637758241242219 · Cited by 2
“…of the pandemic, public health experts anticipated that disadvantaged neighbourhoods would be the worst hit due to the compounded effect of health and socioeconomic inequalities, such as overcrowded housing, precarious employment or local demographics of floating populations (Bambra et al., 2020).”
BackgroundMyers, C., Bennett, K., & Cahir, C. (2024) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-024-08540-0 · Cited by 2
“Within the context of non-communicable diseases, including BC, the social determinants of health (SDH) framework have been applied to the COVID-19 pandemic to explain health disparities [20].”
MethodHu, X., Yuan, D., Zeng, Y., & Guo, C. (2024) · Journal of Aging & Social Policy · doi:10.1080/08959420.2024.2348967 · Cited by 2
“Health disparities have also been reinforced by the highly transmissible severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants (Bambra et al., 2020).”
Resiliência comunitária em contextos de pandemias e epidemias
da Silva, A. R., Yunes, M. Á. M., & Achkar, A. M. N. E. (2024) · REMEA - Revista Eletrônica do Mestrado em Educação Ambiental · doi:10.14295/remea.v41i1.15251 · Cited by 2
Roma Community and Health Inequalities during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Romania
Budian, R. C., & Blaga, O. M. (2024) · Anthropological Journal of European Cultures · doi:10.3167/ajec.2024.330110 · Cited by 2
Zhang, P., & Bai, Z. (2024) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-024-03376-9 · Cited by 2
“…under COVID-19 has led to a decline in global economy, supply chains, and maritime transport (Guan et al., 2020; March et al., 2021), structural changes in mobile networks (Schlosser et al., 2020), and worsening economic, health, and racial inequalities (Bambra et al., 2020; Goudeau et al., 2021).”
Fairbrother, H., Woodrow, N., Holding, E., Crowder, M., Griffin, N., Er, V., Dodd-Reynolds, C. J., Egan, M., Scott, S., Summerbell, C., et al. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-19537-z · Cited by 2
“Further, the Covid-19 pandemic has exacerbated existing inequalities, with those lower down the socioeconomic ladder being disproportionately affected both in economic and health terms [17, 18].”
BackgroundEvaluation study of the urban governance of the COVID-19 crisis in the city of Antwerp
Bracke, M., Molenaar, J., Colliers, A., et al. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-19569-5 · Cited by 2
“Additionally, the impact of COVID-19 was socially patterned, not just in terms of morbidity and mortality rates but also in terms of the consequences of the restrictions and emergency lock-down measures [13].”
Shape-shifting versions of class in Australia and the pursuit of equity in public health
Warin, M. J., & Loblay, V. (2024) · Health Promotion International · doi:10.1093/heapro/daae093 · Cited by 2
“These socioeconomically patterned disparities were noted in many other international contexts (Bambra et al. , 2020; EMG and NERVTAG, 2020; Suleman et al. , 2021), demonstrated in widening gaps in incomes, health equity, marginalization, food insecurity, employment and status.”
BackgroundMoghaddam, S. N. M. (2024) · City development · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-5481-6_1 · Cited by 3
Equity-oriented food supports: Learnings from the Nova Scotia COVID-19 pandemic response
Blair, V., Eville, E., Johnson, C. P., et al. (2024) · Canadian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.17269/s41997-024-00929-y · Cited by 2
“At the onset of the pandemic, populations experiencing social inequities were known to have higher rates of chronic disease, placing them at greater risk for severe illness and higher mortality due to COVID-19 (Bambra et al., 2020).”
Siguan, A. A. (2024) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdae279 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Bambra, C., Riordan, R., Ford, J., & Matthews, F.
- Affiliations
- Newcastle University (GB)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Bambra, Clare
- Venue
- Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2020-06-13
- Volume
- 74
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 964-968
- ISSN
- 0141-7681 (ISSN-L)
- 0143-005X
- 1470-2738
- PMC
- PMC7298201
- OpenAlex
- W3034285292
- Cited by
- 2,118
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 216 · 2025: 196 · 2024: 298 · 2023: 364 · 2022: 508 · 2021: 454 · 2020: 80
- FWCI
- 174.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Repository@Hull (Worktribe) (University of Hull) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR200173)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Public Health and Social Inequalities
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Healthcare Systems and Challenges
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, health disparities, syndemic, social determinants of health, socioeconomic disparities, ethnic inequality, regional disparities, economic impact of lockdown, public health policy
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Humans, Pneumonia, Viral, Socioeconomic Factors, Coronavirus Infections, Health Status Disparities, Healthcare Disparities, Pandemics, Social Determinants of Health
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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