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Work characteristics predict psychiatric disorder: prospective results from the Whitehall II Study.
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVES: The impact of work on the risk of future psychiatric disorder has been examined in few longitudinal studies. This was examined prospectively in a large epidemiological study of civil servants. METHODS: In the Whitehall II study, a longitudinal, prospective cohort study of 6895 male and 3413 female London based civil servants, work characteristics measured at baseline (phase 1: 1985-8) and first follow up (phase 2: 1989) were used to predict psychiatric disorder measured by a 30 item general health questionnaire (GHQ) at phase 2 and phase 3 follow up (phase 3: 1991-3). Work characteristics and GHQ were measured at all three phases. RESULTS: Low social support at work and low decision authority, high job demands and effort-reward imbalance were associated with increased risk of psychiatric disorder as assessed by the GHQ at follow up adjusting for age, employment grade, and baseline GHQ score. CONCLUSIONS: Social support and control at work protect mental health while high job demands and effort-reward imbalance are risk factors for future psychiatric disorder. Intervention at the level of work design, organisation, and management might have positive effects on mental health in working populations.
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“In total, five cohort studies demonstrate that there is moderate-quality evidence that low coworkers support1 2 16 21 with a pooled OR 1.29 (95% CI 1.17 to 1.43) and low supervisor support1 2 15 16 21 with a pooled OR 1.27 (95% CI 1.14 to 1.40) increase the incidence of SRD.”
From Work-related psychosocial risk factors for stress-related mental disorders: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis (2020) · cites this paper as [16]
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“Two cohort studies2 16 demonstrate that there is moderate-quality evidence that low decision autonomy increases the incidence of SRD with a pooled OR of 1.34 (95% CI 1.20 to 1.49) (see table 3).”
From Work-related psychosocial risk factors for stress-related mental disorders: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis (2020) · cites this paper as [16]
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“Two cohort studies16 17 demonstrate that there is moderate-quality evidence for no increased incidence of SRD due to low skill discretion, with an OR of 1.11 (95% CI 0.94 to 1.32).”
From Work-related psychosocial risk factors for stress-related mental disorders: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis (2020) · cites this paper as [16]
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“Six cohort studies16 18 19 24 25 demonstrate that there is moderate-quality evidence that effort-reward imbalance increases the incidence of SRD, with a pooled OR of 1.91 (95% CI 1.70 to 2.15) (see table 3 and figure 2).”
From Work-related psychosocial risk factors for stress-related mental disorders: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis (2020) · cites this paper as [16]
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“All studies defined SRD based on self-report with validated and standardised questionnaires, that is, (shortened) GHQ,1 15 16 19 20 22 Kessler 6,3 25 Maslach Burnout Inventory,2 21 Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire-Copenhagen Burnout Inventory,24 27 Setterlind Stress Inventory Profile,17 fatigue inventory,18 Brief Job Stress Questionnaire27 and burnout screening scale.26”
From Work-related psychosocial risk factors for stress-related mental disorders: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis (2020) · cites this paper as [16]
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“No statistically significant difference between subgroups of men and women was found.16 18 25”
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Nielsen, M. B. D., Madsen, I. E. H., Aust, B., Burr, H., & Rugulies, R. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.02.038 · Cited by 13
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“Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) is garded as a solution to this (Stone and Shiffman, 94; Bolger et al., 2003).”
BackgroundWork Characteristics and Social Phobia in a Nationally Representative Employed Sample
Stansfeld, S. A., Blackmore, E. R., Zagorski, B., Munce, S., Stewart, D. E., & Weller, I. M. R. (2008) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674370805300606 · Cited by 12
“Psychological demands on their own were also linked with an increased risk of psychological distress.(14,15,17,19) Lack of social support from supervisors and coworkers also predict psychological distress,(14,15,17) and recent studies have identified job insecurity as a risk factor for mental ill-health.”
BackgroundSelf-citationDeterminants of depression and anxiety in family practice patients with comorbidities
Klemenc–Ketiš, Z., Kersnik, J., & Novak-Glavač, D. (2010) · Wiener klinische Wochenschrift · doi:10.1007/s00508-010-1337-x · Cited by 11
“Depression and anxiety correlate with various demographic factors such as female gender [5–7], age [5, 8], low socioeconomic status [5, 9, 10], low income and fi nancial strain [11], unemployment [12], work stress [13], social isolation [13, 14], poor housing [12] and the presence of physical illness [7].”
