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Work characteristics predict psychiatric disorder: prospective results from the Whitehall II Study.
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVES: The impact of work on the risk of future psychiatric disorder has been examined in few longitudinal studies. This was examined prospectively in a large epidemiological study of civil servants. METHODS: In the Whitehall II study, a longitudinal, prospective cohort study of 6895 male and 3413 female London based civil servants, work characteristics measured at baseline (phase 1: 1985-8) and first follow up (phase 2: 1989) were used to predict psychiatric disorder measured by a 30 item general health questionnaire (GHQ) at phase 2 and phase 3 follow up (phase 3: 1991-3). Work characteristics and GHQ were measured at all three phases. RESULTS: Low social support at work and low decision authority, high job demands and effort-reward imbalance were associated with increased risk of psychiatric disorder as assessed by the GHQ at follow up adjusting for age, employment grade, and baseline GHQ score. CONCLUSIONS: Social support and control at work protect mental health while high job demands and effort-reward imbalance are risk factors for future psychiatric disorder. Intervention at the level of work design, organisation, and management might have positive effects on mental health in working populations.
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“In total, five cohort studies demonstrate that there is moderate-quality evidence that low coworkers support1 2 16 21 with a pooled OR 1.29 (95% CI 1.17 to 1.43) and low supervisor support1 2 15 16 21 with a pooled OR 1.27 (95% CI 1.14 to 1.40) increase the incidence of SRD.”
From Work-related psychosocial risk factors for stress-related mental disorders: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis (2020) · cites this paper as [16]
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“Two cohort studies2 16 demonstrate that there is moderate-quality evidence that low decision autonomy increases the incidence of SRD with a pooled OR of 1.34 (95% CI 1.20 to 1.49) (see table 3).”
From Work-related psychosocial risk factors for stress-related mental disorders: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis (2020) · cites this paper as [16]
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“Two cohort studies16 17 demonstrate that there is moderate-quality evidence for no increased incidence of SRD due to low skill discretion, with an OR of 1.11 (95% CI 0.94 to 1.32).”
From Work-related psychosocial risk factors for stress-related mental disorders: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis (2020) · cites this paper as [16]
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“Six cohort studies16 18 19 24 25 demonstrate that there is moderate-quality evidence that effort-reward imbalance increases the incidence of SRD, with a pooled OR of 1.91 (95% CI 1.70 to 2.15) (see table 3 and figure 2).”
From Work-related psychosocial risk factors for stress-related mental disorders: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis (2020) · cites this paper as [16]
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“All studies defined SRD based on self-report with validated and standardised questionnaires, that is, (shortened) GHQ,1 15 16 19 20 22 Kessler 6,3 25 Maslach Burnout Inventory,2 21 Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire-Copenhagen Burnout Inventory,24 27 Setterlind Stress Inventory Profile,17 fatigue inventory,18 Brief Job Stress Questionnaire27 and burnout screening scale.26”
From Work-related psychosocial risk factors for stress-related mental disorders: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis (2020) · cites this paper as [16]
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“No statistically significant difference between subgroups of men and women was found.16 18 25”
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“Cependant, l’effet du « déséquilibre : efforts/récompenses » serait plus important pour les hommes que pour les femmes [16].”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Stansfeld, S. A., Fuhrer, R., Shipley, M. J., & Marmot, M. G.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- The Royal Free Hospital (GB)
- Venue
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 1999-05
- Volume
- 56
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 302-307
- ISSN
- 0007-1072 (ISSN-L)
- 1351-0711
- 1470-7926
- PMC
- PMC1757742
- OpenAlex
- W2111757965
- Cited by
- 800
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 58 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 39 · 2012: 40
- FWCI
- 37.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation
- British Heart Foundation
- Health and Safety Executive
- Medical Research Council
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (2 RO1 HL 36310, HL36310, R01HL036310)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Workplace Health and Well-being
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Employment and Welfare Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Occupational Health and Burnout
- Keywords
- mental illness, job characteristics, mental health, social support at work, decision-making power, job demands, effort-reward imbalance, public sector employees, occupational stress, job design, Whitehall II study
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Mental Disorders, Female, Government Agencies, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Occupational Diseases, Prospective Studies, Social Support, Work, Work Schedule Tolerance
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