Matthews, L. M., & Rutherford, B. N. (2020) · Journal of Personal Selling and Sales Management · doi:10.1080/08853134.2020.1815542 · Cited by 12
Review of Evidence-based Mental Health Promotion and Primary/Secondary Prevention
Canavan, R., Barry, M. M., Dempsey, C., Clarke, A. M., & O’Sullivan, M. (2009) · Cited by 12
Welfare state regimes and gender inequalities in the exposure to work-related psychosocial hazards
Campos-Serna, J., Ronda, E., Moen, B. E., Artazcoz, L., & Benavides, F. G. (2013) · International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health · doi:10.1179/2049396713y.0000000030 · Cited by 13
Berufliche Gratifikationskrisen und depressive Störungen
Siegrist, J. (2010) · Psychotherapeut · doi:10.1007/s00278-010-0793-0 · Cited by 12
Socioeconomic status, job strain and common mental disorders—an ecological (occupational) approach
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Environnement de travail, symptômes dépressifs et sentiment de désespoir : étude auprès de salariés
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Consumo de medicamentos por trabalhadores de hospital
Luz, T. C. B., Luiza, V. L., de Avelar, F. G., Hökerberg, Y. H. M., & Passos, S. R. L. (2012) · Ciência & Saúde Coletiva · doi:10.1590/s1413-81232012000200023 · Cited by 11
McNicholas, F., Adamis, D., Minihan, E., Doody, N., & Gavin, B. E. (2022) · Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/ipm.2022.12 · Cited by 11
Edmondson, D. R., & Matthews, L. M. (2022) · The Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice · doi:10.1080/10696679.2022.2123348 · Cited by 11
“Skill discretion examines the extent to which a position incorporates the use of an individual’s unique abilities as well as job variety and advancement possibilities (Mausner-Dorsch & Eaton, 2000; Stansfeld et al., 1999).”
BackgroundChallenges Related to Mental Health in the Workplace
Dewa, C. S., Corbière, M., Durand, M., & Hensel, J. M. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-4839-6_6 · Cited by 13
Campbell, D. A. (2013) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph10115971 · Cited by 12
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Siegrist, J. (1999) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-60174-3_15 · Cited by 11
Chronic and acute psychological strain in naval personnel
Bridger, R. S., Dew, A., Brasher, K., Munnoch, K., & Kilminster, S. G. (2009) · Occupational Medicine · doi:10.1093/occmed/kqp104 · Cited by 11
Work-related stress in women. Assessment, prevalence and return to work.
Holmgren, K. E. (2008) · Gothenburg University Publications Electronic Archive (Gothenburg University) · Cited by 11
Führung und Gesundheit der Beschäftigten
Gregersen, S., Vincent‐Höper, S., Schambortski, H., & Nienhaus, A. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-06392-4_19 · Cited by 11
Metadata
- Authors
- Stansfeld, S. A., Fuhrer, R., Shipley, M. J., & Marmot, M. G.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- The Royal Free Hospital (GB)
- Venue
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 1999-05
- Volume
- 56
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 302-307
- ISSN
- 0007-1072 (ISSN-L)
- 1351-0711
- 1470-7926
- PMC
- PMC1757742
- OpenAlex
- W2111757965
- Cited by
- 800
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 58 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 39 · 2012: 40
- FWCI
- 37.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation
- British Heart Foundation
- Health and Safety Executive
- Medical Research Council
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (2 RO1 HL 36310, HL36310, R01HL036310)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Workplace Health and Well-being
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Employment and Welfare Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Occupational Health and Burnout
- Keywords
- mental illness, job characteristics, mental health, social support at work, decision-making power, job demands, effort-reward imbalance, public sector employees, occupational stress, job design, Whitehall II study
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Mental Disorders, Female, Government Agencies, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Occupational Diseases, Prospective Studies, Social Support, Work, Work Schedule Tolerance
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